雅思入门基础 GRAMMAR 字体缩小版.doc

句子的基本结构：主谓The sun rises.主谓宾The sun loves the moon.主谓宾宾The sun tells the moon a story.主系表The sun is strong.主谓宾补The moon considers the sun vulgar.（补语的形式）（见补语的形式文档） 表达意义更加精确基本结构+附属成分2. 时态/语态/情态(1)基本结构+附属成分定语，状语 定语： 状语：附属成分The faded定语 flowers covered the ground.凋零的花铺满大地。I saw him in the part.状语 (2)时态/语态/情态常用时态：不同谓语形式体现时态上的差别一般现在：（1）主语+动词He often goes shopping.否定: 主语+do/does +not+动词He does not go shopping.（2）主语+beShe is gorgeous.否定：主语+be+notShe is not gorgeous.一般将来I will go to Shanghai for business tomorrow.否定：主语+will+not+动词I will not go to Shanghai for business tomorrow.一般过去：He failed in the exam. I was ill yesterday.否定形式：主+did not+动词He did not fall in the exam.主+was/were not +动词 I was not ill yesterday.现在进行：The spring is coming.The spring is not coming现在完成：I have fixed the computer for the girl. I have not been abroad.语态：被动语态：谓语体现时态上的差别(被动语态，不突出动作的发出者，更加客观，更加简洁)（谓语的形式： be+done）寺庙始建于1863年。The temple was built in 1863.Parental Discretion is advised事故中200人丧生。200 people were killed in the accident.Miss Lee loves her students and is loved by her students.名词性句子：目的：完整具体的表达句子意义（不通过改变谓语）句子=名词中文：凤姐很美是不可能的。A: Sister phoenix is beautiful.B: sth is impossible.Sister phoenix is beautiful.(句子)that sister phoenix is beautiful(名词)That sister phoenix is beautiful is impossible.完整的句子前+that（语法上：名词化/意义上 ：无意义）价格上涨让我难受。The price will rise.That the price will rise makes me restless.(* It makes me sad that the price will rise.)That Daniel wu married Lisa.That Daniel wu married Lisa broke my heart.It broke my heart that Daniel wu married lisa.（that, when, how, why, where, if, whether）Where prices rose is uncertain.I do not know sth.I do not know whether you love me.This place is where I met her yesterday.杭州是我邂逅林志玲的地方。Hangzhou is whereI briefly encountered Lin Zhilin.This is why I will spend all my life in loving you.She is living a happy life.Sth. Makes sb. Content.That she is living a happy life makes him content.It makes him content that she is living a happy life.He asked if his operation was successful.How Bill won the price is unknown.I do not know why he did not go to school.I think that you should read this book.He said that he could finish his work before supper.He suggested that we should clean the window.He told me that he would leave tomorrow.No one knows how he heard the news.I have not decided whether I will go abroad.The police asked me how the accident happened.He didnt tell me when we would meet the girl.Please tell me where you read the news.None of us knows where we can buy this.Scientists point out that the earth is getting warmer and warmer.Tell me when the ship sails for New York.That you did not finished the work made me unhappy.I knew where he lives and that he is living a happy life.杭州是人们将之称为人间天堂的地方。(what ,who)的句子名词化what，who 先替换，后提前He likes girls.I do not know who likes girls.who he likes(名词性)what is in the box（名词性） I want to know who likes girls.Bill asked who likes girls.I want to know what is in the box.please put the medicine on the shelf. Its _where_our children cant reach it. It could be judged from her eyes _that_ she was terribly sorry for _what_she had done. Would you please explain to me about the difference between the two words?Im sorry, but thats _what_Im puzzled about . _What _surprises us is that she doesnt even know the difference between the two opinions You should believe your courage is _what_makes a difference.The companies are working together to create _what_will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. 我把青春献给你。I devote my youth to you.王菲是我将我的青春献出来的人。Wang fei is who I will devote my youth to.Professor Backman took up scientific research for decades, and this is _what_he devoted all his life to.我们在网络上看到的很多东西都是扯淡的。Much of what we read on the internet is groundless. We read information on the internet.杭州是人们将之称为人间天堂的地方。Hangzhou is what people call paradise on earth.The west lake is where I briefly encountered Lin Zhilin.Hangzhou is what people call paradise on earth.我们没有的东西总比我们有的东西要好。What we do not have is always better than what we have.你得记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。You should remember what should be remembered and forget what should be forgotten.紫禁城是人们将之描绘为传奇的地方。The Forbidden City is what people describe as a legend.Hangzhou is what people call paradise on earth.The manager in the end decided to give the chance to _who_ had a good command of English. Id like to offer this job to _is responsible for it.Can you explain _why_most deserts are located near the west coast of the continents?Could I speak to _who_is in charge of International Sales please?（be in charge of . 掌管）名词性句子中的例外。When/where/how/+N+BEI do not know where he is.(2)How+adj+N+BEI do not know how far forever is.I do not know how beautiful she is.名词性句子表达的宽度：人人都是自私的，都不愿意去关心不属于他们的东西。Everyone is selfish and does not show concern to what does not belong to him or her.定语：形式：形容词，副词，to do, 介宾，定语从句,doing,donethe girl on the balcony in a six-floor building between two streets is my sisterthe influence of AIDS the influence on children N+ n个(介宾)the influence of AIDS on children under 7 in the west part of Africa the expectation of how both children and teachers should behaveThe graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country in 1979 and 2004.The chart below shows the main reasons of study among students of different age groups.To do the desire to go abroadthe hope to travel in Africathe ability to speak English and French 定从：（主句的名词的被另一个从句“定”住，被“具体化”）昨天给我苹果的男人是tommy的爸爸。The man who gave me an apple yesterday is tommys father.男人（这个男人昨天给我苹果）是tommy的爸爸。The man （who 指代gave me an apple yesterday） is Tommys father.超人是会飞的人。A super man is a person who can fly.我喜欢喝闻起来香的茶。I like tea which smells good.站在街角的那两个女孩是我的女朋友。The two girls who are standing at the corner are my girlfriends.王大川是个对爱情专一的男人。WangBig water is a man who is consistent in love. （主语）他给我的苹果好吃。The apple tastes good.He gave me an apple.The apple which He gave me tastes good.我朋友带我去看了我并不觉得有趣的展览。My friends took me to the exhibition (which) I did not consider interesting.指代人：who/whom/that指代物：which/that从句的完整性：关于省略：从句中that，which，whom作宾语可省略The apple （that） I bought is good.The story （that） he told is good.The girl （whom） I met told me a story that was really horrible.The story （that） I told yesterday was interesting.另一种定语从句I went back home at seven. At seven the class was over.I went back home at seven _at which_ the class was over.I still recall the day _ which_ I spent with yangmi.I spent one day with XXX.介词+which 表时间=whenMany farmers were working on the farm _on which_ there were many birds.Many farmers were working on the farm _which_ looks beautiful in summer.世界上有一些地方人们认为女孩子不能嫁给外村人。（翻译：语法精确，意思的完整）There are some areas in the world where some think that a girl cannot marry a boy from another village.带介词的定从我喜欢跟我一起去学校的女孩。I am obsessed with the girl with whomI go to school.他用来写字的笔坏了。The pen with which he writes was broken.他造了用来研究天空的望远镜。He built a telescope with which he studies the sky.The wolf _by_ which the sheep was killed was shot.The woman, _from_ whom I learned the news, is a nurse.She has three children, one of _whom_is at school.She has three children who went to the army.(她有三个当兵的孩子)（有可能不止三个孩子。）She has three children, who went to the army.（她有三个孩子，这三个孩子当兵）My glasses, _without_ which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.在漆黑的夜晚，没有一个他能够寻求帮助的人。In the pitch dark night, there was not a person to whom he could turn for help.The age_after_which children can go to school is seven.我用来上班的自行车被偷了。My bike with/by which I go to work was stolen.他买了一本作者是一位老师的书。He bought a book, the author of which is a teacher.(带介词定语从句中 指代人介词后只能用whom)有关whose的定语从句 His parents would not let him marry Lily, the family of whom was poor His parents would not let him marry Lily, whose family was poor I sold the car, the tire of which was flat. I sold the car whose tire was flat.定语从句的例外：Way 方式 的方式我不喜欢你对待你母亲的方式。I do not like the way (in which) you treat your mother.Way的定语从句 in which 经常省略I do not like the way (in which) you treated /your mother.I do not like the way you treated your mother. (注意定语从句名词性从句的区别)I would like to speak to who is in charge of the meeting.I would like to speak to the person who is in charge of the meeting.You can take what you like.You can take the stuff which you like.a boy beaten by his father同位语My uncle John went to shanghai.三鹿有毒的报道是真的。The report that lululu is poisonous is true.(that 起连接作用)The report that I heard yesterday定从 is true.爱因斯坦提出一个理论-物质和能量是相同的。Albert Einsteinput forward a theory that mater and quality are the same.The belief that the company will make a great success is shared by everyone.我们得到中国男足战胜巴西男足的消息.We heard/got/had/received a news that Chinese football team had beaten Brazilian football team.News came to us that Chinese football team had beaten Brazilian football team.News arrived that Chinese football team had beaten Brazilian football team.(物化的主语)环境被全世界人所共有的事实使得每个人对它漠不关心。Sth makes sb do sth.The fact has made people to do sth.The fact has made people to show indifference to the worldThe fact that the world is shared by everyone has made people show indifference to it.非谓语：动词变化（doing， to do 做名词充当主语，宾语）Sth. is my responsibility.To spend the rest of my life in loving you is my responsibility.出国是我的目标。To go abroad is my target.看见杨幂让我开心。Seeing Yang Mi makes me happy.A sight of Yang Mi makes me happy.一看见杨幂让我开心。A mere sight of Yang Mi makes me happy.一想到中国国足就让我不安。A thought of Chinese football team makes me restless.A thought of Chinese football team makes my gorge rise.It takes sb some time to do sth.it takes me half an hour to go to school.Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do To finish my task takes me three hours. It is形容词to do (seems,) It is difficult for me to speak English before a crowd.Itbe形容词for sbto do give up hopeYou must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health.I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.（详见常用的以to do， doing为宾语的动词）Done，doing做定语The boy was beaten被动语态，be+done作为谓语 by his father.the boy beaten谓语缺失，作为修饰名词的一部分 by his fatherN+DONE+M修饰（修饰作用/经常表示被动）the beaten boyDONE+N（修饰作用/经常表示被动）the boy coming hereN+DOING+M修饰（修饰作用/经常表示主动）the coming springDOING+N（修饰作用/经常表示主动）a falling leafa leaf falling from a tree(一片从树上掉落的树叶)A leaf is falling from a tree.（一片树叶正在从树上掉落。）a falling tide（fallen leaves动作已经完成）（falling leaves动作正在进行)the best novel written after Virginia Wolfthe guests invited by my fatherHe came back with greatly improved health.睡美人sleeping beauty解冻的河流 the melting river拐杖 walking stick提供我一份工作的信函a letter offering me a job刺骨寒风freezing wind 状语从句他不干，我干。条件状从You can leave now if you like. 我会去party，如果杨幂来的话。I will go to party on condition that /provided/prodicin ym comes.（on condition that/provided /providing）I will go to the party on condition that you receive the invitation too.我不在乎你来自哪里，只要你爱我。Suppose Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say?（假如）Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him?(假如)suppose, supposing, provided, providing ,in case, on condition that.I will come on condition (that) she is invited too.He may go with us provided providing he arrives in time.SupposeSuppose the boss saw you，what would he say?（假如）Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him?(假如)In case I forget, please remind me about it.(以防万一)、In case it rains, take an umbrella with you.Ill stay at home if it rains tomorrow.（注意，如果主句从句都表示将来的话主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时）Because/as/since/for/seeing that/ Seeing that he is exceedingly rich, youd better marry him., as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside.(不是从句)Since As weve no money, we cant buy it.Seeing (鉴于)因为下雨，我们还是不要出去。Now that you are here, youd better stay.（既然）Considering that Bill is very rich, you had better marry him.（鉴于）（仅仅因为）You should not be angry, simply/just because you were laughed at. You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.（仅仅因为） 四、because从句与because of短语的转换 he will not come because he is ill. he will not come because of his illness. 我当时没怎么说话，因为他老婆在场。I did not say much, because his wife was there.I did not say much, because of his wifes being there. Sbs doing他赢得奖牌让我们开心。His winning the prize makes us happy. He cant come because he is ill. He cant come because of his illness.I said nothing about it because his wife was there. /I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there.Sb doing/being 相当于一个名词His wifes being there made him nervous.His winnings the prize made all of us happy.表示目的， in order that, so that说话大声点，这样我们就能听到清楚。Speak clearly so that they may understand you.He studied hard in order that/so that he could pass the exam.以免Shut the window for fear that it may rain. For fear that. For fear of He left an hour early for fear （that）he might miss the train. / He left an hour early for fear of missing the train.做好准备，以免面临困难。Get prepared，in case you get into difficulty.地点状语(Where+完整的句子where I found johnI will not tell you where I found john.I found lily where I found john.where, wherever, everywhere, anywherewhere I found Bill(名词性句子? 状语从句？)I found lily in a room.I found Lily where I found Bill.(状语从句)Wherever无论哪里遇到问题，你都得做个标记。（make a mark） 把东西留在下次你能够找到它的地方。Leave it where you can find it next time.I saw the torch where there were many people.When I was young, I was handsome.Tell me when you met her.让步状语：although, though, even though, even ifAlthough he is poor, hes still happy.I will try it, though I may fail.Well go even if it rains.(2) 用whetherorIll do it whether you like it or not.Whether we help him or not, he will fail.。wheneverCome whenever you like. WhateverWhatever you say, I believe you.Whoever telephones, tell them Im out.Whenever you come, you are welcome.Wherever he goes, Ill go.例外虽然他是科学家，他很谦虚。Although he is a scientist, he is modest.Scientist as he is, he is modest.N+AS+主语+BE： 即使ADV.+AS+主语+动词（考虑动词搭配）Much as I like you, I do not love you.Adj+as+主语+be，Rich as he is, he is very modest.分词做状语(doing /done)(简洁) Standing at the top of the hill, I found our city very beautiful.Standing at the top of the hill, I found our city is very beautiful.(逻辑主语/经常表示主动)。Having searched her in the crowd a thousand times, I found her where the lantern lights are dim, turning around suddenly.逻辑主语Boiling in the kettle, the water is very hot.玻璃加热后变软。Heated in the fire, the glass becomes soft. (逻辑主语/经常表示被动) 把他的钱给了穷人后他感觉心里舒服。 Giving his money to the poor, he felt happy. We often provided our children with toys, feeling that all children like these things. I opened the door, seeing a bird. comparing_ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (compare)风雨离开了，给城镇带来了极大的损失。The storm left, causing damage to the town. 面对困难，你应该相信自己。faced with difficulties, you should believe in yourself. Compare_ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all（compare）带有时间差分词状语写了一天情书，他累了。Having written love letters during the whole day, he was tired.Having taken medicine, _he was /appeared normal._-(凸显时间差。)自从见了林志玲后，他就不正常了。 Having met Lin Zhilin, he was abnormal. After Tony had been beaten by his father, he went out.他吃了药以后就正常了他见了林志玲后就不正常了。众里寻她千百度,那人却在灯火阑珊处。Having searched her a thousand times, I found her where the lantern lights were dim when I turned around suddenly.独立主格With winter coming, weather becomes cold.变化的过程：1，去连词 2，改谓语独立主格的结构： 主格+doing，主句 主格+done，主句 主格+to do，主句 主格+adj. ，主句 主格+being +N. ，主句 主格+介宾. ，主句 Time was one of the two elements that Americans value , the other being labor.With time being one of the two elements that Americans value, the other is labor.The duty completed by him, he had three months leave. The duty completed by him, he had three months leave. With the duty completed by him, he had three months leave. more time given，we should have done it much betterWith everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.他在事故中半死，肋骨都断了。He was half dead, with all his ribs broken in the accident.(他半死并且，他所有的肋骨都断了。)all his ribs broken in the accidentThe consumption of beef was the largest, with 220 grams per person per week consumed in 1979.Everything considered, it is possible for their factory to raise the output quickly.He was half dead, with his ri