尼斯湖英文字幕.doc

1. Earth, a 4.5billion year old planet, still evolving. As continents shift and clash, Volcanoes erupt, glaciers grow and recede. The earths crust is carved in numerous and fascinating ways. Leaving a trail of geological mysteries behind.大地的时候,一个4.5billion岁的星球,还在进化。作为大陆转移和冲突、火山爆发、冰川成长和退去。地壳雕刻在众多和奇妙的方式。只剩下掀翻的奥秘背后地质。2. In this episode, Loch Ness, in the highlands of Scotland， is explored. It holds more water than any other lake in Britain, with a bedrock containing some of the oldest rocks on the planet. Set in a landscape that was once part of America. Loch Ness is a lake with an enduring myth the Loch Ness monster. A team of scientists investigate how Loch Ness was made. The clues they uncover, also provide a window into the formation of the earth itself.我们将在本集中,尼斯湖水怪,在苏格兰的高地上,进行了探讨。它保存更多的水比其他任何湖在英国,与基岩含一些这个星球上最古老的岩石。设置在一个风景曾是美国的一部分。尼斯湖水怪是一个湖泊,具有不可磨灭的神话尼斯湖水怪。一个科学家小组调查如何尼斯湖水怪。他们揭开的线索,并提供了一扇窗形成的地球本身。3. Deep, dark and full of mystery. This is Loch Ness in the highlands of Scotland. For a thousand years there have been claims that this vast lake hides a strange and terrible secret the fabled Loch Ness monster. A mythical beast, suggested by some as a descendant of the dinosaurs which once roamed this part of Scotland. Loch Ness would be the perfect hiding place for a prehistoric monster. At 23 miles long and a mile wide, this vast freshwater lake covers the same area as New Yorks Manhanttan island. And its more than 700 feet deep. But the monster is not the only mystery that surrounds Loch Ness. In the hills above the loch, there is a type of rock whose origin baffled scientists for years. Its sandstone. And its the start of the investigation into how Loch Ness was made. 深,黑暗和充满神秘。这是尼斯湖水怪在高地的苏格兰。一千年来一直有声称这种大湖奇怪而可怕的秘密藏着一个传说中的尼斯湖水怪。提出一种神秘的野兽,他被很多人的后裔的恐龙曾经漫步在这一部分苏格兰。尼斯湖水怪,可谓是一个绝佳的隐蔽的地方作为一个史前怪物。23英里长,一英里宽,这巨大的淡水湖覆盖同一区域作为纽约Manhanttan岛。而且它是超过700英尺深。但并不是唯一的神秘怪物围绕尼斯湖水怪。“在小山上方,有一种类型的岩理论的来源困惑科学家多年。这是砂岩。而且它是开始的调查是如何尼斯湖水怪。4. “Its know as the old red sandstone and its given that name because its red and its a sandstone and its called old because its about 350 million years old. ”“这是所知道的旧的红色砂岩、这是考虑到的名字,因为它是红的,而且它是一个砂岩,这就是老,因为它是大约350亿岁了。”5. The old red sandstone runs down one side of Loch Ness. But the most astonishing fact about these rocks is not their age, but where they come from. 旧的红色砂岩跑下去一边的尼斯湖。但最令人吃惊的事实对于这些岩石不是他们的年龄,但是他们来自哪里。6. “These rocks actually belong to my homeland of North America because these rocks originated on the North American continent and then have separated from North America. But in many ways this is almost a little bit of home for me here in Scotland”旧的红色砂岩跑下去一边的尼斯湖。但最令人吃惊的事实对于这些岩石不是他们的年龄,但是他们来自哪里。7. But how do geologists know that this old red sandstone comes from 3000 miles away on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean? “These rocks are identical in age and character to the rocks that actually form the Catskill Mountains and so this part of Scotland belonged to northeastern North America”.但是,如何知道这旧的红色,地质学家砂岩来自3000英里远的另一端的大西洋?“这些岩石都是相同的年龄和性格形成的岩石,实际上卡兹启尔山脉,于是这一部分属于北美苏格兰东北部”。8. For more than a thousand years, old red sandstone has been used for building castles in this part of Scotland. But its also been quarried in the US and used for brownstone building in New York City. Under the microscope rocks from both continents have an identical crystal structure and chemical analysis has also proved that theyre exactly the some age. But how did part of America end upon the shores of Loch Ness?一千多年,旧的红色砂岩已被用于建筑城堡的这部分的苏格兰。但它也是被开采出来的在美国和用于上流社会的建筑在纽约市。在显微镜下岩石来自两大洲有一个相同的晶体结构和化学分析也证明了他们是完全一些年龄。但美国的一部分是如何结束的尼斯湖的海岸上9. To answer this crucial question the investigation mast go much further back in time to look for evidence in the ancient bedrocks of northern Scotland. Its here that the story of Loch Ness begins. 要回答这个关键性的问题调查桅杆进一步返回到时间里去寻找证据,在古老的中坚北部的苏格兰。这是这里的尼斯湖那故事的开始。10. The trail starts north of Loch Ness, where the bedrock comes to the surface; this landscape is full of the extraordinary mysteries of an unimaginably ancient past. Its made of a type of rock called Lewisian Gneiss. Recent drilling and blasting for a new road cut have exposed evidence which uncovers a amazing chapter in earths history. The long straight lines are the drill holes left in the rock face. Modern radioisotope dating has given geologists the first clue to understanding the origin and formation of these rocks. 审讯的开始,在北的尼斯湖的基岩来到地表,这一景观,充满了非凡的神秘主义的一个常人难以想象的古老的过去。它是由一种称为Lewisian片麻岩的岩石。最近的凿岩爆破为新建公路削减所暴露的证据揭示了一个惊人的一章,在地球史上。它那又长又直的线条是钻孔忘在岩石表面的。现代利用放射性同位素地质学家第一个线索给了理解的起源和形成这些岩石。11. “These rocks are very special to geologists. They are some of the very oldest rocks in the world. We see them in very few places perhaps a dozen places across the globe contain rocks of this age, talking about two and a half to three billion years old”.“这些岩石都是非常特别的地质学家。他们是一些非常古老的岩石,在世界上。我们看到他们在非常少的地方,或许会使得世界各地的12个地方包含岩这个年龄,谈论两个半到3亿岁”。12. The origin of the gray Lewisian Gneiss lies in the first crust that cooled on the surface of the earth. After its formation 4.5 billion years ago, part of this crust were mixed together with the earliest sediments, buried, re-melted and forced back up again and again for more than a billion years. These extraordinary rocks are the result of that devastating period in our planets history. And theres more evidence exposed in this road cut revealing crucial information about the early history of the Loch Ness region. Lewisian起源的灰色片麻岩在于第一外壳的冷却地球表面的。在其生成45亿年前,其一部分表层沉积物结合在一起,被埋,最早熔不得不退又一个多亿年前。这些不寻常的岩石都是毁灭性的结果,在我们这个星球的历史时期。并且有更多的证据揭示这条路切中暴露出的重要信息的早期历史尼斯湖地区。13. “This exposure contains three important pieces of geological jigsaw puzzle. First, we have the gray gneiss of 2.5 to three billion years old. Secondly, we have this black igneous material which has been intruded into the area. This is two billion years old. And thirdly, we have this pink granitic intrusion that both intrudes the black material and the gneiss and this is 1.8 billion years old”这暴露包含三个重要的地质拼图碎片。首先,我们得灰色片麻岩的2.5到3亿岁。其次,我们有这黑色的火成岩的材料,这已经闯入了这一地区。这是两个亿岁。第三,我们有这个粉红色花岗岩侵入,这两个侵犯我国黑的资料和片麻岩和这是1.8亿岁14. This evidence reveals that after the formation of the Lewisian Gneiss, much younger rocks were then melted and mixed into the ancient crust. But this process took an incredible length of time.这证据显示,Lewisian后片麻岩的形成,更年轻的岩石随后被融化,混合成古地壳。但是这个过程起了一个难以置信的时间长度。15. “What weve got here are rocks that record over a billion years of earth history. Now, to put that into perspective that is almost a quarter of the age of the earth recorded in this exposure”“我们拥有什么,这里是岩石记录超过十亿多年的地球的历史。现在,为了把它列入角度说,几乎四分之一的地球年龄的记录在这个曝光”16. This is the bedrock of Loch Ness. It carries an extraordinary story of a major part of earths history. And there are yet more secrets hidden in these rocks.这是尼斯湖水怪的基石。它携带一个离奇的故事的地球历史的重要组成部分。还有更多的秘密,隐藏在这些岩石。17. “It looks very much because of the temperatures and pressures that these rocks were under that theyve been to depths of perhaps 50 miles beneath the earths surface in the past. This suggests that these rocks have been to hell and back two or three occasions over a billion year period”“它看起来非常多,因为的温度和压力下,这些岩石都是:他们已经50英里深处的,也许在地球表面在过去。这表明这些岩石去过地狱和背部有两三次超过十亿年内”18. Geologists now know that the only force powerful enough to produce this extraordinary mix of rocks is plate tectonics.地质学家们现在知道的唯一力量的威力足以产生这个离奇的岩石是板块构造的混合。19. Plate tectonics is the process by which the giant plates of the earths crust are driven slowly across the planets surface by vast convection currents deep in the earths hot mantle. In the Loch Ness region, the evidence in the road cut reveals that incredible pressures forced the crust deep down into the earth where it was melted, deformed, mixed together, then finally brought back to the surface. After that, for another billion years, this ancient land mass quietly eroded down to a rough, rolling landscape. But this wasnt the green terrain we see now. There was much less oxygen in the earths atmosphere than today and the surface would have looked like a lunar landscape, desolate and sterile. Incredibly, remnants of that billion year old landscape are still preserved today. The clues are revealed in another road cut, where the trained eye can draw amazing conclusions from what looks like a jumble of rocks.板块构造的过程称为巨大的地壳板块带动慢慢地走过这个行星的表面,深受广大对流在地球深处的热地幔。尼斯湖水怪是存在的地区,在道路的证据显示,令人难以置信的压力迫使削减地壳深入地球它是从哪里融化,丑陋,混合在一起,然后最后带回到了地面。在那之后,对另一个亿年间,这个古陆块的粗略侵蚀下来静静地、轧制景观。但是这并不是我们现在看到绿色的地形。有大量的少量的氧气在地球的大气层比今天和表面可能看起来像一个月亮的景观,荒凉而贫瘠。难以置信的是,余下的那亿岁。今天仍然保存景观解谜的线索展示着另一条路切,那里的训练眼可以画出惊人的结论从看上去像一大堆岩石。20.21. “At this road cut, we can see Lewisian Gneiss which is between two and a half and three billion years old. But up here we have something completely different. If I go up to this level and look above it, we have horizontally bedded red sandstones” This sudden change in rock type helps to unravel the mystery hidden in these ancient formation. “在这条路,我们可以看到Lewisian切割片麻岩,介于两个半和3亿岁。但在这里,我们有一些完全不同的东西。我若升到这个水平,仰视天空,我们都有红色砂岩的横向刚性”这种突然的改变在岩石类型有助于揭开最后的谜底,隐藏在这些古老的形成。22. “Theyre believed to have been laid down in a continental environment by rivers. Weve got river systems that laid down horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks on ancient landscape”“他们相信已被记载在一个陆地环境的河流。我们已经得到了河流系统的横向埋入沉积岩放下关于古代山水”23. So this simple outcrop reveals that even in a world with little oxygen, the ancient bedrock of Scotland was covered in rivers a billion years ago. And theres yet another secret hidden here.因此这个简单的露头显示,即使是在一个世界同氧气很少苏格兰,古代的基岩上满是河流亿年前。还有另一个秘密隐藏在这里。24. “There is a junction between these rocks which are almost a billion years old and the rocks below that are two and a half to there billion years old. This is a major time gap of between one and half and two billion years”“有一个这些,岩石交界几乎亿年,下方的岩石,是两个半到那里亿岁。这是一个重要的时间间隔之间的一个半和两个亿年前25. The time gap revealed here is extraordinary. It shows that after the traumas of their early formation, the rocks of the Loch Ness region went through a period of calm which lasted more than a third of the age of the earth. The investigation into how Loch Ness was made has uncovered its first evidence. Identical old red sandstone found on two continents proves that Scotland and America were once joined together. Some of the oldest rocks in the world reveal that the bedrock underlying Loch Ness was made during the primeval creation of the earths crust. Bedded sandstones lying on the ancient bedrock slow that rivers flowed over this landscape a billion years ago, during a long period of tranquility. But the calm couldnt last forever. A major continental collision was looming and with it the union between Scotland and England.这里的时间间隔透露是很了不起的。它表明创伤后他们早年的形成,岩石的尼斯湖地区渡过了一段平静,它持续了超过三分之一的地球的年龄。尼斯湖水怪的调查是如何发现了它的第一个证据。旧的红色砂岩上发现相同两大洲证明,苏格兰和美国曾经在一起了。一些世界上最古老的岩石透露,该基岩尼斯湖水怪是由潜在的原始创作过程中地壳。六点钟,躺在古代基岩砂岩的慢,河流流过这一景观,十亿年前,在一个长时期的宁静。但平静不可能长期保持下去。一个主要的大陆碰撞并且与它正在向我们逼近,苏格兰和英格兰之间的结合。26. The investigation into how Loch Ness was made will next uncover the geological structures which would eventually create Loch Ness. The search for evidence begins with a 19th-century scientific mystery. In the 1880s, geoloists in Scotland were baffled by a sequence of rocks they found north of Loch Ness. Here in a remote hillside lay the problem. A huge mass of very old lewisian gneiss was lying on top of much younger rocks. But the 19th-century geologists had never encountered this before. In their experience younger rocks always lay on top of older beds. Then, one scientist invented a novel approach to try to solve the puzzle. 尼斯湖水怪的调查是如何将于下周揭示地质构造最终创造尼斯湖水怪。寻找证据,开始于一个19世纪的科学的奥秘。在19世纪80年代创立的,在苏格兰被难住了geoloists通过一序列的岩石时,他们发现在北的尼斯湖。在这里,在一个偏远的山坡上躺着这个问题。大量的很古老的lewisian片麻岩是躺在高高的岩石的年轻得多。但是19世纪的地质学家从来没有遇到过这种之前。在他们的经历中总是躺在年轻的岩石上较老的床上。然后,有一位科学家发明了一种新的方法来尝试解决这个难题。27. “A survey geologists back in the Victorian age, 125 years ago mapped this area and his name Henry Cadell. He went back to Edinburgh and he worried about what hed seen in the field and thought how do I replicate what Ive seen? How does this happen? So he built a model, and he attempted then to show what it was that he saw in the field”“一项调查在维多利亚时代的地质学家回来,125年前映射这一领域的问题,他的名字亨利Cadell。他回到爱丁堡和他担心他会出现在田野,认为“我如何复制我所见过吗?这是如何发生的?”于是他造了个模型,他试图展示它到底是什么。然后,他看到现场28. Cavells model was simple. He suspected that some force had squeezed the rocks horizontally to make this upside-down sequence, so he built an apparatus containing layers of sand and clay to test his idea, Professor Underhill is using a replica of Cadells equipment, filled with alternating layers of black sand and plaster of paris to try and duplicate Cadells experiment. Turning the screw winds the block forward, imitating the horizontal pushing force that Cadell thought was the culprit. As the horizontal force increases, the layers are pushed over each other along a shallow plane which geologists now call a thrust fault?卡维尔的模型很简单。他怀疑点力苦得岩石横向使这个上下翻飞的序列,所以他建造了一个装置包含层的沙和泥来测试他的主意的时候,教授正在使用的复制品?安德希尔的设备、Cadell充满交替层黑色沙子和石膏巴黎的尝试,并复制Cadell的实验。风把螺丝区块向前,模仿平推的力量,Cadell认为是罪魁祸首。作为水平力增加,这些记录层上推彼此沿着一条浅平面,地质学家现在称做逆冲断层吗?29. “And weve got the first thrust appearing. Oh, look at that, another thrust going in”“我们得到了第推力出现。噢,看那个,另一个推力会在“30. The experiment showed Cadell exactly how older layers the ones on the bottom are pushed over and on top of the younger layers along the plane of the thrust fault. 实验表明卡德尔究竟如何在底部的旧的是过去，对沿逆冲断层平面的年轻层顶推层。31. “Theres some beautiful structures in here, theres a thrust fault running through here which duplicates the white layer and another one through here and the final thrust fault which is at the lowest angle out here towards the left-hand side. A success in terms of a simple model replicating what we see on the ground, and i can see how Cadell and others, when attempting such things began to understand what it was that they saw in the field. They could replicate it in a simple, crude model, but replicate it in a very successful manner”“有一些美丽的建筑在这里，有一个逆冲断层贯穿在这里，在这里重复，最后通过逆冲断层的角度出发的最低朝左边这里是白层和另外一个。以一个简单的复制我们所看到的地面上，我可以看到卡德尔等人，在尝试这样的事情开始明白什么是他们在实地看到的模型方面的成功。他们可以在一个简单的复制，粗略的模型，但复制一个非常成功的方式是“32. Once Cadell and his colleagues understood the principle of thrust faults, the apparently illogical sequence of the rocks, they saw in northwest Scotland began to make sense. 一旦卡德尔和他的同事们了解了逆冲断层的原则，显然是不合逻辑的岩石序列，他们认为在苏格兰西北部开始变得有意义。 33. “Well, the slope represents a thrust fault. What we have underneath it is a bedded younger quartzite succession which is pink. Above it, the gray rock, the rubbly gray hillside we see above is the Lewisian Gneiss again. And the surface in between which is puttingolder rock, the gray material onto the pink rock, the younger material is the thrust fault just like in the model that we saw before”“嗯，是一个逆冲断层斜坡。我们有下面这是一个年轻的层状石英岩继承是粉红色。它上面，灰色的岩石，rubbly灰色山坡，我们看到上面是刘易斯再次片麻岩。而中间的是puttingolder岩石，岩石上的粉红色灰色材料表面，小的材料是逆冲断层，就像在模型中，我们看到，在“34.35. Geologists now know that a thrust fault is the smoking gun that shows where continents have collided. But which continents were colliding to make the thrust faults in Scotland? And how were they involved in making Loch Ness? The scientists trail now led them to another thrust fault, the Moine thrust. The Moine Thrust is one of the biggest thrust faults on Earth. Running for 120 miles down the northwest of Scotland its mostly hidden from view but Professor Underhill has found one of the rare locations the where the thrust can be seen on the surface. This apparently insignificant join between two rock layers is the actual line of the thrust and it reveals a geological bombshell. The dark layer above the thrust comes from England but the surprise lies in the yellow limestone below it. Just like the old red sandstone at Loch Ness this rock comes from North America. This one small piece of evidence has enormous implications for the formation of Loch Ness.地质学家现在知道，一个逆冲断层是确凿的证据，显示在大陆有相撞。但大陆碰撞到了一起，使苏格兰的逆冲断层？而它们是如何参与决策尼斯湖？科学家们的线索导致他们现在另一个推力故障，莫因推力。在莫因推力是地球上最大的逆冲断层之一。运行了120英里的苏格兰西北部它的看法，但大多隐藏昂德希尔教授发现的主旨所在的表面上可以看到罕见的地点之一。这显然是微不足道的岩石层之间的连接二是实际的推力线，它揭示了地质重磅炸弹。上面的暗层的推力来自英格兰，但在下面的惊喜黄色的石灰岩谎言。就像老红砂岩在尼斯湖这块石头从北美来。此一小块的证据先后为尼斯湖的形成产生巨大影响。36.37. “The amazing thing about this contact is that its the meeting point between two continents. So here we are on a wet Scottish hillside on a Sunday afternoon and I am touching the contact between, effectively America and northwestern Scotland on one hang and England on the other as was 425 million years ago”38. “关于这个联络惊人的是，它的两个大陆之间的交汇点。因此，我们在这里就在潮湿的苏格兰山坡上周日下午，我接触之间，有效地美国和西北部苏格兰一挂，另一方面英国接触，因为四万二千五百点万年年前“39.40. But how did these two ancient continents collide?450 million years ago a supercontinent containing North America and Scotland lay deep in the southern hemisphere. At its margin was an ocean wider than the present-day Atlantic. On the other side was England and Europe. But the forces of plate tectonics were slowly pushing the two land masses together.41. 但如何做这两个古老大陆碰撞？4.5亿年前一个超级包含北美和苏格兰卧在南半球深。在其边缘是海洋比现今大西洋宽。另一边是英国和欧洲。但是，板块构造的力量慢慢地推着两地人民群众在一起。42.43. “Well, around 450 million years ago there was a major ocean where were standing now. It was called the lapetus Ocean and it separated America and northwestern Scotland on one hand from southeastern Scotland and England on the other hand. Now, what happened in the 20 million years after that ocean closed and eventually was closed sufficiently that two continents collided into each other”44. “嗯，约450万年前有一个大海洋，我们就站在了。这就是所谓的lapetus海洋与它脱离苏格兰和英格兰东南部和西北部苏格兰美国一方面，另一方面。现在，在20万几年发生后，海洋封闭，并最终被关闭，两个大洲足以互相碰撞“45.46. The collision between America and Europe pushed massive layers of rock over each other forcing upwards a range of mountains higher than the Himalayas are today. Still firmly attached to America, Scotland and England became fused together. But what did this collision have to do with the making of Loch Ness? The Loch itself provides the most fundamental evidence. “The one thing thats quite striking about Loch Ness is that when you look a