新编机械英语考试复习资料.doc

将下列词组译成汉语1. the hardened washers（强化垫圈）2. the fatigue resistance（抗疲劳强度）3. the modulus of elasticity（弹性模量）4. the antifriction bearing（减摩轴承）5. the rolling bearing（滚动轴承）6. the rolling contact （滚动接触）7. the sliding contact（滑动触电）8. the corrosion resistance（抗腐蚀性）9. the machining tolerances（加工公差）10. the fatigue loading（疲劳载荷）11. kinematic chain（运动链）12. skeleton diagram（草图，示意图，简图）13. Gear system/Cam system（齿轮传动系统/凸轮系统）14. uniform motion/nonuniform motion（匀速运动/非匀速运动）15. nonlinear motion（非线性运动）16. kinematic analysis（运动分析）17. schematic diagram（运动简图）18. textile machinery（纺织机械）19. Kinematic design/ kinematic syntheses（运动设计/运动合成）20. machine design（机械设计）21. Gear trains/ Cam mechanisms（轮系，齿轮传动链/凸轮机构）22. dynamic force/inertia force/ static force（动力/惯性力/静力）23. relative velocity/ absolute velocity（相对速度/绝对速度）24. angular acceleration/ tangential acceleration/ centripetal acceleration/ velocity vector（角加速度/切向加速度/向心加速度/速度矢量）25. binary link/ ternary link（二杆组/三杆组）将下列短语译成汉语1. the fillister head screws槽头螺钉2. the flat head screws 平头螺钉3. the hexagon socket head screws内六角沉头螺钉。4. the external tensile load外部拉伸载荷5. the external shear load外部剪切负荷6. Plane and spatial linkages（平面和空间连杆）7. constrained kinematic chain/unconstrained kinematic chain（约束运动链/非约束运动链）8. closed-loop linkage（闭环运动链）9. four-bar linkage（四连杆机构）10. slider-crank (or crank and slider) mechanism（曲柄滑块机构）11. internal combustion engine（内燃机）12. the kinematic analysis of mechanisms（机构运动分析）13. degree of freedom of the mechanism（机构自由度）14. kinematic analysis process /kinematic synthesis process（运动分析步骤/运动合成步骤）15. input angular velocity（输入角速度）16. input angular acceleration（输入角加速度）17. automatic packaging machinery（自动包装机）18. cam-contour dimensions/cam-follower diameters（凸轮轮廓尺寸/凸轮从动件直径）19. mechanical analog computer（机构模拟计算机）20. dead-center position（死点位置）21. crank-rocker linkage/double-rocker linkage/double-crank (drag-link) linkage（曲柄摇杆机构/双摇杆机构/双曲柄机构）22. maximum force component/ resulting output force or torque（最大的力量组成/输出的最大力或力矩）23. output motion variables/input motion variable（输出运动变量/输入运动变量）24. absolute angular positions（绝对角位置）25. velocity polygon method（速度的多边形的方法）26. instantaneous center method/instant center method（瞬心法/即时瞬心法）27. inertia-force analysis of mechanisms and machines（机构和机器的惯性力分析）28. one and the same coordinate system /inertia frame of reference（惯性参考系）29. systematic design of mechanisms（机械设计的系统）30. cam-contour dimensions/cam-follower diameters（凸轮轮廓尺寸/凸轮从动件直径）将下列单词译成汉语1. Mechanism（机械，机构，机构学）2. configuration（外形，构造，结构）3. displacement（位移）4. velocity（速度）5. acceleration（加速度）6. gear（齿轮）7. sprocket（链轮）8. pulley（带轮）9. kinematician /dynamics（运动/动力学，力学）10. kinematician（运动）翻译下列句子1. The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four-bar linkage, which has three moving links (plus one fixed link) and four pin joints.（最简单的封闭式的连杆机构就是四杆机构，四杆机构有三个运动构件（加上一个固定构件）并且有四个销轴。）2. Although the four-bar linkage and slider-crank mechanism are very useful and found in thousands of applications, we can see that these linkages have limited performance level.( 虽然四杆机构和曲柄滑块机构是非常有用而且在成千上万的应用中都可找到。但是我们还看到，这些连杆机构其性能水平的发挥已经受到限制。)3. The process of drawing kinematic diagrams and determining degrees of freedom of mechanisms are the first steps in both the kinematic analysis and synthesis process.（画运动图和确定机构自由度的过程，就是运动分析和综合过程的第一个阶段。）4. The ability to visualize relative motion, to reason why a mechanism is designed the way it is, and the ability to improve on a particular design are marks of a successful kinematician.（设想相对运动的能力，能推想出之所以这样设计一个机构的原因和对一个具体设计进行改进的能力是一个成功的机构学家的标志。）5. Kinematic inversion is the process of fixing different links of a chain to create different mechanisms.（这个过程的动态反演是固定的,不同的连接创造出不同的机制。）6.There are three customary tasks for kinematic synthesis: function generation, path generation and motion generation.（对于运功的综合，惯例上有三个任务:函数的生成、轨迹生成和运动生成。）翻译下列短文1.A kinematic chain is a system of links, that is, rigid bodies, which are either jointed together or are in contact with one another in a manner that permits them to move relative to one another. If one of the links is fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will cause each of the other links to move to definite predictable position, the system is a constrained kinematic chain. If one of the links is held fixed and the movement of any other link to a new position will not cause each of the other links to move to a definite predictable position, then the system is an unconstrained kinematic chain.（运动链是一个构件系统装置即若干个刚体，它们或者彼此铰接或者互相接触，方式上是允许它们彼此间产生相对运动。如果构件中的某一构件被固定而使任何其他一个构件运动到新的位置将会引起其他各个构件也运动到确定的预期的位置上的话，该系统装置就是一个可约束的运动链。如果构件中的某一构件仍保持固定而使任一运动到达一新的位置而不会使其他各个构件运动到一个确定的预期的位置上的话，则该系统装置是一个非约束运动链。）2. A mechanism or linkage is a constrained kinematic chain, and is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion and/or force from a source to an output. A linkage consists of links (or bars), generally considered rigid, which are connected by joints, such as pin (or revolute) or prismatic joints, to form open or closed chains (or loops). Such kinematic chains, with at least one link fixed, become (1) mechanisms if at least two other links remain mobility, or (2) structures if no mobility remains. In other words, a mechanism permits relative motion between its rigid links; a structure does not. Since linkages make simple mechanisms and can be designed to perform complex tasks, such as nonlinear motion and force transmission, they will receive much attention in mechanism study.（机构或连杆构件是一个可约束的传动链而且是一个从输入到输出以传递运动和（或）力为目的的机械装置。连杆机构是由通常被认为是刚体构件或杆组成的，它们是以销轴铰接的，例如用柱销（圆形的）或棱柱体销轴铰接，以便成形开式或闭式（回环式）的运动链。这样的运动链在至少有一个构件被固定的条件下：（1）如果至少有两个构件能保持运动，就变为机构，（2）如果没有一个构件能够运动，则就成为结构。换句话说，机构是允许其“刚性构件”之间相对运动，而结构则不能。由于连杆机构做成一简单机构而且能设定实现复杂的任务，例如非线性运动和力的传递运动。它们在机构学研究中将受到更多的关注。）3. The four-bar linkage may take form of a so-called crank-rocker or a double-rocker or a double-crank (drag-link) linkage, depending on the range of motion of the two links connected to the ground link. The input crank of a crank-rocker type can rotate continuously through 360, while the output link just rocks (or oscillates). As a particular case, in a parallelogram linkage, where the length of the input link equals that of the output link and the lengths of the coupler and the ground link are also the same, both the input and output link may rotate entirely around or switch into a crossed configuration called an antiparallelogram linkage. 1 Grashofs criteria states that the sum of the shortest and longest links of a planar four-bar linkage cannot be greater than the sum of the remaining two links if there is to be continuous relative rotation between any two links.（四杆机构可具有一种称作曲柄摇杆机构的形式，一种双摇杆机构，一种双曲柄（拉杆）机构，致于称作哪一种形式的机构，取决于跟机架（固定构件）相连接的两杆的运动范围。曲柄摇杆机构的输入构件，曲柄可旋转通过360并连续转动，而输出构件仅仅作摇动（即摇摆的杆件）。作为一个特例，在平行四杆机构中，输入杆的长度等于输出杆的长度，连接杆的长度和固定杆（机架）的长度，也是相等的。其输入和输出都可以作整周转动或者转换成称作反平行四边形机构的交叉结构。格拉肖夫准则（定理）表明：如果四杆机构中，任意两杆之间能作连续相对转动，那么，其最长杆长度与最短杆长度之和就小于或等于其余两杆长度之和。）4. Besides having knowledge of the extent of the rotations of the links, it would be useful to have a measure of how well a mechanism might run before actually building it. Hartenberg mentions that run is a term that means effectiveness with which motion is imparted to the output link; it implies smooth operation, in which a maximum force component is available to produce a force or torque in an output member. Although the resulting output force or torque is not only a function of the geometry of the linkage, but is generally the result of dynamic or inertia force, which are often several times as large as the static force. For the analysis of low-speed operations or for an easily obtainable index of how any mechanism might run, the concept of the transmission angle is extremely useful. During the motion of a mechanism, the transmission angle changes in value. A transmission angle of 0 degree may occur at a specific position, on which the output link will not move regardless of how large a force is applied to the input link. In fact, due to friction in the joints, the general rule of thumb, is to design mechanisms with transmission angle of larger than a specified value. Matrix-based definitions have been developed which measure the ability of a linkage to transmit motion. The value of a determinant (which contains derivatives of output motion variables with respect to an input motion variable for a given linkage geometry2 ) is a measure of the movability of the linkage in a particular position.（除了具备关于构件回转范围的知识之外，还要具备如何使机构在制造之前就能“运转”的良好措施，那将是很有用的。哈登伯格（Hartenberg）说到：“运转”是一个术语，其意义是传给输出构件的运动的有效性。它意味着运转平稳，其中能在输出构件中产生一个力或扭矩的最大分力是有效的。虽然最终的输出力或扭矩不仅是连杆几何图形的函数，而且一般也是动力或惯性力的结果，那常常是大到如静态力的几倍。为了分析低速运转或为了易于获得如何能使任一机构“运转”的指数，传动角的概念是非常有用的。在机构运动期间，传动角的值在改变。传动角0可发生在特殊位置上。在此特殊位置上输出杆将不运动而与施加到输入杆上的力多大无关。事实上，由于运动副摩擦的影响，一般根据实际经验，用比规定值大的传动角去设计机构。衡量连杆机构传递运动能力的矩阵基础的定义已经研究出来。一个决定性因素的值（它含有对于某个给定机构图形，位置的输出运动变量对输入变量的导数）是该连杆机构在具体位置中的可动性的一个尺度。）5. Mechanisms form the basic geometrical elements of many mechanical devices including automatic packaging machinery, typewriters, mechanical toys, textile machinery, and others. A mechanism typically is designed to create a desired motion of a rigid body relative to a reference member. Kinematic design, or kinematic syntheses, of mechanisms often is the first step in the design of a complete machine. When forces are considered, the additional problems of dynamics, bearing loads, stresses, lubrication, and the like are introduced, and the larger problem becomes one of machine design.（机构是形成许多机械装置的基本几何结构单元，这些机械装置包括自动包装机、打印机、机械玩具、纺织机械和其他机械等。典型的机构要设计成使刚性构件相对基准构件产生所希望的运动。机构的运动设计即运动的综合，第一步常常是先设计整部机器。当考虑受力时，要提出动力学方面的问题，轴承的荷载、应力、润滑等类似的问题，而较大的问题是机器结构问题。）6. A kinematician defined kinematics as the study of the motion of mechanisms and methods of creating them. The first part of this definition deals with kinematic analysis. Given a certain mechanism, the motion characteristics of its components will be determined by kinematic analysis. The statement of the tasks of analysis contains all principal dimensions of the mechanism, the interconnections of its links, and the specification of the input motion or method of actuation. The objective is to find the displacements, velocities, accelerations, shock or jerk (second acceleration), and perhaps higher accelerations of the various members, as well as the paths described and motions performed by certain elements. In short, in kinematic analysis we determine the performance of a given mechanism. The second part of definition may be paraphrased in two ways:（运动学家把运动学定义为“研究机构的运动和创建机构的方法”。这个定义的第一部分就涉及运动学分析。已知一个机构，其构成的运动特性将由运动学分析来确定。叙述运动分析的任务包含机构的主要尺寸、构件间的相互连结和输入运动的技术特性或驱动方法。目的是要找出位移、速度、加速度、冲击或跳动（二次加速度），和可能发生的各构件的高阶加速度以及所描述径迹和由某些构件来实现的运动。定义的第二部分可用以下两方面来解释：）(1) The study of methods of creating a given motion by means of mechanisms(2) The study of methods of creating mechanisms having a given motion.In either version, the motion is given and the mechanism is to be found. This is the essence of kinematic synthesis. Thus kinematic synthesis deals with the systematic design of mechanisms for a given performance. The area of synthesis may be grouped into two categories. 1研究借助机构来产生给定运动的方法2研究建造能产生给定运动机构的方法在两个方案中，运动是给定的而机构是创建的。这就是运动综合的本质。这样运动综合涉及到为给定性能的机构的系统设计。运动综合方面又可归结为以下两类(1) Type synthesis. Given the required performance, what type of mechanism will be suitable? (Gear trains? Linkages? Cam mechanisms?) Also, how many links should the mechanism have? How many degrees of freedom are required? What configuration is desirable? And so on. Deliberations involving the number of links and degrees of freedom are often referred to as the province of a subcategory of type synthesis called number synthesis. (2) Dimensional synthesis. The second major category of kinematic synthesis is best defined by way of its objective : Dimensional synthesis seeks to determine the significant dimensions and the starting position of a mechanism of preconceived type for a specified task and prescribed performance.1类型综合。规定所要求的性能，怎样一种类型的机构才是合适的？（齿轮系，连杆机构？还是凸轮机构？）而机构应具有多少构件？需要多少个自由度？怎样的轮廓结构才是所希望的？等等。关于杆件数目和自由度的考虑通常被认为是类型综合中被称作为数量综合的一个分支领域。2尺寸综合。运动综合的第二个主要类型是通过目标法来确定的最佳方法。尺寸综合试图确定机构的重要尺寸和起动位置，该机构是为着实现规定的任务和预期的性能而事先设想的。of their contacting profiles must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers.齿轮