回扣：语法重点扫描,帮你轻松记牢1.doc

回扣：语法重点扫描，帮你轻松记牢1. 这些不可数名词随时都会帮你得分：（没有复数，不加a/an）有一些抽象名词：weather（天气）, news（新闻）, word (=news), advice（忠告），behavior（行为）， fun（娱乐），information（情报，信息），progress（进步），damage（损害），harm（伤害），music（音乐），courage（勇气），experience（经验）等即使被形容词修饰，也不加不定冠词a/an。2. 这些末尾字母要双写或要添加字母的不规则动词你都记住了吗？picnicpicnickedpicnickedpicnicking 野餐panicpanickedpanickedpanicking 恐慌begin-began-begun-beginning 开始 admit-admitted-admitted-admitting 允许进入；承认 refer-referred-referred-referring 指；参考 occuroccurredoccurred-occurring 发生 controlcontrolledcontrolledcontrolling 控制forget-forgot-forgotten-forgetting 忘记permit-permitted-permitted-permitting 允许prefer-preferred-preferred-preferring 更喜欢regretregrettedregretted-regretting 后悔；遗憾3. 其后只能跟动名词而不可跟动词不定式作宾语的动词很重要！mind（介意）, miss（错过）, enjoy（享受的乐趣）, cant help（忍不住）, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, risk（冒险）, finish（完成）, escape（逃避）, practise（练习）, suggest（建议）, stand (忍受) , keep（保持）, delay（推迟，延期）, imagine (想象), report (报道)4冠词：规则1 当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为辅音音素时，用a ；而当紧挨着不定冠词的单词的第一个音素为元音音素时，用an 。（特别提醒：判断a还是an的依据是其后的词的发音，而不是字母。）例如：a university student, a unique style, a European writer , an honest boy, an x-ray, an 800-metre-long bridge等。规则2：定冠词用于姓氏名称的复数前，表示“一家人或夫妇俩”。如：the Smiths史密斯一家人；the Browns布朗夫妇5 替代词：（1）.A wall made of bricks is much firmer than one made of mud.砖砌的墙比泥墙牢固多了。（2）.The weather of Beijing is much colder than that of Shanghai.北京的天气比上海冷得多。（3）This story is an interesting one.这是个有趣的故事。（4） -How about the price of these washing machines? 这些洗衣机的价格怎么样？ - They are at least equal in price, if not cheaper than those/the ones at other stores.即使不比其他店的便宜也至少和其他店的价格一样。（5）The laptop I bought last week is better than the one/that the school had bought for us. 6一般现在时用来表示习惯性经常性或固定不变的动作或状态。现在进行时主要用来表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。 .He likes reading novels. He is reading Harry Porter now. 他喜欢看小说，现在正在看哈里波特。.Mr. Smith often travels. He is visiting Beijing this week. 史密斯先生经常旅行，这周他正在北京旅游。7 一般现在时还可用来表示客观规律或真理；在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态也要用一般现在时。.The geography teacher told us that the sun rises in the east. 地理老师告诉我们太阳从东边升起。.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧.When he arrives, well go out to meet him. 当他到达时，我们将出去迎接他。.I will not go back to my hometown if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨我将不回家乡了。8 现在进行时+always等可用来表示感情色彩；一些短暂性动词如start, leave, come, go, move, return等和延续性动词如play, stay, fly等的进行时可表示将来。.He is always helping others.他总是乐于助人。.She is constantly complaining of her working hard.她老是不断地抱怨她工作辛苦。. Who are you playing the game with? 你们将和谁比赛？9一般过去时表示“在现在时刻之前已经结束的动作或状态，或过去经常重复的动作。” 严格地说，过去时所说的事与现在无关，它只是在叙说或回忆过去发生的事。现在完成时中的动作也是过去发生的，但它叙说的目的是强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的结果或影响，是借过去说现在。. I saw the film “Gone With the Wind” several years ago.（回忆过去曾看过这部电影）. I have seen the film “Gone With the Wind”.（为了说明：现在我了解这部电影）. He lived here five years ago. (只能说明他五年前在这儿住过。). He has lived here for five years. (五年前开始，一直住这儿，现在还住这儿)10一些表示愿望打算的词，如hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose等，用过去完成时表示过去想做而未曾实现的愿望打算或意图。如：.I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）.I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙。.I had thought you would come tomorrow. 我原以为你明天才来呢。11 不用被动语态的动词1）表示状态特征的联系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear + 形容词/名词 （构成系表结构）.The steel feels cold. 钢摸上去是冷的。.His plan proved (to be ) practical. 他的计划被证明是可行的。2）表示主语的某种属性特征的动词如read, write, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink等，一般不单独使用，常加上一个修饰语。如：.I like this pen very much. It writes smoothly.我喜欢这支笔，它写起来很流畅。.The coat dries easily. 这外套易干。3）表示“开始”“结束”“运动”的动词，如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, move, run用主动形式表示被动意思。.The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day.这家商店每天下午六点钟关门。.Work began at 7 oclock this morning.每天上午七点开始工作。4） 当want, need, require作“需要”讲时，后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，动名词与句子的主语之间在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：The house needs / wants / requires repairing. (=to be repaired) 这屋子需要打扫了。12.时间状语从句和条件状语从句特别提醒：如果主句是一般将来时，那么，从句谓语要用一般现在时或现在完成时来表示将来。记住固定句式：“no sooner than-从句”和“hardly/ scarcely when-从句”，意思都是“一就”。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。. I will stay here until the rain stops. 我将呆在这儿一直到雨停下. We will hold the sports meeting this Friday unless it rains. 如果天不下雨,我们将在周五举办运动会。. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 直到汽车停下才下车. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家天就下雨了。13倍数表达法的三种基本句式：倍数+as+原级+as 倍数+比较级+than 倍数+the size/length/weight/height of 如：特别提醒：表示倍数的词始终在前面。如：我们的新房子是旧房子的三倍大。.Our new house was three times as large as the old one. .Our new house was twice larger than the old one.Our new house was three times the size of the old one.14. 强调句是对普通句子的某一部分（谓语除外）进行强调而产生的特殊句式，结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 句子的其余部分”或“It is/was + sb. + who(m)/that + 句子的其余部分”.强调句的陈述句. It was Julia that/who drew a beautiful picture the other day. 是朱莉娅前几天画了一幅漂亮的画。. It was a beautiful picture that Julia drew the other day. 朱莉娅前几天画的是一幅漂亮的画。强调句的一般疑问句. Was it Julia who/that drew a beautiful picture the other day? 是朱莉娅前几天画了一幅漂亮的画吗？. Was it a beautiful picture that Julia drew the other day? 朱莉娅前几天画的是一幅漂亮的画吗？强调句的特殊疑问句. Who was it that drew a beautiful picture the other day? 是谁前几天画了一幅漂亮的画？. What was it that Julia drew the other day? 朱莉娅前几天画的是什么？如果对 “not until” 句型中的 “until 部分”进行强调，必须将not 提前：. It was not until his teacher explained it to him that he understood the sentence.只到老师向他解释了以后，他才理解这个句子。被强调部分可以是从句：. It was as he walked into the office with a frozen smile that I sensed him to be annoyed.是当他带着僵硬的笑走进办公室时我才意识到生气了。. It was because they were eager to view the exotic landscapes that the old couple traveled abroad.是因为他们渴望看异国风光那对老年夫妇才到外国去旅游的。15非谓语动词一. 作主语. Working in these conditions is no easy job. 在这种状况下工作绝不是一件容易的事。. His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)他来这里（对我们）是一个很大的帮助。. Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack)杰克的突然消失使得他们很担心。. Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.学了电脑知识对这份工作来说是一个重要的资历。. Their being neglected by the host added to their uneasiness. (不可用They和Them)主人忽略他们增加了他们的不安。特别提醒：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，不可以用人称代词主格和宾格，也不可以用名词的普通格。二. 作宾语. Do you mind my/me reading your paper? 你介意我看你的考卷吗？. She doesnt like Mary (Marys) talking that way. 她不喜欢玛丽那样讲话。. They couldnt stand being treated like that. 他们不能忍受被那样对待。. I regret not having taken her advice. (not须放在having前) 我感到遗憾，没有听从她的建议。. I have no idea of their having done such a thing.我不知道他们已经做了这样的事。. I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.我不记得曾经给予了实验这种办法的机会。. I remember his not having told us about the matter. (not要放在his的后面having的前面)特别提醒：动名词作宾语时，可以带逻辑主语。此时，带逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格。三. 作定语 非谓语动词作定语一般要跟在名词后。. Wed better find some work for the children to do. 我们最好找些事情让孩子们来做。. He is the first one to help me with computer. 他是第一个帮我学电脑的。. She bought a bookshelf to put her books on. 她买了一只书架来放书。. Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.你的分析问题的能力真让我们感到惊奇。 . The plan to be made is of vital importance.将要制定的计划很重要。. The building being constructed will be used as a library.在建的大楼将被用作图书馆。四. 作状语 1非谓语动词作状语必须遵守的基本原则：非谓语动词必须和主语有逻辑上的一致关系：主谓（主动）关系或动宾（被动）关系。与谓语动词所表示的动作在时间上的关系：先，后，或是同时。. Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (不一致). Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (一致). Depressed, he went to see his elder brother. (先。但不强调) 因为感到很难过，所以他去见他哥哥。. Having lived in the city for many years, he knew it very well. (先，且强调) 生活在城里很多年了，所以他很了解它。. Encouraged by these successes, they decided to expand the business.由于受到了成功的鼓励，他们决定把生意做大。. When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.离开机场时，他们不断地向我们挥手。. Not having received an answer, he decided to write anther letter to them.因为没有收到回信，所以他决定再写一封信给他们。. Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.被老师批评后，李明戒了烟。2tooto do和only tooto do我们都知道，在一般情况下，tooto do 结构具有否定意思。例如：He was too tired to walk any longer.他太累了，不能再走了。但是，在一些特殊结构中，动词不定式就再没有否定意义了。特别提醒： 当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。 too+ready (apt, anxious,eager, glad, willing)+to do，其后的动词不定式不再具有否定意义，而具有肯定意义。例如：. Im only too pleased to help you.我很高兴能帮助你。. They are all too enthusiastic to take part in the activity.他们都很热心要去参加这项活动。. She is too ready to suspect. 她爱起疑心。. He is too willing to work as a volunteer.他很愿意当志愿者。. We were too eager to go out for fresh air.我们很想出去吸收新鲜空气。五. 作宾语补足语 常用结构：动词+宾语+do/doing/done。常见的动词有：, feel， hear, listen to，have make ,let, see, look at, observe, notice, watch等。)一感二听三让四看. He saw a girl get on the tractor and drive off. （用动词do作宾补表示动作的全过程已结束）A girl was seen to get on the tractor and (to) drive off. (变为被动语态时，必须用带to的不定式 ). Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window. 突然他听到有人在轻地敲窗子。. I felt a great weight taken off my mind.我感到心里卸下了一个沉重的担子。. She saw the wounded man being carried into the hospital.她看到那位伤员正被抬进了医院。. The film soon had us crying. 这部电影很快使我们哭了起来。六. with复合结构 16 with复合结构是独立主格结构的一种，常在句中充当状语和定语，是英语中的一种常见结构。它由“with+宾语+补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关系。 adv/prep. adj.其结构为： with + 宾语 + to do（与宾语有动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作） doing/being done done. With the children following him, he had to go back to the park.由于孩子们跟着他，所以他只得回到公园去。. With the work finished, he could go home.工作已经做完，他可以回家了。. With so many books to read, I could not go out.有这么多书要读，我不可以出去。. With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.天这么热，他们进去休息了。. With the prices of color TV sets down by 50%, the company has a very hard time.由于彩电的价格下降了50%，所以公司的日子不好过。. His wife came down the stairs, with her one-year-old son in her arms.他妻子从楼上下来，怀里抱着一岁大的儿子。. The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.学生成排站着，国旗冉冉升起。二名词性从句1. that引导的名词性从句that在引导名词从句时 无任何词义。 在名词从句中不充当任何成份。引导宾语从句常可以省略，引导其它从句时不可省。 that引导的从句是陈述一个事实，因此，它不在含有“疑问”的句子中引导名词性从句。如：. That they are good at English is known to us all. 他们擅长英语我们都知道。 . The problem is that we dont have enough money. 问题是我们没有足够的钱。. She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day. 她表达了将来有一天来中国的希望。. He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine. 他断定，因为他是个孩子，他不懂酒。. Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. 每人都知道发生了什么和她很着急。特别提醒： that一般不可引导介词后的宾语从句（in that, except that ,but that 除外）。 当that从句和主句之间有插入语时，that不可省略； 当that 从句与它前面的另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，that不能省。2. what引导的名词性从句what引导的从句