海洋科学导论名词解释.doc

海洋科学导论名词解释Lithosphere岩石圈：软流圈以上的刚性固体物质层，包括地壳和上地幔顶部的刚性岩层，地壳与地幔的M面夹在岩石圈内部。2Mid-ocean ridge and rise systems洋中脊及隆起系统：贯穿洋盆的一系列海底山脉，延伸可达65000km，比临近的隆起高2-3km，一般宽1000-3000km。若这些山脉陡峭狭窄则称为洋中脊，若平缓且宽则为隆起。洋中脊有中央裂，而隆起则没有中央裂谷而是延中央抬升。延洋中脊及隆起轴向有宽约2km的狭窄火山带。洋中脊是离散型板块边界，板块相互远离形成新的地壳。3Ocean trenches海沟：海底狭窄陡峭的深沟。深6000-11000km，主要分布在太平洋，一些海沟在火山岛链附近，一些则分布在中美及南美边缘。海沟是汇聚型板块边界，相向运动形成消减带消灭旧地壳。4Transform fault(转换断层)Fault with horizontal displacement connecting the ends of an offset in a mid-ocean ridge. Some plates slide past each other along a transform fault.The opposite sides of a transform fault are two different plates that are moving in opposite directions.5.Divergent plate boundaries(离散板块边界):plate boundaries diverge or move apart at the mid-ocean ridge where new lithosphere is formed.Convergent plate boundaries(汇聚板块边界): At the trenches, plate converge, or move toward each other, destroying old lithosphere at subduction zones.6. Hot Spots（热点）Scattered around the Earth are approximately forty fixed areas of isolated volcanic activity.Hot Spots periodically channel hot material to the surface from deep within the mantle, and may form a volcanic peak, or seamount, directly above, or may produce a broad swelling of the ocean floor or the continent.Hot spots may also resupply the asthenosphere, which is constantly cooling and becoming attached to the base of the lithosphere, thickening the plates.7.Rift valley Trough formed by faulting along a zone in which plates move apart and new crust is created, such as along the crest of a ridge system.8.Rift zone A region where the lithosphere splits and separates allowing new crustal material to intrude into the crack or rift.9. polar wandering curveA plot of the apparent location of the Earths north magnetic pole as a function of geologic time.10.Turbidity currentMoving flows of sediment and water.Travel at speeds up to 90km per hour and carry in suspension up to 300kg of sediment per cubic meterFast-moving avalanches of mud, sand, and water that flow down the slop, eroding and picking up sediment as they gain speed.11.Turbidite Sediment deposited by a turbidity current, showing a pattern of coarse particles at the bottom, grading gradually upward to fine silt.12. GuyotsSubmerged, flat-toped seamounts. Seamounts, Steep-sided volcanoes rising abruptly and sometimes piercing the surface to become islands13. Atoll（环礁）When a seamount pierces the sea surface to form an island, it provides a base on which the coral can grow. If the seamount sinks of subsides slowly enough, the coral continues to grow upward at a rate that is not exceeded by the rising water. If the process continues, eventually the seamount disappears below the surface and the coral reef is left as a ring, or atoll.14.CCD （ carbonate compensate depth碳酸盐补偿深度 ）深海底分布着大面积的碳酸盐沉积，但碳酸盐随着水深溶解度加大，在一定的深度上，从上覆水层沉降而供应的碳酸盐和溶解而失去的碳酸盐数量相等，这个深度就称为碳酸盐补偿界面 。15. Monsoon（季风）monsoon name for seasonal winds; first applied to the winds over the Arabian Sea, which blow for six months from the northeast and for six months from the southwest; now extended to similar winds in other parts of the world; in India, the term is popularly applied to the southwest monsoon and also to the rains that it brings.16.El Nio（厄尔尼诺）El Nio wind-driven reversal of the Pacific equatorial currents resulting in the movement of warm water toward the coasts of the Americas, so called because it generally develops just after Christmas.17.thermocline(温跃层)Below the 100 m surface layer the temperature decreases rapidly with depth to the 1000 m level. A zone with a rapid change in temperature with depth is called a thermocline.18.upwelling and downwelling（上升流和下降流）Upwelling and downwelling refer to vertical motion of water upward or downward. They are present in thermohaline circulation but can also be caused by wind-driven surface currents.When the surface waters are driven together by the wind or against a coast, a surface convergence is formed. Water at a surface convergence sinks, or downwells. When the wind blows surface waters away from each other or away from a coast, a surface divergence occurs and water from below is upwelled.Areas of thermohaline circulation where water sinks are called downwelling zones; areas of rising waters are upwelling zones.19.Geostrophic flowHorizontal flow of water occurring when there is a balance between gravitational forces and the Coriolis effect.The currents flow smoothly around the gyre parallel to its elevation contours.20.The Kuroshio Current（黑潮）Moving from south to north along the east coast of Japan.The trade winds move the water away from Central and South America and pile it up against Asia, while the westerlies move the water away from Asia and push it against the west coast of North America. The water that accumulates in one area must flow toward areas from which the water has been removed.21.seismic sea waves or tsunamisSudden movements of the Earths crust may produce.Both cases of a rise and a depression result in the production of waves with extremely long wavelengths (100200 km) and long periods as well (1020 minutes).The tsunamis are shallow-water waves.When the path of the wave is blocked by a coast or an island, its energy is compressed into a smaller water volume.A tremendous surge of moving water races up over the land, flooding the coast for a period that lasts five to ten minutes before the water flows seaward.22.Deep-water waves, shallow-water wave, intermediate waves（深水波、）To be a deep-water wave, the wave must occur in water that is deeper than one-half the waves length.When the wave finally enters water with a depth of less than one-twentieth the wavelength (D L/20), the wave becomes a shallow-water wave. When the water depth is between L/2 and L/20, the speed of the wave is also slowed. Waves in this depth range are called intermediate waves.23.Standing wave type of wave in which the surface of the water oscillates vertically between fixed points called nodes, without progression; the points of maximum vertical rise and fall are called antinodes.24.diurnal tide, semidiurnal tide, semidiurnal mixed tidediurnal tide: a regular pattern of one high tide and one low tide each daysemidiurnal tide: a cyclic high waterlow water sequence that is repeated twice in one daysemidiurnal mixed tide: A tide in which the high tides regularly reach different heights and the low tides drop regularly to different levels25.tidal day （全日潮）time interval between two successive passes of the Moon over a meridian, approximately 24 hours and 50 minutes.1.Matthew Fontaine MauryMatthew Fontaine Maury （ 1806-1873 ）, the father of modern oceanography, was a career officer in the USA Navy. He wrote the first oceanography textbook in 1855, The Physical Geography of the Sea, containing info on Gulf Stream, atmosphere, currents, winds, climates, storms and first athymetric chart of N. Atlantic. 2.latitudelatitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line drawn outward from the center of the Earth to a point on the surface of the Earth. Latitude varies from 0 degrees to +90 degrees north of the equator and 0 degrees to 90 degrees south of the equator. Together with longitude it specifies the location of a point on the surface of the Earth.3.Prime meridianmeridian of 0longitude, used as the origin for measurements oflongitude; internationally accepted as the meridian of the Royal Naval Observatory, Greenwich, England4.conservative constituent component （保守组分）conservative constituent component or property of seawater whose value changes only as a result of mixing, diffusion, and advection and not as a result of biological or chemical processes; for example, salinity5.hydrologic cycleWater is constantly moving from one reservoir to another, as liquid water evaporates 蒸发from the oceans into the air, icebergs melt in the oceans, rains fall on the land, and rivers flow back to the sea. This movement of water through the reservoirs is called the hydrologic cycle6.Residence Timesresidence time mean time that a substance remains in a given area before being replaced, calculated by dividing the amount of a substance by its rate of addition or subtraction7.salinitySalinity measure of the quantity of dissolved salts in seawater. It is formally defined as the total amount of dissolved solids in seawater in parts per thousand ( ) by weight when all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, all the bromide (溴化物）and iodide （碘化物）have been converted to chloride, and all organic matter is completely oxidizedSalinity is given as grams of salt per kilogram of seawater (g/kg), or parts per thousand () 8.Osmotic Processes （渗透压） Water molecules cross the membranes that separate body fluids from seawater by moving from a high concentration of water (low salinity) to a low concentration of water (high salinity). This special type of diffusion扩散 known as osmosis9.Absorption and adsorption- absorption taking in of a substance by chemical or molecular means; change of sound or light energy into some other form, usually heat, in passing through a medium or striking a surface. - adsorption attraction of ions to a solid pensation depth compensation depth： depth at which there is a balance between the oxygen produced by algae through photosynthesis and that consumed by them through respiration; net oxygen production is zero11.Coastal zoneThe coasts of the worlds continents arethe areas where the land meets the sea.Coastal zone includes the open coast ， the semi-isolated and sheltered bays and estuaries that interrupt it.Coastal areas are regions of change，in which the sea acts to alter the shapeand configuration of the land.12.primary coast and secondary coast primary coast coastline shaped primarily by land forces rather than sea forces.secondary coast coastline shaped primarily by marine forces or marine organisms.13.Fjordsnarrow, deep, steep-walled inlet of the ocean formed by the submergence of a mountainous coast or by the entrance of the ocean into a deeply excavated glacial trough after the melting of the glacier. 14.longshore current and longshore transportlongshore current current produced in the surf zone by the waves breaking at an angle with the shore; runs roughly parallel to the shoreline. longshore transport movement of sediment by the longshore current.15.coastal circulation cell coastal circulation cell (drift sector, littoral cell) ： longshore transport cell pattern of sediment moving from a source to a place of deposition.16.Estuariesestuary semi-isolated portion of the ocean that is diluted by freshwater drainage from land.17.photosynthesisphotosynthesis manufacture by plants of organic substances and release of oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and the green pigment chlorophyll18. Primary productivityPrimary productivity is used to express the rate at which biomass is produced by photosynthesis and is usually expressed as grams of carbon per day.19.food chain and food web food chain sequence of organisms in which each is food for the next member in the sequence. See also food web. food web complex of interacting food chains; all the feeding relations of a community taken together; includes production, consumption, decomposition, and the flow of energy. 20.PhytoplanktonThe phytoplankton are mainly unicellular (or single-celled) plantlike organisms known as algae. Each phytoplankton cell is autotrophic (or self-