There be结构的用法.doc

There be 结构的用法there be句型有特点,主语放在be后边, 多个主语并列时,be随最近主语变。 变疑问很简单,把be提到there前。 变否定也不难,be的后面not添。 肯定句中用some, 疑问、否定any换。 介词短语表地点,有表存在记心间。 There be在主语前,have/has在主语后。 多个主语并列时,There be随第一主语变。 并列主语表所有,要用have是正理。 There be表存在, have/has表所有。There be句型用法透视 广东佛山市顺德区容山中学 刘永祚 There be句型对教师来说看上去似乎很简单，学生好象很容易就学会。其实不然，这个句型对大多数初学者来说都不会使用，是懂非懂。他们往往把there be 和have句型用法混淆。比如说：我们班昨天下午有5个男生没来上学。多数学生(包括参加高考的学生)用英语是这样表示：There had five boys in our class who were absent yesterday afternoon.下面就there be句型中的各种用法结合笔者在教学中对此知识点的归纳作一总结。我想这对高中学生大有帮助。一般结构与用法列表如下： 结 构 与 用 法 例 句肯定句There be +名词+地点/时间状语，表示“某处存在某物”。( be与紧随其后的名词的数保持一致。）There is a table and eight chairs in the room.There are four seasons in a year.否定句在be后加not ( any )或no.There isnt any salt in the jar.There was no noise in the class this morning.疑问句把be放在there之前，其余部分不变，句尾用问号。（注意：be是is / are还是were / was要依句中的时态或具体情况确定。）一般问句Is there any water in the bottle?简略回答Yes, there is.或No, there is not.特殊问句How much water is there in the bottle?注意事项可以用不同的时态，而且可以与助动词或情态动词连用。There will be an English evening this Saturday.There must be someone in the dark room.There used to be a store next to our school.此结构除be动词外，还可以用某些含有“存在”意义的其它动词。如：lie, live, stand, exist, come, remain等。There stands a temple on the hill.There once lived an old lady in the temple.There comes a bus.一、常规用法：请注意以下四点：1There be 句型在用法上有多种时态的变化。如“一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。”请看以下例句：Look! There are so many people singing and dancing on the square. 瞧！广场上有那么多人在载歌载舞。 Attention, please. There will be a meeting after school. 大家请注意。放学后要开会。There have been great changes in my hometown since 1998. 自1998年以来，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。There had been several such traffic accidents by the end of last month. 到上过月底，有过好多起这样的交通事故。2There be 句型还可与助动词、情态动词或一些半助动词连用。如：there can / could / shall / should / may / might / will / would加be动词或there 加used to (过去常常)/ be going to（将要） / be likely to（可能） / be about to（就要） / be certain to（一定会） / had better（最好） / haveto（必须） / appear / seem (好象) / happen to（恰好）等与be连用。例如：There used to be dirty pool here. 以前这里有个污水池。There is certain to be something wrong with my computer. = It is certain / appears / seems that there is something wrong with my computer. 我的电脑一定是出毛病了。 3在there be 句型中，可用stand（站着），live（住着），lie（躺着），exist（存在），remain（还有），come（来），occur / happen（发生），follow（跟随）等动词替换be动词。这些动词可以有时态变化，若是及物动词还可以有语态变化。例如：Once upon a time, there lived an emperor, who liked new clothes very much.很久以前，有一个皇帝，他非常喜欢新衣服。There stands at the center of the Tian An Men Square the Monument of the Peoples Heroes.在天安门广场的中央耸立着人民英雄纪念碑。There happened an event. 发生了一个事件。4There be句型中的谓语动词的数要与be后面的主语在数方面保持一致；若是并列多个主语，则与“be”最近的那个主语保持一致。例如：There is a small river in front of our school. 我们学校前面有一条小河。There is only a bus, five cars and a helicopter at our campus.在我们的校园里有一辆小车，五辆公共汽车和一架直升飞机。二、特殊用法：1there be 句型可与不定式、分词、动名词连用，在句中可作主语、宾语和状语等。例如：It was too late for there to be any taxis. 太晚了不会有出租车了。（不定式的复合结构作状语）Would you like there to be a picture on the wall? 你喜欢墙上 张画吗？（不定式作like宾语）I dont want there to be any misunderstanding between us.我不希望我们之间有任何误解。(（不定式作动词want 的宾语）There being a bus stop so near the school is a great advantage.（动名词短语在句中作主语）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有什么其它事要做，我们回家了。（独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示原因。）2There be 句型也有被动语态的用法。例如：There is needed some human hand.还需要人手。3There 位于句首时，常引起后面的主谓倒装。例如：There goes the bus. 公共汽车开走了。但请注意，主语如果是人称代词时，主谓就不能倒装。例如：There you are! A nice cup of green tea. 你要的来了！一杯可口的绿茶。4There be + v.ing 此结构有时并不表示“存在”，通常以否定形式出现，用于对某一行为或抽象概念的否定，广泛用于口语和书面用语中。1）There is no + 名词 + in doing sth.（注：此结构中的介词可以省略。）a. 名词是表示“利弊，用途”的抽象名词。例如：There is no good in going. 去没有什么好处。There is no harm in doing that. 那样做并无害处。There is no use in doing it. = It is no use doing it. 干此事毫无用处。b. 名词是表示“价值，意义”的抽象名词。例如：There is no sense in waiting here. 在这里等下去毫无意义。There is no point in doing so.这样做毫无意义。2）There is no + doing sth.a. 动词多为表“转述”或“认知”等意义的动词（如say, know 等），其后一般跟疑问词（如：when, what等）。例如：There is no saying what may happen. 很难说会发生什么事。There is no telling when he will return. 说不清他何时归来。There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何时我们能再相会。b. 也可用其它动词，其意义相当灵活。例如：There is no mistaking what ought to be done. 应该做什么是很清楚的。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可倒转。There is no getting along with him. 他很难相处。Once she starts talking, there is no stopping her. 一旦她打开话匣，就说过没完。There is no joking with him. 和他不能开玩笑。c. there is + no + 表示行为的名词。此结构的含义相当于Its impossible / necessary to do sth.。例如：There is no hurry about it. 没有必要这么急匆匆。There is no question of his honesty. 他的诚实不用置疑。There is no escape from the evidence.证据确凿，无法逃避。一、there be句型与各种情态动词连用。 例如： There must be something wrong here There might still be some vacant seats in the rear There ought to be something with which to fill your stocking 二、there be句型中的谓语动词be被be likely to be，happen to be，seem（to be）， occur等代替，用来描写事物。例如： There are likely to be more difficulties than they have been prepared for There happened to be nobody in the room There doesnt seem to be much hope of our beating that team There seems no doubt that the general character of the landscape，the relative length of day and night，and the climate must all play a big part in determining what kind of people we are There have occurred many great changes since we met last 三、there be 句型中的谓语动词be被一些不及物动词代替，如 live，stand，exist，remain等，用来表示静止、存在、有。例如： There lives a family of five in the village There remains nothing more to be done There stands the Monument to the Peoples Heroes at the center of the Tiananmen Square There exist different opinions on this question 四、there be 句型中的谓语动词be被一些不及物动词代替，如 come，spring up，appear，emerge，arrive，enter，follow, 等，用来表示突然出现。例如： There appears to be no substitute for this stuff yet There came a company of actors and actresses There followed a spirited discussion after class 五、there be句型中be用不定式，形成（for）there to be 宾格词结构，表示有或存在（某种情况），在（for）there to be 宾格词的结构中，主语是宾格词。这种不定式结构在句中作逻辑宾语、状语和主语。 1there to be 宾格词在句中作宾语。例如： The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams there to be 宾格词结构在句中作动词expect的宾语，句中的宾格词m ore review- ing classes作there to be不定式结构的逻辑主语。特别应该注意的是there后的不定式只能用to be的形式，因为这种不定式结构是从there be结构转化而来的。又如： People dont want there to be anotherwar Members like there to be plenty of choice Perhaps transportation and the means of comm unication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping，singing，or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound there to be 宾格词结构在句中作介词for的宾语，句中的宾格词an ensemble of expert musicians 作there to be不定式结构的逻辑主语。 2for there to be 宾格词在句中作状语。例如： It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight，so I can leave Jim s car out quite safely（for there to be 宾格词作结果状语） 特别应该注意的是，for there to be 宾格词在句中作状语时必须用介词 for引出 there be 后面的宾格词。又如： For there to be successful communication， there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussing itself by all present（for there to be 宾格词作目的状语） They planned for there to be another meeting（for there to be 宾格词作目的状语） 3there to be 宾格词在句中作主语。例如： Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company 特别应该注意的是， for there to be 宾格词在句中作主语时必须用介词for引出 there be后面的宾格词。又如： It is impossible for there to be any more apples For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual 六、there be句型中be用V ing分词，形成（of）there being 宾格词结构，表示有或存在（某种情况），在（of）there be- ing 宾格词的结构中，主语是宾格词。 1there being 宾格词在句中作宾语。例如： Have you ever thought of there being so many work units for you to choose on the talents meeting？（there being 宾格词作宾语） there being 宾格词结构在句中作介词of的宾语，句中的宾格词so m any work u- nits作there beingV-ing分词短语结构的逻辑主语。又如： No one had told him anything about there being a beautiful story about the lake John was relying on there being another opportunity 2there being 宾格词在句中作状语。例如： There being no cause for alarm ，she went back to her bedroom（there being 宾格词作原因状语） there being 宾格词结构在句中作状语，句中的宾格词no cause作there being V-ing分词短语结构的逻辑主语。又如： There having been a strong suspicion against the ability of the director，the department asked him to resign（there being 宾格词作原因状语） There being nothing to be done，they have to go back home（there being 宾格词作原因状语） There being no further business，the chairm an closed the meeting（there being 宾格词作原因状语） 3there being 宾格词在句中作主 语。例如： There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage there being 宾格词结构在句中作主语，句中的宾格词a bus stop作there being V-ing分词短语结构的逻辑主语。 七、there be 句型中 be 用 be V-ed 分词，形成there be V-ed分词宾格词结构，表示有或存在（某种情况），在there be V-ed 分词宾格词的结构中，主语是宾格词。例如： There was found a lot of food in the kitchen cupboard There are now published millions of books every year in China There was shown at the exhibition an electronic computer made in Shanghai 八、there be no 主语名词的习惯用法。 1V-ing分词在there be no结构中作主语，表示不可能、无法。例如： There is no denying the fact that China is still a developing country There is no joking about such matters There is no telling what will happen to