浅谈当前环境资源问题的原因.doc

/ / / 产业和从业结构不合理，产业转型方向趋同Industry and the industry structure is unreasonable, industry transformation direction convergence 1 经过多年的转型，目前资源枯竭城市产业结构仍然以二产为主，占GDP比重达到近60，其中石油类城市2008年二产占GDP比重更是超过70，第三产业比重仅为17。在国家大力推动第三产业发展的大背景下，20042008年5年间资源枯竭城市的三产比重总体上却呈下降趋势，特别是石油类和非金属类城市年均下降了3个百分点，很大程度上影响了城市转型发展的速度和质量。1 after years of transformation, the urban industrial structure still is given priority to with secundiparity, a share of GDP reached nearly 60%, including petroleum city secundiparity accounted for more than 70% of the total GDP of 2008, the tertiary industry the proportion is only 17%. Vigorously promote the development of the third industry in the country, five years from 2004 to 2008 in resources exhausted cities in general, the proportion of tertiary industry is declining, especially petroleum and nonmetal cities fell by 3% per year, largely influence the development speed and quality of urban transformation. 从各行业就业人数占全部就业人数比例来衡量，资源枯竭城市的采掘业和农林牧渔业从业人口比例偏高，其中采掘业从业人口比重接近全部从业人口的1/5，是全国城市平均水平的4倍，农林牧渔业从业人口比重接近全部从业人口的1/4，是全国城市平均水平的8.6倍，两者之和占据了全市40的从业人口。其他行业从业人口比例都低于全国平均水平，从业人口分布极不均衡，制约城市各行业的健康发展。但从中业可以看出，资源枯竭城市在农业方面还是有一定的发展潜力。From industry employment proportion of total employment, resources exhausted cities of extractive forestry and animal husbandry fishery employed population is on the high side, the extractive industries employed population close to 1/5 of the total employed population, is four times that of the national average city, animal husbandry fishery employed population is close to a quarter of all employed population, city is the national average level of 8.6 times, the sum of both occupied 40% of the employed population in the city. Other industry for the population proportion are below the national average, the employed population is distributed unevenly, restricting the healthy development of urban industries. But can be seen from the industry, resources exhausted cities in agriculture still has certain development potential. 通过对多数资源枯竭城市转型规划的总结发现，多数城市产业转型的主要方向集中在依托本地资源发展深加工、能源、机械制造、建材等方面，整个产业体系依然以本地资源开发为起点，没有从根本上摆脱资源型经济的特征。一部分城市把新能源产业作为“环保”、“低碳”、“节能”的接续替代产业，过度推进光伏产业、太阳能、风力发电项目建设，但对光伏产业的高耗能性，太阳能、风力发电的高污染性认识不足，应对新产业发展的相关环保配套措施准备不充分。Through most of the resources city transformation plan summary, found that most of the main direction of city industry transformation focused on relying on local resource development of deep processing, energy, machinery manufacturing, building materials, etc., whole industry system is still in local resource development as the starting point, not fundamentally get rid of the characteristics of resource-based economy. Part of the city of new energy industry as the environmental protection, low carbon, energy saving in place of alternative industries, and excessive of photovoltaic industry, solar energy, wind power projects, but for energy intensive nature of photovoltaic industry, solar energy, wind power, high polluting understanding insufficiency, respond to a new environmental protection measures about the development of the industry to prepare adequately. 2工业污染排放加剧，环境治理初现成效2 industrial pollution emissions, environmental governance early results 长期以来，资源枯竭城市对生态环境保护的认识不足，矿业“掠夺式”开采，土地出现大面积塌陷，煤矸石等尾矿大量堆积，工业废弃物大量排放，生态环境破坏严重。从污染物排放量看，5年间资源枯竭城市工业废水、二氧化硫的排放量均有不同程度增加，其中以石油类和煤炭类城市工业废物排放量的增加速度最快，年均增速超过5，但各城市烟尘排放量呈逐年递减趋势。从治理的角度看，2008年资源枯竭城市废水排放达标率、二氧化硫去除率和烟尘去除率三项污染治理指标均达到全国城市平均水平。但资源枯竭城市的工业废弃物综合利用能力尚有待提高，2008年平均三废综合利用产品产值远低于相关省区和全国城市平均水平，其中石油类、森工类和非金属类城市最差。Depleted city for a long time, lack of awareness of ecological environmental protection, mining predatory mining, large area of subsidence land, coal gangue and tailings piled up a lot, industrial waste emissions, ecological environment destroyed. Look from pollutant emissions, resource exhausted city in five years of industrial wastewater and so2 emissions increased to some extent, among them with petroleum and coal city industrial waste emissions increase fastest, average annual growth rate of more than 5%, but the city of soot emissions showed a trend of decreasing year by year. From the perspective of governance, 2008 urban wastewater discharge success rate, removal rate of removal rate of sulfur dioxide and soot pollution governance indicators meet the national average city. But in industrial waste comprehensive utilization of resources exhausted cities remains to be improved, in 2008, an average of three wastes comprehensive utilization of product output is far lower than the average related provinces and cities throughout the country, including petroleum, reemployment and nonmetallic city is the worst. 3建成区低密度蔓延，城市生活品质降低3 proper spread of low density, urban quality of life 资源枯竭城市本身城镇化水平偏高，而经济实力薄弱，在转型过程中，城市基础设施、工作岗位、住房等方面发展滞后，很难支持过快的城镇化速度。在20042008年5年间，资源枯竭城市的建成区面积年均扩大6.19，而市区人口密度年均降低2.04，部分城市建成区的绿化覆盖率也在降低。城镇化发展过分强调城镇数量与规模的扩大，建成区低密度大规模向外蔓延，造成城市结构过于松散，城市生活和工作场所缺乏有机联系，城市公共交通发展困难，城市循环效率低等问题，导致居民生活品质的降低。Resources city urbanization level is on the high side, and the economic strength is weak, in the process of transformation, urban infrastructure, jobs, housing, etc development lags behind, it is difficult to support rapid urbanization speed. In five years, from 2004 to 2008 in resource exhausted city area is expanded by an annual rate of 6.19%, and annual urban population density decrease by 2.04%, part of the city proper of green coverage rate is also reduced. Urbanization development over-emphasized town number and scale, proper low density mass spread outward, causing urban structure is too loose, city life and workplace lack of organic connection, urban public transportation development difficulties, the city cycle efficiency low, resulting in a loss of residents life quality. 4失业问题严峻，科教投入不足4 serious unemployment, insufficient educational investment 在转型工作的推进中，资源枯竭城市企业数量的增加和规模的扩大带动了就业，登记失业人数与全部就业人数之比呈现稳步下降趋势，但形势仍然严峻。到2008年，与所属省区、全国城市的平均水平比较，资源枯竭城市失业率依然较高，特别是森工、冶金和煤炭类城市，失业人员与从业人员之比接近15。在20042008年的5年间，冶金类城市失业人员与从业人员之比甚至以年均5.38的速度上升，失业状况继续恶化。Resources exhausted cities in transition of efforts to promote the expansion of enterprise and an increase in the number of led to employment, and unemployment registration to full employment is a steady downward trend, but the situation is still severe. By 2008, compared with the provinces and cities across the countrys average, resources exhausted cities unemployment remains high, especially in forest, metallurgy and coal cities, unemployed personnel and workers, a ratio of nearly 15%. In five years from 2004 to 2008, metallurgy categories of urban unemployed people and professionals than even rose at an average annual rate of 5.38%, unemployment continues to worsen. 资源枯竭城市由于经济衰退，财政能力较低，其财政一般预算内收支比平均仅达到44，低于全国平均水平19个百分点，差距较大。财政的捉襟见肘导致进一步的科教投入严重不足。到2008年，资源枯竭城市科教方面的预算投入占一般预算内支出比重比全国城市平均水平低3个百分点。如果按20042008年5年计算，科技方面预算支出的年均增速低于全国城市平均值20个百分点计算，科教发展环境相对恶化，劣势更为明显，严重制约人才的培养和下一步的城市转型。Resources exhausted cities because of the recession,