初四语法总结.doc

初四语法总结第一讲 名词1. 单复数同形的名词 sheep fish deer Chinese Japanese yuan li 2. 名词作定语的常见用法 man woman 作定语单都单，复都复 sports 永远复数 其它名词在中心词上加s two meters long ; 110 meters hurdles ; 110-meter hurdle ; a five-minute walk ; five minutes walk 3. 量词 plenty of / a lot of / lots of +n(c/u) a number of / many / a few +n(c) much / a large amount of / a great deal of / a bit of / a little +n(u)4. 名词所有格 Lucys and Lilys rooms Lucy and Lilys room a friend of my fathers a friend of mine 5. elses 6. a boys soccer boys soccer a childs soccer childrens soccer a womans dress womens dresses 7.常见的不可数名词 fun advice news information weather work bread 8. “1.5小时” 的表达方式 one hour and a half one and a half hours 第二讲 冠词1. 26个字母中前加an 的有 a e f h i l m n o r s x 共12 个2. 1-10 中 只有8前要加an 3. 前加a 的短语有：a uniform a university a European country a usual day a one-way street a useful book 前加an 的短语有：an honest boy an effort an hour an unusual day an exciting day an island an example take an active part in an honor an easy way an excellent student an English boy 4. 零冠词的常见情况 have lunch make/elect him monitor in space by bus at night 5. 又一，再一 a second a fifth 6. 定冠词的用法 the more , the more the +比较级 + of the two 第三讲 数词1. 分数的表达方式 one second two thirds 2. 基数词中特殊拼写 forty 序数词中特殊拼写 123单独记，8加h ，9去e , ve 常用f 替，遇到几十几只变尾数就可以。（first , second ,third , eighth , ninth , twelfth , twenty-first ）3. 2000学生 two thousand students 数以千计的学生 thousands of students 这些学生当中的2000人 two thousand of the students 4. 在某人20多岁的时候 in ones twenties 在20年代 in the twenties in the 1920s in the 1920s 5. 在2011年12月19日的下午3点 at three p.m. on December 19 , 20116. in the morning 有两种情况把in 变on on a cold morning on the morning of December 197. A 是B的3倍= A比B大两倍 A is three times as big as B. = A is twice bigger than B . = A is three times the size of B . 第四讲 代词1. 比较级中代词代替，单数用that 如：weather temperature population 复数用those = The weather in Beijing is warmer than that in Harbin . 2. How many / much ? None . What ? Nothing Who ? No one / Nobody . 3. every one of 分开写可以和of 连用4. 二者都both 三者都 all 二者否 neither 三者否 none 二者任一 either 三者任一 any either / neither of +限定词+ n.(pl) + 谓语（单数） either /neither of + 代词宾格复数 + 谓语（单数） either / neither + 名词单数+ 谓语（单数） none of + 名词复数+谓语（可单可复）5. a little / little+nu a few / few +nc 带a 表示肯定，不带a 表示否定6. other / the other / others / the others / another other a. pron. one the other / one another the other / some others other + n(pl) = others 带the 的表示范围内的其它所有的 another = an + other + n (单数) 三者以上的另一个 another two apples = two more apples one more apple = another apple 7. on both sides of the street = on either/each side of the street 8. too much + nu much too + a./ad. too many + nc第五讲 形容词和副词1. 常见的表语形容词 asleep afraid alone alive 2. 以ly 结尾的形容词 friendly lovely weekly monthly lonely 3. 不规则变化的比较级和最高级 bad/badly/ill worse worst good/well better best far father/further fathest /furthest many/much more most oldolder/elderoldest / eldest 4. the + a. 表示一类人，谓语复数5. Shanghai is the biggest city in China . = Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China .= Shanghai is bigger than the other cities in China . = Shanghai is bigger than any of the other cities in China .Shanghai is bigger than any city in Japan . 6. 可以修饰比较级的词 a little / a lot / even / still / far / a bit / no / much 7. 序数词+最高级= China is the third largest country in the world . 8. 副词，+ 句子（副词修饰整个句子）9. 半系词 become get go feel look seem sound smell taste turn grow stay keep come 10. bigger and bigger more and more expensive 11. 下行比较 less cheap least cheap = Why didnt you like the movie ? Because it is the least interesting . 12. “价格”用高低，“东西”用贵贱= The price of the car is high/low. = The car is expensive / cheap . 13. alone 无感情色彩，客观上独立。 lonely 有感情色彩14. 常见的多个形容词的修饰关系 ：大小新旧颜色15. sometimes 有时 some times 几次/几倍 sometime 某时 some time 一段时间16. 要下雨了。 It will rain . It will be rainy . There will be rain . 第六讲 情态动词1. 推测 否定推测用cant 肯定推测must be一般现在时 / must be doing现在进行时 must have done 一般过去时 反义疑问句 must 去掉be 还原= He must be a student , isnt he ? 2. 答语 May ? Yes, may . No , cant / mustnt . (依语境而定) Must / Need ? Yes , must . No , neednt . / dont have to . Could ? (委婉语气) Yes , can. No, cant . 第七讲 时态1. 现在完成时总结 a. 常用句式 主句（现完）+since + 从句（一过） 段时+ has passed + since + 从句（一过） It is / has been + 段时+ since + 从句（一过）b. have been to 去过 have gone to 去了 have been in 待在某地c. for + 段 、 since + 点 、 how long 用现在完成时，用持续性动词 非持续性动词持续性动词非持续性动词持续性动词buy have die be dead borrow keep marry be married beome/turn/getbe open be open stop/finish be over come here be here go / leave be away close be closed 常见的时间状语already yet just never before so far by now in/during + the + last/past +段时第八讲 常见句型1. 花费 spend T/M on sth / (in) doing sth It takes sb T to do sth sth cost sb M (to do sth ) pay M for sth buy sth for M be worth M /doing sth 2. 想要 would like to do / care to do / feel like doing / want to do 3. 后加省略了to 的动词不定式 hear /see /watch / notice /look at /listen to 4. 让某人做某事 ask / get sb to do sth let / make /have sb do sth 5. prefer to do rather than do prefer A to B prefer doing to doing prefer sb to do sth 6. would like to do / had better do sth (d) 7. look forward to doing / come back to doing / pay attention to doing get/go back to doing / be used to doing / make a contribution to doing cant help doing 8. stop / prevent / keep sb from doing 9. tell / warn / allow sb not to do sth 10. allow / recommend / advise sb to do / doing sth 11. mind / finish / practise /give up / quit / enjoy / keep doing12. have problems / difficulty / trouble (in) doing have fun （in） doing be busy (in) doing / with sth 第九讲 宾语从句1. 时态：主句是一般现在时，从句任意时态；主句是一般过去时，从句过去范畴时态。（除客观真理）2. 语序： 从句如果是特殊疑问句，要用陈述句语序。 注意：wh 词作主语= Whats wrong / the matter / up ? = Which is the way to the park ? = What makes you think so ? 3. 宾语从句的反义疑问句= I think you are right , arent you ? 三个条件同时满足，根据从句变反义疑问句；a. 主句的主语是第一人称b. 主句的时态是一般现在时c. 主句的动词是think suppose believe expect guess imagine 4. 后加陈述句语序 how come / what if / wh + 插入语5. 客观真理The earth goes around the sun . The moon goes around the earth . Light travels faster than sound . The sun rises in the east / goes down in the west . Columbus discovered America in 1492. 第十讲 定语从句1. 只用that 的情况 a. 前有 the on