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外文翻译:竞争战略(节选)原文来源:Competitive Strategy ,Michael E.Porter更多原创经管论文及英文文献与翻译请访问:http:/经管论文.com/ ,并提供定制服务译文正文:竞争就是“差异”很多经理人认为竞争就是达到最好,于是总在通过找到某种最佳的方式来赢得竞争。实际上,任何一个行业都不是只有唯一的一种最佳方式,因为很多的客户有各种不同的需求。好的竞争方式有很多种,有很多提供价值的方式。有一种关于竞争的想法更加有用:如何能够做到与众不同,并且以这种方式提供独特的价值。这种竞争方式为顾客提供了更多的选择,为市场提供了更多的创新。错误的理解就会导致错误的决策。对战略的常见误解有以下五种:认为战略是一种抱负。例如:“我的战略就是成为产业第一或第二”,或“我的战略就是要发展”。其实这不是战略,只是希望而已。战略不是一个目标,而应该是方法,也就是“如何”成为第一或第二。关键是你如何实现你的竞争优势,怎样独树一帜。认为战略就是一些行动。如:“我们的战略就是要兼并”、“要国际化”、“要外包”.这些行动做起来应该是合适的,但这些是步骤而不是战略。战略就是怎样定位,使你有特色、有优势,这是关键所在,然后再决定采取什么样的步骤。如果把战略作为行动来定义,那么这些行动可能是孤立而不相关的行动,没有服务于一个统一的目标。认为重要的东西都是战略。如:“营销战略”、“政府战略”、“技术战略”等。其实,战略的核心就是整合。一个企业只有一个战略,不能有很多的战略。企业的各项业务、所有想做的事情,要整合在一起成为一个整体的战略,而不是把很多战略捏在一起。而且这个战略要一次做成,否则战略各部分就会出现方向不一的情况。认为战略就是愿景。如:“我们的战略就是为社会制造出重要的产品”,或“为人类提供服务”。战略应该是你的竞争优势何在,你在产业中如何定位才能取得竞争优势,才能持续发展。认为战略就是试验。“因为世界发展非常快,所以我们不应该从一开始就制定战略,应该做很多尝试,看看哪些是成功的。”我认为这是很危险的想法。一般小企业不会做了很多的试验之后突然有一天奇迹出现就成功了。成功必须要有一定的远见,必须要建立竞争的优势,这需要你从一开始就要想清楚,看清楚机会所在。 战略不只求“先进” 竞争优势方面的出色表现可以有两种非常不同的方式表现,第一是运营效率,第二是战略定位。二者是不同的,但是很多管理者实际上混淆了二者。运营效率就是要把那些先进的做法学过来并且加以实施。对于中国这样新兴的经济体来说,我们来整合和学习世界上竞争对手的先进做法,这是管理非常重要的一个方面,要花很多的时间、精力才可以做到。提高企业运营效率是你与对手竞争的前提,这既非是企业的目标,更非企业的战略。应该先在运营效率上达到一定的水准,这样才能够生存下来;之后再通过战略把事情做得更好。然而这里有一个问题:如果你所做的事情只是实施先进做法的话,你的竞争对手也能模仿实施,因此你们可能短期来说是有一定的优势,但其他人也学会了这些做法时,你就不具备这种优势了。如果整个行业都实施这些先进做法的话,那么大家看起来长得都一样。从战略的角度上来看,这是最坏的事情,因为如果和你的竞争对手用同样的方式竞争,你最终就要打价格战。而战略并不是指实施先进的做法,而是要选择什么样的做法可以使你与众不同、独一无二。我发现大多数的公司实际上没有战略,企业常做的一件事就是尽量实施一些先进的做法。中国从世界其它国家学到了很多的东西,而且花很大的精力把学到的东西加以利用。但如果只是做这一点的话,那么你真正具有竞争优势的可能性不大。而且当外国竞争对手进入你的行业当中,你的成功几率也是很低的,因为他们在先进做法这方面做得比你好,至少在510年内是如此。因此,一定要找到一个不同的竞争方式,这样不会和他们迎头开展竞争。有效战略的五大特点1要有一个独特的价值诉求。就是你做的事情和其他竞争者相比有很大差异。价值诉求主要有三个重要的方面:你准备服务于什么类型的客户?满足这些客户什么样的需求?你们会寻求什么样的相应价格?这三点构成了你的价值诉求。你的选择要和对手有所不同。如果你想和跨国公司竞争做同样的事情,就不太可能成功,因而必须制定一个战略,采取一种独特的视角、满足一种独特的需求。2要有一个不同的、为客户精心设计的价值链。营销、制造和物流都必须和对手不同,这样才能有特色,否则只能在运营效率上竞争。3要做清晰的取舍,并且确定哪些事不去做。制定战略的时候要考虑取舍的问题,这样可以使你的竞争对手很难模仿你的战略。取舍非常之重要,因为鱼和熊掌不能兼得,只能有所为、有所不为。企业常犯的一个错误就是他们想做的事情太多,他们不愿意舍弃。如果你有取舍的话,对手学了你就会伤害他自己,这就迫使对手做出取舍:或者彻底放弃自己已有的核心优势,或者放弃抄袭,或至少不会有效地抄袭你。4在价值链上的各项活动,必须是相互匹配并彼此促进的。西南航空的低成本模式、戴尔的直销和大规模定制模式为什么难以模仿?因为他们的优势不是某一项活动,而是整个价值链一起作用。竞争对手要想模仿你不能只模仿一件事情,而是要把整个战略都模仿过去才能有效。5战略要有连续性。任何一个战略必须要实施三至四年,否则就不算是战略,如果每年都对战略进行改变的话,就等于是没有战略,而是跟时髦。这并不意味着你就永远一成不变,首先你要不断地寻找先进的做法,第二总是要寻找更好的方式来实施你的战略。如果有了新的技术,那么就要问一下我这家公司如何用这个技术使我的战略变得更有效呢?如果你有一个很清晰的战略的话,实际上你变化得速度更快,因为有战略你就会确定出优先顺序,确定出哪些是重要的。如果没有战略的话,所有东西你都会觉得是重要的,这样哪个先做、哪个后做反而搞不清楚了成功的,不等于是战略的 在中国正在发生两件事:1.中国对于竞争越来越开放,包括来自国内的竞争和与世界其它国家竞争,这就要求战略进行改变;2.繁荣度正在上升,而这就要求更为先进的战略。在市场迅速发展时取得成功是很容易的,但这并不意味着你的战略就已经很优秀,你的竞争方式就很先进。我们不能束手就擒,让市场打败自己。我们现在就应该采取行动,在危机出现之前改变你的思维方式,改变你的竞争方向。“除了技术研发,中国别无选择!”中外管理:您认为:做战略就是做取舍。如今,中国企业也面临两个取舍问题:一是继续做目前大陆企业所熟悉的低成本加模仿的代工生产(OEM);二是开发新技术,自己掌握核心技能。前一种做法已经是台湾企业走过的老路,而第二种做法又面临着日美企业大量的专利壁垒,让中国企业很难在关键技术的研发上有所突破。您对此能否给中国企业什么建议?迈克尔波特:长期做OEM绝不会令你做得更好。目前中国人均GDP为1000美金,有些地区可能3000美金,在这种经济水平下做OEM 是可行的,但步入国际中等收入水平时,就必须有其它做法,比如:建立有独立品牌的跨国公司、进行技术创新等。韩国、台湾、日本其实已经都做到了这一点。所以,所谓专利壁垒并非是阻碍中国企业发展的关键,因为这些壁垒不可能仅仅针对中国企业。因此,中国企业应该多去考虑如何与大学结成联盟,深入研究技术,培养研发人员等长期扎实的工作。中国要想繁荣,就必须走这条路。除此之外,别无选择。中外管理:在您的Can Japan Compete?这本书中,您提出正是由于日本政府的过多干预,才导致日本企业的逐渐衰落。而中国经济现状显然与日本不同,您认为政府该是怎样一个角色,才有利于帮助企业提高研发能力?波特:虽然我们处在这个企业的地理位置越来越不重要的时代,但企业集群却是一个基于市场的自然现象,而绝非是靠政府自己从零建立的。政府或行业协会的角色,就是通过诸如技术认证等手段加强这种集群现象,这和干涉企业完全不同。其实,地区强盛并不是某一企业具有超强实力,而是在该地区与它业务有关的许多企业形成的企业集群带,他们相互影响,产生更强的竞争性。比如:德国的汽车,不仅包括宝马、奔驰、欧宝,还涉及相关供应商。任何新进入的企业都会从中得到好处,比如:高素质的人员、优质的服务等。中外管理:目前产业变化非常快,增加了许多不确定性,而您在上世纪80年代提出的行业分析五力理论及成本领先、差异化、专注化三策略,在充满变化的当今,是否依然适用?波特:我已经认真注意到了对我的观点的批评,但我对此并不认同。在这次中国之行的演讲中,其实我已经增加了一些新的研究成果,对以前的观点进行了补充。比如:做战略除了掌握三策略之外,还要注意学会取舍。虽然行业变化快,但这并不意味我们可以不做战略,比如:戴尔的成功并非是预测到未来将会怎样变化,而是预测到直销需求将会长期存在,他们对这套做法进行总结提炼,并始终贯彻执行,而非三五年就变,这就成了战略。所以,做战略,并不是对未来进行那种类似911事件是否会发生的预测,而是做长期差异化分析。另外在五力分析模型中,我依然不同意有人提出的增加政府这一“力”。“五力分析”是要了解行业利润率变化的关键原因是什么,政府的政策尽管会影响竞争,但它不能作为分析行业利润率的因素。中外管理:在您有关竞争优势的研究中,为何从没提到企业家和企业文化的作用?您是否认为这并非是竞争优势中的核心问题?波特:有人将文化分成好文化和坏文化。我认为文化没有好坏之分,只有是否适应战略之分。企业文化要服从于整体战略。企业的战略必须由领导人制定,因为战略就是做出选择,并由他来指导。但如果领导人变更,战略也跟着变,则是公司不成熟的表现,除非是该公司出现了重大问题。 原文正文: Competitive StrategyMany managers believe that competition is the best in, so always the best by finding a way to win the competition. In fact, any trade not only the only one of the best way, because many clients have different needs. There are many ways a good competition, there are many ways to provide value. There is a competition of ideas on a more useful: how to be different, and in this way to provide unique value. This competition means to provide customers with more choices, provide the market with more innovati Misunderstanding can lead to wrong decisions. Common misunderstanding of the strategy has the following five:- That the strategy is a vision. For example: My strategy is to become the industry first or second, or My strategy is to develop. In fact, this is not a strategy, but want it. Strategy is not a goal, but rather is a method that is how to be the first or second. The key is how you achieve your competitive advantage, how unique. That the strategy is to some action. Such as: Our strategy is to annexation, to the international and outsourcing . these actions to be done is a ppropriate, but these are the steps rather than strategic. Strategy is how to locate, so you have features, advantages, this is the key, and then decide what steps to take. If the strategy is defined as the action, these actions may be isolated and not related to the action, no service on a unified goal. Important things that are strategic. Such as: Marketing Strategy, Government strategy, Technology Strategy and so on. In fact, the strategy is to integrate the core. Only a strategy of an enterprise can not have a lot of strategy. The business enterprise, all want to do, to integrate into an overall strategy, not a lot of strategy to squeeze together. Moreover, this strategy should be one made, otherwise there will be the strategic direction of the various parts of different situations. Operational efficiency is to bring the practice of science over those advanced and implemented. For emerging economies like China, we have to integrate and learn the best practices of competitors in the world, this is a very important aspect of management, to spend a lot of time and energy can do. Improve the efficiency of business operations is the premise of your competition with rivals, which neither is the business goals, even non-business strategy. Operational efficiency should first reach a certain level, and that to survive; after adoption strategies do things better. However, there is a problem here: If you are doing is implementing advanced practice, your rival can be replicated, so you may have some short term advantage, but other people have learned of these practices, you not have this advantage. If the entire industry to implement these advanced practices, then we appear to look the same. From a strategic point of view, it was the worst thing, because if your competitors compete the same way that you would end price war. The strategy does not refer to the implementation of advanced practice,But to choose what kind of practices can make you different, unique.I found virtually no strategy for most companies, enterprises often do one thing is to try to implement some of the advanced approach. China from the rest of the world learned a lot of things and spend a lot of energy to be used to learn things. However, if only to do this, then you really have a competitive advantage is unlikely. And when foreign competitors to enter your industries, your probability of success is very low, because they advanced the practice of doing this than you, at least 5 to 10 years in the case. Therefore, we must find a different way of competition,This does not compete with them head-on. Four characteristics of effective strategies 1. Have a unique value demand. What you do and are very different compared to other competitors. There are three major demands of the value of important aspects: What are you going to serve the type of customer? To meet the needs of these customers what? What you will find the appropriate price? These three points constitute the value of your aspirations. And opponents of your choice to be different. If you want to compete against the multinationals to do the same thing, they are unlikely to succeed, and therefore must develop a strategy to take a unique perspective, to meet a unique need. 2. Have a different, well-designed for the customer value chain. Marketing, manufacturing and logistics, and opponents have to be different, so as to have characteristics, or to compete only in operational efficiency. 3. A clear choice to do, and do not determine what to do. When formulating strategies to consider a question of your competitors so you can make your strategy is difficult to imitate. Choice is very important because the fish and bears paw can not have both, can only be doing something not done. One mistake companies often is that they want to do too much, they do not want give up. If you have a choice, then you will hurt opponents learn himself, forcing opponents to make a choice: either to completely give up their existing core competencies, or give up the copy, or at least not efficiently copy you.4. The value chain of activities, must be matched with each other and promote each other. Southwest Airlines low-cost model, Dells direct marketing and mass customization Why is difficult to imitate? Because their advantage is not an activity, but the role of the entire value chain together. To copy your competitors can not imitate one thing, but to imitate the strategy for the past to be effective.In China is one of two things: 1. China more open to competition, including competition from China and other countries in the world competition, which requires changes in strategies; 2. Prosperity degrees are on the rise, which requires more for advanced strategies. The rapid development of market success is easy, but that does not mean that your strategy would have been very good, very sophisticated way of your competition. We can not without a fight, let the market beat themselves. We should take action now, before the crisis to change your way of thinking, to change the direction of your competition. Porter: Although we are in this business more and more important in the era of geographical location, but the Enterprise Group is a market-based natural phenomenon, rather than rely on the government itself created from scratch. The role of government or industry associations, such as the technology is certified

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