考研英语翻译技巧与练习.doc

第一章 基本翻译技巧单词的翻译技巧：有些英语单词是一词多义， 或有不同的词性， 因此要根据在句中的上下文来确定其含义。根据词类确定词义：（短文写作及英汉翻译），p2191 With over 1.3 billion people, a united, prosperous China will dwarf her Asian neighbors. 一个拥有13 亿多人口，统一的、繁荣的中国雄居亚洲，将令其所有邻国相形见绌。2 The pole-vaulter bettered the world record by six inches. 撑杆跳运动员把该项世界纪录提高了六英寸。 3 “will anyone second the motion?” “I second it, Mr. Chairman”. 有人赞成这个提案吗？我赞成，主席先生。4 The union had very little say in the new pay agreement. 工会在新制定的工资协议中很少有发言权。5 He has radioed the pilots. 他已经给飞行员发了电报。6 This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.给某些与当前目标无关、但将来可能产生影响的科学研究予以支持，看来通常能有效解决这一问题。 根据上下文确定词义：短文写作及英汉翻译P 2201 The woman astronaut said: “I am in good shape”.女宇行员说：我身体状态良好。2 The free electron model should be tailored to meet the challenges of recent discoveries. 自由电子模型应该修正，以解决近来诸多新发现的问题。3 He addressed himself to the main difficulty. 他着手解决主要问题。4 He soldiered on for a dollar a month. 从军5 Dont brother me. 称兄道弟6 Clean surface is a must. 必然7 Blue collar blues.痛苦，烦恼。8 A simple trick emptied that criminal .倒空，彻底交待9 The wildlife population is thinning out. 使稀少10 He is briefing the press. 对。 做简报11 After a long struggle we bested them 击败12 Best foot first. 右脚，吉利的脚13 China suffers a serious brain-drain. 人才外流14 She looks prettier without make-up.化妆品15 The computer crashes often.死机16 He could hardly keep his gravity. 严肃，认真（态度）17 Screenager is a coined word. 杜撰18 He is well known for his intelligence, industry and honesty. 勤劳选择符合汉语习惯的搭配：1 Enjoy free medical care享受公费医疗2 Enjoy advantages具备优越条件3 Enjoy national protection受到国家保护4 Enjoy mass support得到广大群众支持5 Enjoy access to internet有机会进入因特网6 Enjoy prosperity处于繁荣时期7 Enjoy a special place占有一个特殊地位8 Enjoy a double-digit growth每年以两位数的百分比增长9 Enjoy a revival 重振雄风10 Enjoy an economical honey-moon在经济上打得火热11 Enjoy a fine day（某地区）天气晴朗12 Enjoy constant attention一直为人们所关注词的褒贬色彩：有些词既有褒义又有贬义，需要根据上下文来判断词的褒贬色彩。1 She knows Peter to be industrious and clever. 聪明2 He is too clever for us. 狡猾3 He is very much interested in politics.政治4 Mary always gets what she wants by playing office politics. 手腕词义的引申：翻译过程中，有些词的意思要超出其表面的意思，要根据上下文，从该词的基本意义出发，变通或进一步引申，选择恰当的汉语词汇来表达。引申的两种主要方法是具体化和抽象化。抽象-具体：1. He is somebody in his home town but nobody here. 知名人物，小人物2. The tight control of surface microdefects, contamination and foreign materials is the major problem to be solved in microfabrication. 严格控制表面微缺陷、表面沾染和杂质是微米技术亟待解决的问题。3. The disaster of Challenger fueled the debate on space exploration. 美国挑战者号航天飞机的惨案（空难）激化了关于宇宙空间探索的争论。具体-抽象1 Strong feelings and a large brain were its parents. 深厚的感情和先进的思想孕育了这个。 2 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。3 Can you sell your boss your new ideas?你能让老板接受你的新想法吗？4 These young scientists are talented and ambitious and they will go a long way. 这些有才华、有雄心壮志的青年科学家，将来会大有作为的。5 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are felling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求， 并不断接触新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常推出更多的改革。适当进行词性的转换：要确切表达原文内容，又是必须改变英文的语言的表达形式。名词-动词1. In some cases, deserts are the creation of destruction of virgin forest. 沙漠有时是人类毁坏原始森林造成的。2. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 这种说法从一开始就讲讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。形容词动词：1 I am certain he will succeed. 我深信他会成功。2 Are you satisfied that he is telling the truth?你确信他讲的是真话吗？介词动词1 She is in politics. 她搞政治。2 I had been at work all day. 我整天都在工作。副词动词1 We are two days ahead of schedule. 我们比计划提前了两天。2 Why should we let in foreign goods when we fail to let out products made in China pile up in the warehouses?我们中国制造的产品堆满库房还推销不出去，为什么还让外国或进口呢？动词名词形容词名词副词名词动词形容词名词形容词副词形容词形容词副词短文写作及英汉翻译P 225-229（复印短文写作及英汉翻译228-229的练习，答案：272-273 ）灵活运用增减技巧词的增补增补概括性的词：1 Heightened environmental consciousness, changing trade pattern and emerging high technology are all having a major impact on the nature of basic metal industries. 对主要金属产业产生深远影响的三个重要因素是：强烈的环境意识、贸易格局的变化和新兴的高科技。在部分英语名次或动名次前后补充汉语名词：1. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world. 中东的紧张局势引起全世界的广泛关注。补充汉语动词1 The electron microscope is chiefly an instrument of solid structure characterization. 电子显微镜是主要用来表征固体结构的一起。增补解释性的词：1 According to reliable sources, China will build her own space shuttles. 据消息可靠人士透露，中国也要研制自己的航天飞机。解释抽象名词：1 When it comes to recycling, Germans are the world champions. 在废物回收方面，德国人在世界上是领先的。补充承上启下的词：1 Water shortages are a global problem, especially in big cities. 水荒是一个全球性的问题，在大城市更是如此。语法结构方面的补充：在翻译英语不及物东词、动词时态、名词复数、不定冠词、及英语语法允许的省略时，都必须依据汉语语法和表达习惯作必要的补充。1 I dont trust him and I never will (trust him).我不信任他，而且将来也决不信任他。2 If I were there. 我要是在那就好了。3 White lies dont hurt (anybody). 善意的谎言不会伤害任何人。4 Without water, there could be no life on earth.假如地球没有水，就不会有生命。补充代词 it, they, this, that, the+ noun 真正代表的含义1. Time is a sort of river of passing events, and strong is its current, no sooner is a thing brought to sight than it is swept by and another takes its place, and this too will be swept away. 时间是流逝事件的长河，河面上急流波涛汹涌，一个事件刚进入眼帘就立刻被新事件清除和取代，而新事件将被卷入滚滚洪流中。词的省略与重复:英语中由于语法的需要或避免重复使用名次，而广泛使用代词，特别是人称代词和物主代词，而汉语中却较少使用，只要不妨碍意义的表达，代词可以省略。 省略代词Order is order, we cannot complain, we cannot bargain, we cannot question and we cannot suggest changes. 命令就是命令，我们不能抱怨、不能讨价还价、不能质疑、不能加以修改。省略冠词All matter is made up of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas. 省略介词1 She soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 省略连词If winter comes, can spring be far behind?省略 it It never occurred to me that he was illiterate. Computers make it possible to run the complicated experiment automatically. 词的重复Day and night she works hard in her laboratory. 被动语态的翻译方法译成汉语的主动语态主语不变，在译文中加 可以、用来，经过等。1 These complicated simultaneous equations can only be solved numerically. 这些联立方程只能用数值近似来解。2 Energy can be transformed from one kind into another, but the total amount remains constant. 能量可以由一种方式变为另一种方式，但总量保持不变。3 The public ownership of land is being fast eroded. 土地公有制正在迅速瓦解。将英语句中的一部分转译成汉语主句：如：由at, in, by, of 等介词引导得介词宾语、谓语或宾语补足语等成分。1 The latest developments in nano science and technology are discussed in this book. 这本书详细讨论了纳米科学和技术的最新发展。2 The electron was discovered in 1897 by Thomson. 汤姆森于1897年发现电子。3 Amy would be hurt at your not going down to her birthday party.你不参加埃米的生日聚会会伤害她的感情。4 The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.物体密度的定义为单位体积该物质的质量。5 He has been taught to be honest and upright by his parents. 他诚实、正值的性格是她父母教导的。6 As astounding number of organic compounds are made of only a handful of elements. 正是这有限的几种元素构成了种类惊人的有机化合物。 “it” 做形式主语，被动语态作谓语的大量习惯用法，可以用汉语的无主句或补充“有人”，人们，大家，我们等词译出。1 It is believed that人们相信2 It is generally accepted that 人们通常认为3 It is well known众所周知4 It could be argued that 有人会提出5 It was pointed out that 有人曾指出6 It is reported that据报道7 It is estimated that 据估计译成汉语的无主句：1. Nothing can be done without money. 没钱将无法办事。2. The whole world was felt to shake. 感到整个世界都在摇晃。3. The accident must be investigated carefully. 这起事故必须仔细调查。补充主语 有人，人们，我们，大家等1. Be trusted rather than feared. 宁要人们相信，不要让人家惧怕。2. Dr. Miller was heard talking with someone down the hall. 有人听到米勒博士在走廊里和人谈话。3. Charles Goodyear was considered to be a mad man, who sold nearly everything he owned in his effort to make rubber useful. 因为察尔斯 古德伊尔几乎卖掉他所有财产来研究应用天然橡胶，人们都认为他是疯子。译成汉语的被动语态：加汉语表达被动的词：被、由、受、让、给、遭、叫、假、予以、为所、等， 译成汉语表达被动语态。 1. Better be envied than pitied. 宁可让人妒嫉，不可让人可怜。2. Great men are too often unknown, what is worse, misknown. 伟人常常鲜为人知，但更糟糕的是常常被人误解。3. The banks reputation has been eroded. 这家银行的声誉遭到严重损害。4. The Chinese Olympic medallists were welcome as national heroes. 中国奥运奖牌获得者受到民族英雄般的欢迎。5. I was invited to give a lecture on surface science. 我应邀作一个关于表面科学的讲座。6. Amy was not allowed to go to bed, lest she might be needed. 爱美不准去睡觉，以免需要她时，她不在。7. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, which can only be transformed from one kind to another. 能量既不能生也不能被毁灭，它只能有一种形式转变成另外一种形式。8. The design will be evaluated by a group of engineers first. 这项设计将有一个工程师小组加以评估论证。9. Temperature is measured in degree Kelvin in physics. 物理学中温度是以K为单位测量的。译为 “是的”结构1. The worlds first personal computer was assembled in a garage by two young Americans. 世界第一台个人计算机是两个美国青年在汽车库里组装的。2. Scientists have been trying hard to figure out how those pyramids in Egypt were built by manpower. 科学家一直在竭力搞清楚埃及金字塔是怎样用人工建成的。3. All these sophisticated surface probes were designed and built by Chinese scientists. 所有这些精密仪器的表面分析仪器都是由中国科学家设计制造的。（复印 短文写作及英汉翻译p 244-245 的练习， 答案：274-275）。第二章 从句、长句翻译练习从句的翻译方法及练习：定语从句：限制性定语从句一般可译成 “的”，放在中心词的前面，有时为使译文流畅也可以拆开结构比较复杂又比较长的定语从句，放在先行词的前面。1. The man who makes no mistakes does not usually make anything. 不犯错误的人通常一事无成。2. History books which contain no lies are extremely rare. 不说一句假话的历史书是极为罕见的。3. everyday we have to make decisions that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others. 我们每天都必须作决定， 决定做得是否正确会影响自己的生活，有时也会影响别人的生活。4. in the past decades, considerable progress has been made in science and technology which has revolutionized our lives. 在过去的几十年里，科学技术取得了巨大的进步，科技进步又给我们的生活带来了一场革命。一些固定的句型，如those who, the same as 虽然定语从句较长，但定语从句与中心词关系非常密切，也要把从句放在前面。1 Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. 在这场争论中，赞成天性一方的那些人认为：我们的性格特征和行为模式大多数是由生物因素决定的。2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. 既然对智利的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效”或“公平”的比较。3 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 行为主义者的看法是：一个儿童在许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其做出适当反映的能力， 那么这个儿童将会有更高的智商。在翻译英语there be 句型中的限定性定语从句时，一般都将定语从句主语融合在一起。1 There may be times when we are powerless against injustice, but there must not be a time when we fail to protest. 有时我们可能对非正义的行为无能为力，但任何时候我们都决不应该放弃抗议。属于解说或补充说明的非限定性定语从句，常以拆句为宜，译成并列句或独立句：1 The baby who was traded for a horse was George Washington Carver, who became one of the worlds greatest scientists. 这个卖一匹马价钱的婴儿就是乔治，华盛顿，他后来成为世界上最伟大的科学家。1. The Grand Cannel was built at the end of 7th century, which is still used today for transportation. 大运河开凿于7 世纪末，至今还承担繁忙的运输任务。2. Air is a mixture of gases, of which nitrogen forms 78 percent by volume.空气十多种气体的混合物，其中氮气按体积占78%。3. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战，当时一些政府得出这样的结论：政府要向科研机构提出的要求通常是无法具体的预见到。译成让步状语从句：1. The silicon ship, which is smaller than a penny, consists of millions of electronics components like transistors and diodes. 虽然硅的芯片比一美分硬币还小得多，但它包括了数百万像晶体和二极管这样的电子元件。译成条件状语从句：1 Frozen food which is not kept properly will also go bad. 如果保存不好，冷冻食品也会变质。译成原因状语从句：1 Aircraft coated with a thin layer of a certain nano materials, which can absorb microwaves, can not be detected by radar.因为特殊的纳米材料吸收微波，涂上它的飞机可以不被雷达发现。译成目的或结果状语从句：1A layer of polycrystal diamond has been grown on the surface of the cutting tool, which results in an increase of its surface hardness and longer servic