英语辅导(3) 英语句子的构成(二).doc

英语句子的构成（二） -从句子成分看英语的句子是非常重结构和形式；汉语表达重意思。二、英语句子的构成：微观（英语句子成分，即语法功能之间的逻辑关系。）1、英语句子为什么会复杂？（通过这一点可以了解：句子=主干+枝叶）（1）、主干简单，但是枝叶多。1）The man often goes to the cinema. 2) The man who lives next to my house often goes to the cinema 3) The man who lives next to my house often goes to the cinema near his home on Saturdays.4) As seeing the film is very exciting, the man who lives next to my house often goes to the cinema near his home on Saturdays.5) As seeing the film which the great director made is very exciting, the man who lives next to my house often goes to the cinema near his home on Saturdays.The water is clear.The water in the river is clear.The water in the river of the village is clear.The water in the river of the village where I lived is clear.The water in the river of the village where I lived when I was a boy is clear.The water in the river of the village where I lived when I was a boy is not as clear as it was before.1) The number is increasing.2) Today the number of people is increasing rapidly.3) Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.（2）、主干复杂（主干用短语或句子充当成分）。（充当某个句子成分有三种情况：单词、短语、句子）1)Whoever has passed the test （句子作）will get a prize .比较：He（单词作） will get a prize.2)That is where I was born and grew up（句子作）.比较：That is my friend.3) Playing basketball with my classmates after school(动词短语作) is very exciting.（3）、主干复杂，枝叶又多。(主干和枝叶都出现了短语和句子充当成分)1)What is even more important is that if the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.2)When I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said that it would be an interesting experience.2、英语句子的语法功能（句子成分）的定义：构成句子、的各个部分叫做句子成分。总共有8个语法功能。分别是：主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、和同位语。8个3、英语句子语法功能之间构成的逻辑关系：英语句子各个语法功能之间是有着一定的联系的，存在着逻辑关系。我们可以通过这种逻辑关系去辨认句子的每一个成分。我们要掌握的语法功能之间的逻辑关系有：主谓关系、动宾关系、介宾关系（介词短语）、系表结构、双宾语、复合宾语（即宾语补足语）、定语关系、状语关系、同位语关系。4、英语的句子 = 主干+ 枝叶 （通过主干和枝叶的分析去理解各个成分之间的逻辑关系）1、主干：一个句子必不可少的。枝叶：是在主干的基础上添加的，可以省略的。2、主谓结构是英语必不可少的。因此从主谓结构演变出的5个基本句型就是主干！ 状态：主语 + 连系动词be is am are was were + 表语 动作：主语 + 谓语（不及物动词）主干 动作：主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 宾语 动作：主语 + 谓语（及物动词） + 双宾语 动作：主语 + 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语 + 宾语补足语句子= 修饰名词：定语（把名词的范围缩小，短语和句子作定语放在名词的后面）枝叶 修饰动词：状语（状语最重要的是表达了某种逻辑关系，时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、程度、频率） 同位语主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语 同位语例句：1）He is a student.（状态；主系表）She is very beautiful.（状态；主系表）You look excited.(look/sound/feel/taste/smell/get/become/turn/go bad)He is swimming in the river.（动作）（他正在游泳，游泳是他发出的动作。） His hobby is swimming.(状态) 主系表（他的爱好是游泳。游泳=爱好，因此游泳是动名词。是作表语的非谓语动词）2）I often play with her on Sundays. They are swimming. He often gets up late.3) He visited the school last Sunday.I saw this movie last night.4) My father bought me a bike yesterday.=My father bought a bike for me yesterday.He gave me a story book.He gave a story book to me. 5) I find him a good student.My mother asked me to clean the room. We should keep the classroom clean.6) He is a good soccer player. The film which I s