如何通过语块习得提高cet-4写作.doc

如何通过语块习得提高CET-4写作 很多学生可能对语块这一概念并不熟悉。所谓语块，简言之，就是语言中成串的语言结构，在语言中大量存在。对于语块包括的范围，不同的专家学者持有不同的观点。本文非学术论文，所以对于语块的分类不作严格的限制，只是将其简单地定义为英语中一种特殊的多词词汇现象，通常是固定或半固定、模式化了的块状结构。语块习得对于提高学生的写作水平有很重要的意义。 课本片段语块分析笔者从全新版大学英语综合教程1中选取了文章的一个段落供学生赏析，从而对语块有一个形象的认识。 第一册 Unit 3 Text A Public Attitudes toward Science If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to ensure that the changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science, so that it can make informed decisions and not leave them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public is in two minds about science. It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of living that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesnt understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon figure of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important element behind support for the Green parties. But the public also has a great interest in science, particularly astronomy, as is shown by the large audiences for television series such as The Sky at Night and for science fiction. 该段中的语块有：preventfrom，at least，make changes，so that，make decisions，informed decisions，leave sb/sth. in the hands of，at the moment，be in two minds about，the steady increase，the standard of living，have an interest in，as is shown，the large audience。 可以看出，语块包含的范围很广，可以是固定短语、习惯性搭配（动词与介词、动词与名词、形容词与名词、名词与介词等）、句式框架等。这些语块作为整体储存在学生的记忆中，在使用时不需要经过语法的生成和分析，而是直接从记忆中提取。 课本练习语块小结 在学生所使用的各类教材中，都会以不同的形式有一些Structure方面的练习，这些实际都是语块实例。以下是对全新版大学英语综合教程第一册到第四册课后 练习中Structure部分的语块总结，然后举例说明如何在四级作文中选用这些语块。Book 1 Structure 1. Sb. was said/ reported/ believed to do/ have done sth. 2. as I wanted, as you suggested, as I told you to, as you have described to me 3. might as well do sth. 4. taste/ look/ sound/ feel as if 5. 倍数+ as many/ much as 6. as is shown/ predicted/ proved/ assumed 7. 祈使句+ and + 句子 如：Tell me whom you love, and I will tell you who you are. Bring the flowers into a warm room, and theyll soon open. 8. only to + do sth. 如：They spent a lot of time negotiating for a pay increase, only to find that they were fired. 9. Why do sth? / Why not do sth.? 10. 动词加不定式或动名词做宾语，如：postpone doing, recall doing, tend to do, undertake to do, threaten to do11. with + 名词+ 宾语补足语 如：with Christmas only a week away, with our GDPgrowing rapidly, with all the shops closed 12. while-clause Book 2 Structure 1. so much so that 如：She herself believed in freedom, so much so that she would rather die than live without it. 2. assuming (that) 如： Assuming (that) the contrast I have developed is valid, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way to approach education? 3. only 引导状语置于句首，句子要倒装。如： Only in America can a billionaire carry on like plain folks and get away with it. Only by rewarding success can you bring out the best in your employees. 4. the way + 从句 如： The reason for our success is our people and the way theyre treated and the way they feel about their company. 5. whatever clause 如：Whatever it is, dont keep us in suspense. 6. of + 抽象名词，其意义相当于该抽象名词所对应的形容词。 如： They are of no use to me. 7. find + 宾语+ 宾语补足语 如： I find myself shyer, more cautious, more anxious. I find myself sucked in by soap operas. I find myself attacking everyone in sight. 8. It is that 如： It was either the eruption of the people in the stands or the thump of his landing that brought Michael back to earth. 9. what clause 如： What he didnt know was that his dad was hugging his wife and crying. We know what you said. 10. if only clause 11. be too + adj + for 如： We working women are too sophisticated for that. 12. be supposed to do 如： 13. now that clause 如： Now that hes got his own car he can go wherever he wants to go. Book 3 Structure 1. when it comes to 如： Women are not smarter than men when it comes to emotional intelligence, nor are men smarter than women. 2. not all/ everyone/ everything 如： Not everyone agrees on whats right and what is wrong. 3. come to do sth. 如： Often it is in overcoming hardships that we come to appreciate the value of life. 4. It occurs/ doesnt occur to sb. to do sth./ that 如： For some reason we are satisfied when we think we are well-protected; it does not occur to us to ask ourselves: Why has this happened? It simply didnt occur to me that the proper thing to do was to quit. 5. chances are that 如： If you work for a medium-to-large-size company, chances are that you dont just wander in and out of work. 6. nominative absolute construction 如： I dont know how I did it, he being twenty-five pounds heavier than I, but I heaved him to the window by his shirt collar. 7. take for granted8. by doing sth. 如：Old Behrman earned a little money by serving as a model. 9. before-clause 如： I dont think you have the right to criticize him before you let him explain why he acted in the way he did. 10. feel like doing sth. 11. Truebut/ it is truebut 如： True, it was a sheep that was cloned, not a human being. But there was nothing exceptional about sheep. Its true Mother gets madly impatient with him, but what mother doesnt? 12. what if-clause 如： But what if the child inherited my looks and your brains? Book 4 structure 1. to ones surprise/ delight/ relief/ disappointment/ regret 2. 动词+ it + 形容词+ to do. 如： The new device makes it possible to determine your location on the earth to within about a hundred feet. 3. as I see it 4. if not 如： It is difficult, if not impossible, for most people to think otherwise than in the fashion of their own period. 5. It is + adj. + v-ing 如： It is incredible coming to America to find you are somewhere else in Seoul, in Taipei, in Mexico city. It is useful knowing several foreign languages when you are traveling abroad. Unless I had heard the story from his own lips, I should never have believed that he was capable of such an action. 6. It happens that / One happens to do/ be doing 如： It happened that we were both staying at the Grand Hotel. I happened on one occasion to be spending a few days there. 7. n. + apart 如： Technology apart, the Internet points the way to a second reason why we feel so time-pressed: the information explosion. 8. used to do/ did not use to/ Did you use to 9. start/ get/have/ set sb. doing 10. wonder if/ what/ how 以上所列多数是句式框架，还有少量的固定短语，两者都可以归入语块范畴。如果学生将这些整体储存于记忆中，并正确提取使用，就可以使作文中少犯一些错误。 语块使用的作用语块在写作中的作用可以概括为以下几个方面： (1) 有利于提高写作的正确性和流利性。正确性和流利性是判断学生英语水平的重要标准。如何提高学生写作的正确性？使用语块是方法之一。例如：学生如果知道have interest in这一语块, 就不会误用这一词组中的介词in；如果知道the large audience这一语块, 学生在表达“众多观众”就不会选错修饰词，从而提高作文的正确性；如果学生对这些句型 Sb. was said/ reported/ believed to do/ have done sth.，It is + adj. + v-ing很熟悉，在使用时就可以信手拈来，从而增强了行文的流利性。(2) 有利于提高语言表达的地道性。 教学实践中，不少教师发现不少学生在写作时是先用汉语思维列出观点，然后在逐词翻译为英语，于是作文中呈现出大量的汉化英语现象。语块的使用可以帮助减少这种现象的发生。如：学生写作中会出现这样的表达The crowded people are possible to damage the articles on display. 很明显，学生这是将“拥挤的人群会损坏展品”进行了直译。如果学生记忆中存有chances are that这样的语块, 就不会出现类似错误，而是使用更为地道的表达 If people throng into the museum, chances are that the articles on display may be damaged. (3) 有利于培养语篇组织能力。 有些过渡语语块的使用对于实现文章的起承转合起重要作用。通过使用这些语块，可以使文章结构更清晰，段落与段落、句子与句子之间的衔接更自然，从而使行文更流畅。如：如果要表达“当提及”这一概念时，可以使用when it comes to；若要陈述个人观点，可以使用“as I see it”这样的表达。 语块使用的实例 语块使用如此重要，我们不妨来看看语块使用实例。下面呈现一篇笔者在课堂上供学生四级写作练习的一篇文章。作文题目：Should Much Money be Spent on Space Exploration or on Basic Needs on the Earth 学生作文： As the old saying goes, first things first, which in my view, is also reasonable and practical when applying to the case of determining the money investment in basic needs on the earth or not. Compared with space exploration, meeting the basic needs on the earth is more urgent and the critical. It is true that unexpected chances and treasures are hidden in the space. But how can we invest in such large sum of money in seeking the unknown result rather than donating it to the millions of people in hunger, in thirst or in disaster? Every life is precious and valuable. Chances in saving lives, unlike universal explorations have none but one time. Whats more, please also turn an ear for the earths appealing. Frankly speaking, our earth is diagnosed with many serious diseases like pollution, over-population, energy shortage and so on. The earth is our home, the place where we live and grow. Curing it in time is defending ourselves and contributing to later generations. To sum up, the remedy and protection of the earth need the money and “basic things first”. 点评： 此处我们只来分析文章中的语块使用。该文中，多数语块的使用都是正确适切的。如：as the old saying goes，first things first，in ones view，apply to， compared with，meet ones needs，invest in，a large sum of money, rather than， frankly speaking，and so on，contribute to，to sum up。但是，有一些却是由于对语块本身或语块意义掌握不到位而导致误用。如：第一段中的or not，or not一般与whether在一起构成一个语块。第三段中，whats more 这一语块本身没有问题，但是放在此处作为承接语意思上并不恰当。turn an ear/ turn a deaf ear 后面跟的介词是to而不是for。下面笔者对该学生作文进行改写。改写后的作文没有语言错误，条理更清晰，同时在改写的过程中有意识地使用了以上笔者从课本练习中总结出来的语块，