语言学考试范围.doc

I. Term definition (5*3=15)Arbitrariness: There is no inherent connection between meaning and form.2. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.3. The study of the use of English in context falls under the category of pragmatics.4. Context refers to the preceding and following linguistics items for a given word or sentence.5. Illocutionary act refers to the intended act behind saying something.6. phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.7. The Modesty Maxim: minimize praise of self; maximize dispraise of self (self-perspective)8. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of language meaning.9. phoneme: a phoneme is a sound that is semantically or functionally distinctive in language system.10. illocutionary act: the intended act behind saying something11. Phone: Language can be used to talk about what happened in the past, what is happening at present, or what will happen in the future. Also, we can use language to refer to things no matter how far away they are or whether they are present or absent. 12. Morpheme: the smallest perceptible discrete segment of sound in a stream of speech is called a phone.13. Deictic or indexical expressions: the smallest unit of meaning.14. Endophoric reference: the study of language in use.15. Antonymous: the intended act behind saying something.State whether each of the following sentences is true (T) or false (F).(15*2=30)1. There is universal agreement about the origin of language.( )2. Pet dogs can speak human language. ( )3. All human infants can speak some language. ( )4. The same set of vowels is used in all languages. ( )5. English is a tone language. ( )6. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English. ( )7. Every English sentence has a subject. ( )8. Every English paragraph contains a topic sentence, supporting details and a summary sentence. ( )9. In order for two neighboring sentences to be cohesive, one must use some explicit device to conjoin them. ( )10.All syllables must contain at least one vowel. ( )11. Not all English phonemes have allophones. ( )12. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences. ( )13.By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. ( )14. With different cultures there will be different languages. ( )15. Clipping is one of the three most important devices of word-formation in English. ( )1. All human infants can speak some language. ( )2. Pet dogs can speak human language. ( )3. With different cultures there will be different languages. ( )4. Not all English phonemes have allophones. ( )5. English is a tone language. ( )6. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English. ( )7. Idioms in English are modifiable in some grammatical ways. ( )8. All ambiguous sentences result from our failure to use proper organization. ( )9. Every English paragraph contains a topic sentence, supporting details and a summary sentence. ( )10. With transformations, we can organize a sentence the way we like. ( )11. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language. ( )12. One may tell a story when arguing for a thesis. ( )13. Different languages represent the world in completely different ways. ( )14. Word order plays an important role in the organization of English sentences. ( )15. Clipping is one of the three most important devices of word-formation in English. ( )Please answer the following questions in brief words.（5*5=25）1. Please give the defining features of language.Language has the following design features:1) arbitrariness 2) duality of structure/ double articulation 3) creativity 4) displacement 5) cultural transmission2. What are the three branches of phonetics?Articulatory phonetics-from the speakers point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”. Auditory phonetics-from the hearers point of view, “how sounds are perceived”. Acoustic phonetics-from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. 3. Illocutionary acts are categorized into five major types. What are the five categorizations?1) representatives 2) directives 3) commisives 4) expressives 5) declarations4. Please give the definition of Cooperative Principle.Cooperative principle (CP) - According to Grice, in making conversation, there is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 5. What are the three most important devices of word-formation in English? Please give some corresponding examples1) gradable antonyms (tall-short, strong-weak)2) complementary antonyms (dead-alive, married-unmarried)3) converse antonyms (husband-wife, child-parent)6. What are the three different categories of morphemes? (Give some examples)a. bound morphemes: -able, -ful, re-b. affix morphemes: -ful, re- and root morphemes: -ceive, suitc. derivational morphemes: -ful, re- and inflectional morphemes: -est, -ed7. Please write the three semantic relations and give some examples to each semantic relation. synonymy: broad-wideAntonyms: gradable antonyms: tall-short complementary antonyms: dead-aliveRelational opposites: husband-wife8. What are the major three speech acts defined by Austin? locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act9. Please na