【语法-同位语从句配套学案】选修8-Unit-2-Cloning.doc

Man struggles up wards; water flows downwards. 人往高处走；水往低处流。 主备 苑颖 审核 刘彦麟 包科领导 编号YY8.2.4X 班级 _ 小组 _ 姓名 组内评价： 教师评价： Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning导学案Period IV Grammar: Revise the Appositive (words, phrases and clauses)学习目标 1.Revise the Appositive (words,phrases and clauses)2.Compare attributive clause with appositive clause.【学习重点、难点】 How to use the Appositive correctly探究案Exploring CaseStep I. Lead-in and presentation (导入及呈现)I.什么是同位语？1. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. 我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。 （ our new teacher 是对Smith的解释说明，同一人，是Smith的同位语）2. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers.昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 (a friend of my brothers是Tom的同位语,指同一人)3.Beijing, the capital of China, has a long history .北京，中国的首都，历史悠久。（the capital of China 是对Beijing 的说明，是同一物，是Beijing 的同位语。）【同位语定义】一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。(以上同位语是单个名词充当。)Step II Grammar-stud【语法学习】I. 语法精讲(一) 同位语 the Appositive同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和 情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有以下几种：1) 名词Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. 2) 代词 I myself will do the experiment.3) 数词She is the oldest among them six.4) 从句He told me the news that the plane hadexploded. 他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。5) 由such as, for example namely (即), that is to say (也就是说), in other words (换句话说), that is (那就是), 等引出同位语He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practice more.Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. 6) 由of引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000.自从2000年以来，北京市发生了很大的变化。7) 由or引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点，是水在常压下结冰时的温度。练习(一)一. 指出下例句子划线部分是什么句子成份。1. There is going to be a Chinese film tonight. ( )2. She is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. ( )3. Her wish is to become a teacher. ( )4. He, my brother, managed to finish the work in time. ( ) 5. Tom came to ask me for advice. ( )6. We found it important to learn English. ( )7. Do you have anything else to wash? ( )8. To be honest, your writing isnt so good. ( )9. Would you please tell me your name? ( )10. They noticed a man enter the room.( )二. 单项填空1.My performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard, _ , I failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time2. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure. (NMET2002) A. that B. one C. it D. what三. 单句改错1.On my way home I met an old friend of my._2. They paid no attention to the doctors advice they should stop smoking._II. 语法精解(二)同位语从句the Appositive clause一、 同位语从句的定义: 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。例如：I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。(that从句是对the news具体内容的解释)可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有 fact, news, idea, truth , hope , problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, message ,question , word（消息）,possibility等，同位语从句时对前面的名词作进一步的解释, 说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that, 连接副词how, when, where, whether, what等。e.g. The hope that he may recover is not gone yet.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved. I have no idea when he will come back. 二、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether；连接代词who,whom,which,what 等；连接副词how, when, where，why等。（注：that 在从句中不作句子成分，只起连接作用；if 不能引导同位语从句。） 例如：1.I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们对获胜的消息。2. I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这里。3.He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。4. I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语） 5.I have no idea which wine is bestits a matter of personal taste.我不知道哪种酒最好，这是个人口味的问题。（which作定语） 6.The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语）7.We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。(where 作地点状语)三、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 1.The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城。2.Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自检阅他们。四、有时可用 namely (即), that is to say (也就是说), in other words (换句话说), that is (那就是), for example 等引出同位语, 说明其前面的名词或代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词的后面。1. He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.2. There is only one way of improving your English , that is , to practice more.3.Altogether Dolly had lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.五、同位语从句-特殊形式：当名词为suggestion, request和order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气。例如：1） She made a request that the doctor(should)be sent for at once.她请求立即请医生来。 2）The suggestion that a new bridge (should) be built was accepted.修建一座新桥的建议被采纳了。【小结】：suggestion（建议），order（命令），request（要求），proposal（建议；提议），requirement（要求），command（命令），advice（建议），proposition（提议）和recommendation（建议）等名词后接同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用“(should)+动词原形”的形式，其中should可省略。III. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常常混淆,我们可以从以下几个方面区别它们:同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词; 定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.(同位语从句)Those who want to go please sign their names here.(定语从句) 同位语从句所说明的名词在从句中不充当句子成分；从句只是对名词具体内容的解释说明。定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等The news that they won the match is true.(同位语从句, news在从句中没有充当成分)The news that you told us yesterday is true.(定语从句, news是told的逻辑宾语)引导词的不同：同位语从句主要由连接词that引导，有时也可用what, how, whether, whatever 等可引导同位语从句，但不引导定语从句; 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed.(同位语从句)Do you know the place where he was born?(定语从句)从引导词来看: 引导词that在同位语从句中是连词, 只起连接作用, 无具体词义, that不可省略; that在定语从句中是关系代词，并在定语从句中充当一定成分主语或宾语，有具体词义, 作宾语时还可以省略。例如：a) The factory _ we visited yesterday is a chemical one.b) The news _ he will leave for Shanghai is true. 同位语从句与前面名词一般可变成一个完整句子, 谓语动词用be的不同形式；而定语从句与先行词不可以。 He heard the news that their team had won.此句可以变为一个表语从句: =The news was that their team had won.Step III Practice【练习】I.把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句。1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet./The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.The fact _ worries their parents and teachers a lot.2. The Queen of England was on a four-day visit in China./We heard the news last night.We heard the news last night _. 3. Teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online. /Many Chinese parents hold the view.Many Chinese parents hold the view _.4. Time travel is possible./We have no scientific proof for the idea.We have no scientific proof for the idea _.5. Students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people.The suggestion _ is welcomed by many people.II.翻译句子,并说明这个名词性从句的作用。6. We dont think you two have met before. ( )7. It is certain that John will do well in his exam.( )8. Whether they are coming or not dont matter too much.( )9. Now is when we need him most. ( ) 10. I have no idea how she got through the forest. ( )11. The fact that they won the prize made us happy. ( )III.用适当的连接代词或连接副词填空。12. I cant decide _ book I should buy.13. China is no longer _ it used to be.14. I am very interested in _ he improved his English in such a short time.15. _ we need is more money.16. The truth _ the earth turns around the sun is known to us.17. _ and _ we will meet has not been decided yet.IV.用名词性从句完成下列句子。18. The news _ (她通过了高考) is exciting.19. Mike made a promise _. (他将帮助我学习英语)V.指出划线部分是什么从句。20. The fact that Great Britain is made up three countries is known to us.( )21. The continent that consists of two countries is developing very fast.( )22. The news that the plane will take off on time makes everybody happy.( )23. The news that is spreading around the country is that a heavy storm is coming. ( )24. The suggestion that we should learn something practical is worth considering. ( )VI单项选择.25. One of them held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that D. whether26. The reason _ he has to go is _ his mother is ill in bed. A, why ; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that ; because27. They received orders _ the work be done right away. A. which B. that C. / D. when28. I have no idea _. A. how to do B. when shall we start out for the trip C. what has happened to my wife D. how much have they earned29. I think _ certain that she will do well in her exam. A. that B. this is C. it D. whats30. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D . where31. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he was likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. what D. why32. Thats the only thing _ he can do now . A. which B. all C. that D. what33. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as34. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether35. There is a rule in our school _ no one is permitted to smoke. A. where B. which C. that D. whatVII高考链接36. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _. ( 2003年上海 ) A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving37. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. ( 2004春季上海 ) A. which B. that C. what D. whether38. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt _ a cure for AIDS will be found. (05广东卷) A. which B. that C. what D. whether 39. Danby left word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon. （05浙江卷） Awho Bthat Cas Dwhich 41. Doris success lies in the fact _ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others. (06年上海 春招）A. which B. that C. when D. why42. Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom?（05辽宁卷） Athat Bwhat Cas Dwhich 43. Theres a feeling in me _ well never know what a UFO is not ever. ( 2002年上海) A. that B.