英语的一些常见语法sinjin.docx

句子的5类成分 1301 句子成分可以分为基本成分、附属成分、独立成分、省略成分和连接成分5类。 1基本成分1302 根据其结构，句子可以分为5类：a主语 不及物动词John came（S） （IV）b主语 及物动词 宾语John likes oranges（S） （TV） （O）c主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语John gave Mary books（S） （DV） （IO） （DO）d主语 系动词 主语补语John is happy（S） （LV） （SC）e主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语John makes Mary angry（S） （FV） （O） （OC）主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。在上面的句子中，如把任何一个成分删除，都会成为病句。从上面例句也可看出，完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。 2附属成分1303 基本成分可以加修饰语：1）定语（即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句）或2）状语（即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）。下面例句中，修饰语为斜体字，被修饰的词为黑体字：1）Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyJohn likes oranges imported from the USJohn gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations2）John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry这类句子，即使把修饰语去掉，结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语，可能在意思上很重要，但在结构上不影响句子的完整性，因此称作附属成分。 3独立成分1304 句中还有一类成分，可以去掉，不影响句子的完整性，并和句子的其他词没有语法的关系，可以称作独立成分。Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on 4省略成分1305 此外还有一类被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs 5连接成分1306 最后还有连接成分，它实际上是一个并列连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。1307 ，一个完整的句子（从句或分句）必须包含2个到4个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。名词（或代词） 1314 Books are good companionsLondon is populous如果由名词表示的主语受到强调或有较长的修饰语，它可以由一个代词代替，本身则移到句子末尾：He is a nice fellow，your uncleIt is truly long，that bridge across the Yellow RiverThey have gone away，those rascalsThere it stood a monument of all agesIt is funny the way（that）he teaches his children（主语可以跟一定语从句）It astonishes me the number of the wives he hasIt is inscrutable the rumour that is spreadingewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6014T1.bmp表示它上面的整个词组和它前面的词指的是同一东西。名词成语 1315 “Crocodile tears”means pretended sorrowThe dog star is the largest fixed starA“field piece”means a cannonThe river bed is muddyI wore a sun hatHe is a paper tiger and who is afraid of him？（名词+名词）His maiden speech is wonderfulA leap year comes every fourth yearHis untimely end is beyond beliefA wet blanket and a queer fish are coming toward usIs a heavy hand enough to suppress the revolt？（形容词+名词）Today is All FoolsDayA cats paw may be a scapegoatThis printers ink is poor“Mans estate”means the age of manhood（名词所有格+名词）An apple of discord was thrown among themA Jack of all trades may be a good-fornothingA fish out of water will die soonHere is a case in pointA friend at court will help me（名词+介词+名词）The ins and outs of this scandal interested usThe long and short of the story is thisThe ups and downs of life are familiar to my uncle（名词+and +名词）Guangdong Province is in the south of ChinaStratford-on- Avon is the birthplace of ShakespeareThe Ministry of Education has issued an important ordinance（专有名词短语）其他例子：A curtain lecture，elbow room，an insect bite，fairy tales The Almighty Dollar，the Dark Continent，the black market，a dark room，a golden wedding，an aching void，a low diet The bulls eye，a sheeps eye，a fools cap，a sailors home，Achilles heel，Adams apple，the lions share，the kings evilThe age of machinery，the art of God，the man in the street，a bed of roses，a woman of the world，a man of family，a letter of credit，a word of honour，castles in the air，a friend in need，a man about town All beer and skittle，the alpha and beta，the why and where fore the sum and substance，Darby and Joan，David and Jonathanewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6015T1.bmp代词 1316 We shall start tomorrowShe likes itMine（= My family）is an unhappy familyHis（=His fate） has been the fate of an unusual artistHers is a car made in Germany（名词性物主代词+系动词+名词）We（= Our class）are full upWe（= Our office）close on Saturday afternoonHe（= His watch）is too fastWe（ Our things）have been packed（人称代词有时可用来表示属于某人的东西）My uncle he（名词+多余的代词）wants it donePeople in town they have never seen cows（文化低的人的语言或歌谣中的说法）She is a nice girl，MaryThey are very selfish，those people（代词在前，指同一人或东西的名词在后，参阅1314节）It is hot（or cloudy，snowing，raining）（It指天气）It is spring（or morning，Sunday，my birthday）；struck three，is growing towards evening（It指时间）It is ten miles（or a long way）（It指距离）It is I（or me）（It指一个身份尚不清楚的人）It is all over with himHow is it with him？How goes it？（It 泛指一般情况）It is my sister（主语受到强调）that（or who） studied English at AAASchool when she was seventeen（用It isthat这种结构可以对主语、宾语、状语短语或状语从句加以强调。My sister studied at AAASchool when she was seventeen是原来的句子，对主语加以强调时可改为上面形式。）It is English（宾语受到强调）that（or which） my sister studied，etcIt is at AAASchool（状语短语受到强调）that（or where）my sister studied English，etcIt is when she was seventeen（状语从句受到强调）that my sister studied English at AAASchoolIt is I that said soIt is waiting for a chance that will not doIt is here（or then，for this reason，with a lightning speed）that he married herIt was after seeing her that he became crazyWho is it that you want？What is it that he is looking for？ It is only arithmetic that he is afraid ofIt is only her idols that she pays attention toIt is not his children that he cares about，but his businessIt is a good horse that never stumbles（= No horse is so good as to never stumble）（这类常在谚语中出现的句子，结构虽和上面句子相同，意思却不一样。）It is a silly fish that is caught twice（= no fish is so silly as to be caught twice） It is an ill bird that fouls his own nest（= No bird is so ill as to foul his own nest）注：It可以代表一个动名词、不定式或从句。可参阅13181322。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6017T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T1.bmpIt表示 the thing，that引起的从句可以看做定语，修饰主语It。that起从属连词和代词的作用，图解记号异于并列连词。the+形容词（或分词） 1317 The brave deserve the fairThe young are to be educatedThere are the dying and the dead，the slain and the van guished（复数主语）The beautiful and the good is our idealThe middle or the thick of the forest has many animals in itThe accused（or The deceased）is a rich manThe French is different in character from the English（单数主语）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6018T2.bmp不定式 1318 作主语的不定式常常由it代替，本身放到句末作为it的同位语：To live in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive to live in Tokyo To go out of town every weekend became our customIt became our custom to go out of town every weekendTo have broken his leg is his bad luckIt is his bad luck to have broken his legTo be happy requires（or needs，wants）no great fortuneIt requires no great fortune to be happyTo be rich or to be poor makes a lot of differenceIt makes a lot of difference to be rich or to be poorTo raise the fund，to set up the building，to employ workers，all these take timeThe story makes me sick to repeatTo repeat the story makes me sickIt makes me sick to repeat the story（这三句意思相同，却有不同的主语。）This theory takes much time to understandTo understand this theory takes much timeIt takes much time to understand this theoryTo answer the question you asked in your letter is easyIt is easy to answer the question you asked in your letterThe question you asked in your letter，it is easy to answer（这三句意思相同，可比较其主语。）To handle a wife who comes of a rich family seems difficultIt seems difficult to handle a wife who comes of a rich familyA wife who comes of a rich family，it seems difficult to handle不定式可以有一个意义上的主语：For John to live in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive for John to live in TokyoFor a commoner to marry a noblemans daughter does not astonish meIt does not astonish me for a commoner to marry a noblemans daughterFor politicians to talk about peace is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperanceIt is as funny as for drinkers to talk about temperance，for politicians to talk about peace下面句子中的不定式没有意义上的主语。 for you，of you等和 it is有关，起补语作用：It is for（or up to）you to say yes or no（To say yes or no is foror up to you）It is easier for you to speak to the boss than for me（=To speak to the boss is easier for you than for me） It is very kind of you to do so（=To do so is very kind of you）It is natural in Mary to love JohnIt is inconvenient to her to wait so longIt is up to you to apologizeewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6020T1.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6021T1.bmp注意意义上的主语 for John是如何图解的。动名词 1319 和不定式一样，作主语的动名词也可以用it代替：Living in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive living in Tokyo Crying over spilt milk is no useIt is no use crying over spilt milkThere is no climbing up the cliff（= Climbing up the cliff is impossible）There is no denying the fact（=Denying the fact is impossible）Johns（or His）living in Tokyo would be too expensiveIt would be too expensive Johns（or his）living in Tokyo（动名词这里有意义上的主语）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6022T1.bmp注意动名词意义上主语Johns如何图解的。that引起的从句 1320 由 that引起的主语从句常可用 it代替，而本身则移到句尾，作为it的同位语：That he had succeeded pleased me very muchIt pleased me very much that he had succeededThat he was killed is a serious matterIt is a serious matter that he was killedThat he has done his best is clearIt is clear（that）he has done his best（如果句子不长，that可以省略。）The fact（or The circumstance）that he was killed was a serious matter（that引起的从句前面常可放 the fact或the circumstance）It is clear（or likely，certain）that he likes his jobIt would be better that he give up smoking（=He had better give up smoking）It is rumoured（or said，learned，denied）that the premier decides to resignIt is a pity that he should die so youngIt happened（or chanced，came about，developed，turned out）that the detective himself was the thief It came about that we had not enough money to pay the billIt seems（or appears，occurs） to me that she is a poetIt struck me that I could be a lawyerHe is poor，but it does not follow that he will cheat anyoneIt is not that A is an upright man，but that he has no chance to do evilIt may be that B is too hungry to do any good，but it cannot be that he is willing to do any evilIt is（high） time that we startedHow is it that you know so much？How comes it（about） that you know so much？How come（=why） you know so much？（It is）Some（Little，No）wonder（that） he failed（在用 wonder作补语时，it is可以省略。）（It was）A wonder（that） he did not fallWhat wonder （was it） that he falled？（= It was natural that he failed）It is said（or denied，rumoured）that the Mayor fell in love with MaryThe Mayor，it is said（or denied，rumoured），fell in love with Mary（这两句意思几乎相同，但在第二句中不能用 that。）ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T1.bmp由that引起的从句用作名词及主语。注意连词that的图解方式。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6024T2.bmp疑问词引起的从句 1321 由疑问词引起的从句，和that引起的从句一样，可以由it代替：How he could do it seemed a mysteryIt seemed a mystery how he could do itWhere he had escaped puzzled meIt puzzled me where he had escapedWhat is it to me who he is？ It does not matter when you get married，butewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T1.bmp连接词how和副词how都在这个图解中表示出来，但一个需加括号。ewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T2.bmp疑问词+不定式 1322 疑问词引起的不定式，和连接词引起的从句一样，也可以用it代替：How to escape seems to be a problemIt seems to be a problem，how to escapeWhat to say puzzles meIt puzzles me what to sayWhether or not to follow the policy depends upon circumstancesIt depends upon circumstanceswhether or not to follow the policyewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6025T3.bmpewc MVIMAGE,MVIMAGE, !4F6026T1.bmp15种类型的谓语1326 在一个完整的句子中，主语之外的部分称为谓语，共有5种类型的谓语。第一类包含一个不及物动词（）：He cameMy wife cried第二类包含一个及物动词及其宾语（TVO）：John likes meHis uncle wrote letters第三类包含一个双宾动词、一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语（DV+IO+DO）：They teach me EnglishI bought Mary sugar第四类包含一个系动词及主语补语（LVC）：He is a teacherShe looks sad第五类包含一个宾补动词、宾语及宾语补语（FVOC）：We made him kingShe left the house dirty 、2动词的短语形式1327 不过动词、宾语及补语的意义还应当广一些，上面例句中的及物动词、不及物动词或其他动词都是一个单词，但有时可以是一个起同样作用的短语或成语。例如“及物动词+名词”可以看作是一种不及物动词：He lost heart（他灰心了。）This habit has struck root（这种习惯已根深蒂固）下面句子中的动词成语则可以看作是一种及物动词：I looked for my lost dictionary（我在找我弄失的字典。）He paid attention to his lesson（他很注意他的功课。）He gave up drinking（他戒酒了。）He is afraid of blood（他怕血。）He cant get along with anyone（他和谁都处不好。）下面句中的动词成语可以看作一种宾补动词：I waited for him to come（我等他来。）详见 11821206节。 3宾语的9种形式1328 此外，也不只是名词或代词可用作宾语，共有9种东西可用作及物动词、双宾动词及宾补动词的宾语。由于它们是名词或起名词的作用，可以称作名词等同体（NounEquivalent），名词等同体，可用作动词的宾语：I know John（名词）She kept the floor dirtyI will teach John ChineseI know him（代词）She kept it cleanThat depends upon themHe threw out an apple of discord（名词短语）I have just visited the Board of TradeI am not fond of wild goose chaseThis matter interests the rich and the poor（the +形容词或分词）The general visited the dying and the woundedI know the long and（the） short of this caseHe wants to go to college（不定式）She refuses to marry meI asked to see a friend in prisonHe is fond of swimming in the morning（动名词）He avoids meeting any of his friendsI postponed going to the doctorI know that she loves me（that引起的从句）I am sure that you will succeedIs he afraid that he will be defeated？ I wonder what he wants（疑问词引起的从句）I asked where he had beenI dont know which way I should goI dont know what to do（疑问词引起的不定式）I am doubtful how to settle this problemI do not care where to eat dinner 4补语的15种形式1329 不只是名词和形容词可用作补语，上面所提的9种名词等同体以及下面例句中的6种形容词等同体（AdjectiveEquivalent）都可用作系动词或宾补动词的补语。名词及名词等同体作补语：He is a king（名词）We chose him chairmanIt is me（代词）He became a fish out of water（名词短语）I find it a moot pointThe victims are always the poor（the +形容词）To respect others is to be respected（不定式）Seeing is believing（动名词）His purpose is that all children should be educated（that引起的从句）The problem is who is to blame（疑问词引起的从句）My problem is how to learn（疑问词引起的不定式）形容词及形容词等同体作补语：He seems happy（形容词）You look youngHe makes me angryHe is out（地点副词）The show is overTime is upHe is at home（介词短语）We are on good termsHe leaves his desk out of orderIt seems interesting（现在分词）The situation grows encouragingI saw Mary smokingI am astonished（过去分词）He looked frightenedI had my clothes washedHe is to blame（不定式）It is to be thrown awayHe wants his daughter to marry a rich man 5再复杂的句子也可简化1330 因此我们可以把许多词看成一个词，把许多不同形式看作同类东西，从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country中的10个斜体词和I know John中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西，因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。我们也可把He begged to see a friend in prison中的 6个斜体词和He begged pardon中的一个斜体词看作是作用相等，因为两者都是宾语。同样，我们也可把He is to come to the office at eight中的7个斜体词和He is punctual中的一个斜体词看作相等的东西，因为两者都是补语。另外下面4个句子中的斜体词，形式不一，我们却可看作一类东西，都是及物动词或是起及物动词作用的词组：He likes chocolate（他喜欢巧克力。）He is fond of teaching（他爱教书。）John pays attention to his business（约翰关心他的买卖。）I am sure that he will be a good husband（我肯定他会是一个好丈夫。）此外，在上面单元中，我们已谈到名词、名词成语、不定式、从句等等，尽管形式不同，字数不等，却都起同样作用，担任句子的主语。这样，不管多复杂的句子都可简化，而简化是语法的目的。 2一个特定动词只能用在几个特定的谓语类型中1332 为了更好了解这些谓语类型，先看看下面句子：aI know him to work hardbWe want him to comecShe let us to use her cardThey suppose all of us to obeyeJohn saw Mary to walk with a boy所有这些句子的谓语都属于第42种类型，即“宾补动词+名词+不定式”，但只有b句的谓语是正确的，因为只有want这一动词可用于这个类型，其他动词都不能这样用。再看下面句子：aI tried advising herbI asked seeing the bosscHe thinks going with youdWe wish moving to another placeeThey refused helping us上面所有谓语都属于第13种类型，即“及物动词+动名词”，但只有a句是正确的，因为动词tried可用于这种类型，而其他