孙子兵法.doc

孙子兵法谋攻篇 谋攻篇全文 孙子兵法谋攻篇翻译三、谋攻篇【原文】孙子曰：夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之，全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。是故百战百胜，非善之善者也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。【译文】孙子说：大凡用兵的原则，使敌举国不战而降是上策，击破敌国使之降服是次一等用兵策略；使敌全军不战而降是上策，击破而取胜是次一等用兵策略；使敌全旅不战而降是上策，击破敌旅而取胜是次一等用兵策略；使敌全卒不战而降是上策，击破敌卒使之降服是次一等策略；使敌全伍不战而降是上策，击破敌伍而取胜是次一等策略。因此，百战百胜，并非好的用兵策略中最好的，不交战而使敌屈服，才是用兵策略中最好的。【原文】故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。修橹轒辒，具器械，三月而后成，距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士三分之一而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。【译文】因而，最好的用兵策略是以谋略胜敌，其次是以外交手段胜敌，再其次是通过野战交兵胜敌，最下等的是攻城。攻城是在不得已的情况下才采取的（办法）。为了攻城，修造望楼车、车，准备各种攻城器械，三个月才能完成；堆积攻城的土丘，又需三个月才能完成。这时，将帅们已焦躁忿怒异常了，驱赶着士兵像蚂蚁一样去爬城，士卒伤亡三分之一而城还不能攻下，这便是攻城的灾害啊！【原文】故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下。故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。【译文】因此，善于用兵的人，使敌军屈服而不用野战交兵的办法，夺取敌城不用蚁附攻城的办法，消灭敌国而不采用长久用兵的办法。一定本着不诉诸兵刃就使敌完整地屈服的原则争横天下，做到军队不受挫而胜利可全得，这便是谋攻的原则。【原文】故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。【译文】根据用兵规律，有十倍于敌人的兵力就包围歼灭敌人，有五倍于敌人的兵力就猛烈进攻敌人，有多一倍于敌人的兵力就分割消灭敌人，有与敌相当的兵力则可以抗击，比敌人兵力少时就摆脱敌人，不如敌人兵力强大就避免与敌争锋。小股兵力如果顽固硬拼，就会被强大的对方俘获。【原文】夫将者，国之辅也。辅周，则国必强；辅隙，则国必弱。 【译文】将帅，是国君的辅佐。辅佐得周密，国家就强盛；辅佐有疏漏，国家必然衰弱。【原文】故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓“縻军”；不知三军之事，而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权，而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，是谓“乱军引胜”。 【译文】君主对军队造成危害的情况有三个方面：不懂得军队不可以前进而命令他们前进，不懂得军队不可以后退而命令他们后退，这叫束缚、羁縻军队；不懂军中事务却干涉军中行政管理，那么，军士就会迷惑；不知军中权谋之变而参与军队指挥，那么将士就会疑虑。如果三军将士既迷惑又疑虑，诸侯乘机起而攻之的灾难就到来了。这就叫自乱其军而丧失了胜利。【原文】故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。【译文】预测胜负有五条：懂得什么条件下可以战，什么条件下不可以战的，胜；懂得众与寡的灵活运用的，胜；上下一心，同仇敌忾的，胜 以有准备之师击无准备之敌的，胜 将领富于才能而君主又不从中干预牵制的，胜。这五条就是预知胜负的途径。【原文】故曰：知彼知己者，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负，不知彼，不知己，每战必殆。【译文】因此，可以说：了解对方也了解自己的，百战不败；不了解对方而了解自己的，胜负各半；不了解对方，也不了解自己的，每战必败。As to the fortunes of war: maintenance of the sovereignty of the conquered state is superiror to the destruction of it; takeover of whole enemy army is more crucial than the slaughter of their physical bodies; surrender of enemy combat individuals is preferable to penetration into their camps; capture of enemy soldiers without resistance is desirable to victory won after fierce battles; control over enemy troops without fighting is advantageous to enforcement of control under guns. So to win every battle isnt adjacent to perfect victory; yet to win every battle with the lowest casualty is the utmost destination. Hence, the best policy for a commander to adopt is to use schemes and strategy, inferior to that, to assault to diplomacy and negotiation; worse still, to launch face-to-face battle in the field; and worst of all,to siege and destroy the city walls. The siege and attack, no matter how mighty and overwhelming, is the reflection of failure in other spheres. The preparation for that might be long and exhausting. At least three months are needed for making offensive appliances and equipments and still another three months for clearing off outskirt resistance forces and building up lookout platforms. After that, the seiging forces are outrageous and with no consideration of casualty will climb the city walls and forge ahead. One-third of them will leave their bodies there forever but in most cases their attacks will get to nowhere. How big the loss might be!The most successful generals make enemy forces subdue to them without launching attack, dominate cities of the adversities without seiging and climbing the walls, conquering enemy nations without raising long-time forces. What they are most likely to do is to take upper hand over enemies without showing off their arms, to hold firm control over all nations without assaulting ferocious wars. The army they lead will suffer no loss yet victories will be ensured. These are the principles of forging attack on enemies. Its better to abide by the rules that: if our forces are ten times of enemy forces, seige and eliminate them; five times, assault all-out attacks; two times, segregate and extinguish them; equal in amount, block and resist them; less than theirs, get rid of them; not as powerful, evade and get away from them. If our amount is less yet we stick to fighting against them, we will be captives for sure. Now that generals are key assistants to princes, their maturity and capability of controlling forces, if outstanding and constructive, will reinforce the nation ; if humble and destructive, will ruin the nation. While the prince should be careful not to commit the following misendeavors for they are fatal to the army: To start with, order the army to march on when the conditions are not appropriate and force the army to withdraw when the fightings are fierce and persistence is required. These orders are similar to interference and menacles to the army; still, intrude in the management of the army although he himself is fully ignorant of the affairs. The action he takes is no different from a pollutant to the stability of the army; lastly, participate in the process of decision-making although he is not aware of the tricks of strategy and schemes in the army. The foolish act will only leave soldiers confused and feel at sea. If soldiers are not conscientious and smart, dukes and adversities will take advantage of the chance and catastrophe and failure will fall upon the army in no time. The foolishness of the prince will ruin the army and drive away victories. The presumption of victories in war is nothing more than the following: the ability of telling preferable conditions of forging attack from nonpreferable ones; the flexibility of making use of superiority and inferiority; the capability of assimilating the wills of the army into one and leading the power of the army to all-out attack against the enemy; the capacity of launching fierce attack against unprepared adversities after our own troops are fully prepared; the generals are independent and d