代词是代替名词的一种词类.doc

代词是代替名词的一种词类，是历年高考的必考点。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。考点一替代词it；one；that；those；ones1.it特指上文所提到的同一个物，它所代替的名词常由the，this，that等修饰。one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个，不特指，相当于a/an+单数名词；ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词；theone特指前面的可数名词单数，有时用that来代替（尤其是后面有后置定语时）；theones特指上文提到的复数名词，有时可以用those代替，尤其在有后置定语的情况下。that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词，相当于“the+可数名词单数/不可数名词”；that的复数形式为those，替代可数名词复数，可指人也可指物。Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it.So I had to buyone.昨天我把钢笔弄丢了，并且我没有找到它，因此我不得不买一支。Mr Li gave me many valuable presents，ones（many presents）that I had neverseen.李先生给了我许多珍贵的礼物，这些是我从来没见过的。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones/under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的那些好。2.that和one在多数情况下是不能互换的，主要区别在于：that既可代替可数名词单数，也可代替不可数名词，常有后置定语，一般不指人，复数形式为those；one只能代替可数名词单数，复数形式为ones.当可数名词前有形容词修饰时，只能用one，不用that.当of短语作可数名词单数的后置定语时，用that，不用one.The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan.最好的香烟是来自云南的那些。The boy told me his story and that of the old man next door.这个男孩儿告诉了我他的故事，还有他隔壁老人的故事。Your coat is blue，and my new one is red.你的上衣是蓝色的，我的新上衣是红色的。考点二it的用法1.指代作用。代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物（单数可数名词或不可数名词）或整个句子；可以代指环境、情形等也可代指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。Although we cannot see it，there is air all around us.It is said that he has gone to Beijing，but it isnt true.I cant stand it any longer.It doesnt matter.Its getting colder and colder now.2.形式作用。用作形式主语和形式宾语，而把真正的作主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或从句放在后面。Its no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.你必须让他们弄清楚形势严峻。常用it作形式宾语的谓语动词有appreciate，dislike，hate，like，love，make（按时到达，成功）等，后接由if或when等引导的从句时，往往在从句前加形式宾语it.I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.如果你能付现金，我将不胜感激。The boy likes it when you do that.这个男孩儿喜欢你那样做。考点三all，both，either，neither，each，none的用法比较1.both（两者都），either（两者中的任何一个），neither（两者都不）。以上这些词使用范围为两者。Neither of the two boys is clever.2.both与复数名词连用，either与单数名词连用。There are flowers on both sides of the street.There are flowers on either side of the street.3.all（所有的，全部的人或物），any（任何一个），none（都不）。 以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。All the students in my class like our teachers.4.all和both与not 连用表示部分否定；none以及not.。any表示全部否定。All the students dont like rock music.并不是所有的学生都喜欢摇滚音乐。5.each可指两者，也可指两者以上。They each have a car.2013年高考真题代词【2013江西】23._ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.A. Anybody B. Everybody C. Nobody D. Somebody【2013辽宁】29. To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then _ of her colleagues.A. that B. one C. ones D. those【2013山东】21. Ive lived in New York and Chicago, but dont like _ of them very much. A. eitherB. any C. each D. another 【2013陕西】22. Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost _ of her enthusiasm for life. A. some B. neither C. none D. all【2013四川】2.The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than_ on the small ones.A. one B. this C. that D. it【2013天津】12. At our factory there are a few machines similar to _ described in this magazine.A. them B. these C. those D. ones【2013新课标II卷】14. Its an either-or situation - we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we cant do _.A. others B. either C. another D. both【答案】D【2013浙江】11. Half of _ surveyed in 16 countries say they go first to their closest friend to share their deepest wishes and darkest fears.A. these B. some C. ones D. those【2013重庆】31. Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reusing is _.A. another B. the other C. one another D. one 完型填空解题1.充分利用首句信息完形填空题首句往往不设空，往往是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，要充分利用完形填空题首句的提示作用，利用它为解题找到一个突破口，从而展开思维。2.多角度的逻辑推理完形填空题的解题过程首先是一个阅读的过程，必须把握作者的思路，通过联想、推测等方法，多换角度去思考问题，使自己的思维模式与作者的思维模式相吻合。3.从上下文寻找线索通读全文，理顺大意，根据上下文找出信息词是做好完形填空题的关键。近年高考试题逐渐摈弃单纯的语言分析考查，而越来越侧重逻辑推理判断。就空格而言，体现了以实词为主、虚词为辅的特点，而且几乎不暴露明显的语言错误，词语在特定的语境中所表达的陷含信息大都无法只凭字面或单从个别句子甚至若干句子的表面理解获知。因此，只有借助于上下文乃至全文语境的启示或限定才能够准确作出判断。4.利用文化背景和生活常识解题做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，注意中西方文化方面存在的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺理成章地选出正确的答案。5.习惯用法和词语辨析对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两个方面。习惯用法是英语中某些固定的结构形态，不能随意变动。而在众多的习语当中，介词往往扮演最活跃的角色，其次是副词。词义辨析题的比重有加大的趋势，多为常用词、词组。6.语篇标志的利用语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，如：表示结果层次的语篇标志firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally等；表示逻辑关系的有thus，therefore，so等；表示改变话题的有by the way等；表示时间关系的有before，sofar，yet，now，later等。如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文的关系。完型填空的考察主要为：常理推断，逻辑推断，上下文联系，词汇辨析，上下文联系。对于完型填空还是要回归于最根本的，首先是单词量，句子翻译准确，了解文章大意，根据单词的含义选择其中符合文章大意的答案，这是最根本的，唯一需要注意的是完型填空要联系上下文，当你无法确定一个选项时就接着往下看，完型经常是通过后面的几句话来推导前面的含义。最需要注意的是做完型题目不要钻牛角尖，要从大众的思维去思考。1. Say, Jane, will you come with me to the game this Friday?_, Bob, but I promised Mary Id go with her.A. ThanksB. My pleasureC. Take it easyD. Forget it2. Can I help you?I would like to buy a gift for my mother, _ at a proper price but of great use.A. thatB. oneC. itD. which3. What does the sign over there say?No student _ bring drinks into the computer room.A. willB. mayC. shallD. must4. Have they got their new house painted yet?I dont know. But I was told it _ when I met them last week.A. had been paintingB. would be paintingC. was paintedD. was being painted5. _ it for years, researchers now tend to believe drinks with sugar are linked to 180,000 deaths worldwide.A. StudyingB. Having studiedC. Being studiedD. Having been studied6. My parents have always made it clear _ we shouldnt judge a book by its cover.A. thatB. whatC. whetherD. when7. His father works in a company _ name always appears in the local newspapersA. whenB. whoseC. whereD. which8. All of us are pleased to see the problem _ so quickly.A. solveB. solvingC. solvedD. to solve9. The boys are still playing football happily on the playground _ it is raining heavily.A. in caseB. as ifC. as long asD. even though10. Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realizeB. I didnt realizeC. I realizedD. did I realize第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。We often talk about ourselves as if we have permanent genetic defects (缺陷) that can never be changed. “Im impatient.” “Im always behind.” “I always put things off!” Youve surely heard them. Maybe youve used them to describe 11 .These 12 may come from stories about us that have been 13 for years often from as far back as childhood. These stories may have no 14 in fact. But they can set low expectations for us. As a child, my mother said to me, “Marshall, you have no mechanical skills, and you will 15 have any mechanical skills for the rest of your life. ” How did these expectations 16 my development? I was never 17 to work on cars or be 18 tools. When I was 18, I took the US Armys Mechanical Aptitude Test. My scores were in the bottom for the entire nation!Six years later, 19 , I was at California University, working on my doctors degree. One of my professors, Dr. Bob Tannbaum, asked me to write down things I did well and things I couldnt do. On the positive side, I 20 down, “research, writing, analysis, and speaking.” On the 21 side, I wrote, “I have no mechanical skills.”Bob 22 me how I knew I had no mechanical skills. I explained my life 23 and told him about my poor 24 on the Army test. Bob then asked, “ 25 is it that you can solve complex mathematical problems, but you cant solve 26 mechanical problems?”Suddenly I realized that I wasnt 27 from some sort of genetic defects. I was just living out expectations that I had chosen to 28 . At that point, it wasnt just my family and friends who had been 29 my belief that I was mechanically hopeless. And it wasnt just the Army test, either. I was the one who kept telling myself, “You cant do this!” I realized that as long as I kept saying that, it was going to remain true. 30 , if we dont treat ourselves as if we have incurable genetic defects, we can do well in almost anything we choose.11. A. yourselfB. myselfC. themD. others12. A. instructionsB. suggestionsC. expectationsD. comments13. A. publishedB. repeatedC. spreadD. added14. A. causeB. meaningC. basisD. excuse15. A. alwaysB. everC. neverD. still16. A. changeB. improveC. polishD. affect17. A. expectedB. demandedC. agreedD. allowed18. A. acrossB. overC. aroundD. for19. A. howeverB. thereforeC. meanwhileD. obviously20. A. layB. turnedC. settledD. put21. A. negativeB. objectiveC. passiveD. subjective22. A. askedB. blamedC. advisedD. taught23. A. occasionsB. trainingsC. experiencesD. journeys24. A. behaviorB. explanationC. attitudeD. scores25. A. WhenB. WhyC. WhichD. What26. A. advancedB. simpleC. chiefD. current27. A. sufferingB. resultingC. arisingD. coming28. A. receiveB. suspectC. believeD. adopt29. A. weakeningB. shakingC. wakeningD. strengthening30. A. As a resultB. On the contraryC. In additionD. At the same time 阅读理解方法在测试中常用的阅读方法包括：1.顺序法：即先看文章，然后看试题，再回到文章查找有关信息。阅读时一般采用快速阅读法，注意关键词句和段落，找准主线，掌握大意，记住主要细节的分布点。2.逆向法：即先看试题，了解试题题干及各选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对相关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析和对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。3.标注法：即在通读短文和试题后，标注中心句并把与试题有关的词、句、段标注相应的题号。4.摘录法：即在阅读的同时把一些重要信息，特别是一些重要数据按一定的解题要求摘录到空白纸上。高考阅读理解题解题策略：1.细节理解题。需要快速通篇跳读，直至找到答案。2.猜测词义题。做此类题时，主要考虑的角度有：根据定义或解释；根据对比关系、因果关系、同等关系；根据同义词、近义词或反义词；根据构词法；根据经验或常识等。3.推理判断题：考生做推理判断题时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容，千万不可脱离原文而仅凭个人的看法主观臆断。4.主旨大意题：抓主题句，这是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。 阅读理解本身并没有什么特别大的技巧，真正做题做得好的人几乎是不会去用任何技巧的，技巧往往说得天花乱坠，阅读理解题目本身就是设置来拉开学生与学生之间的差距的部分，阅读理解并没有什么真正的捷径，只能说是把自己当时水平能力内的题目做完就行了，把自己本可以做好的题做好，再慢慢去提高自己的英语整体水平，才会使阅读理解有一个真正的上升，尽管如此，对于很多阅读分数不理想的学生而言，很多阅读分依然是不该丢的分，最开始首先要把疏忽的丢分找回，如果每次都疏忽丢分，那么就不仅仅是疏忽的问题了，有时候习惯就成为了自然，把原本会的内容偶读变成了不会，阅读理解首先考察的是翻译能力，除去对词汇量的要求，把自己所认识的单词认真的翻译正确，看上去也很简单，其实很难，对于很多同学即使每个单词都是认识的也经常翻译不准确，每次翻译都感觉大概意思懂了，但是联系起来却无法翻译到非常准确，心里面懂了意思，但就是无法用语言表达，而且模棱两可往往是丢分的关键。若时间不够，这里还有就是可以采取快速跳跃型阅读节约时间。 其次对于基础不强的学生而言，阅读所花时间往往太长，因此需要提高速度，阅读理解只有两个技巧真正可用，首先那就是看一道问题，做一道题，然后接着往后面做。注意顺序，答案的顺序往往同文章的顺序是相同的，其次是找关键字，找出问题或者答案中的关键字可以节约时间，也可以帮助找到正确答案，但是关键词并不是说它就是正确答案，关键词甚至并一定会出现在文中，它只是一个辅助。关键词可能会帮你找到答案，也有可能是让你少犯错误，少读一些内容，节约时间。找答案时当发现答案可能出现的时候要做好准备，把能够决定答案的句子勾画出来，而且要仔细再看看前后，有没有可能前后的句子会影响到答案。高中阅读理解几乎没有原句的答案，全是靠自己去翻译理解。同时可以适当使用排除法。AGoddington TheaterThe Goddington Theater Ticket Office is open from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. Monday to Friday, and for half an hour in the evening before the advertised start time of each performance.Telephone bookings Your tickets are held at the Ticket Office for you to collect or, if you prefer, a charge of 35 cents is made to post them to you if you pay by cash. Well post them to you for free if you book by credit card. No extra charge.Postal bookings You can write to the Ticket Office requesting tickets, or to confirm a reservation.Where to find Goddington Theater Goddington Theater can be found within the Goddington University site, next to the car park, which is available for public use after 5 p.m. on weekdays and all day on weekends.If travelling by car Coming from the south end of Princes Street, you will see the library on your right. Next to the library is Goddington University. Take the next turning on the right, then first right into the car park gate straight ahead of you, stopping as close as possible to the orange machine. Put a $ 1 coin in the machine and the gate will rise.If travelling by train/bus/ taxi You will need to allow 30 minutes to walk from the train station. Taxis are available from the front of the station. The University is a 5 to 10 minutes walk from the main bus station. When ordering a taxi from the theater, ask to be picked up at the bottom of North Street. Taxis will not come into the car park because of the entrance charge. 31. You can book your tickets _. A. at 9 a.m. on MondayB. at 5 p.m. on WednesdayC. at noon on workdaysD. at lunch time on weekends32. Where is the Goddington Theater? A. In the Goddington university. B. On the right of the Ticket Office.C. To the south of Princes Street.D. At the bottom of North Street.33. What can we learn from the passage?A. You can find a free parking place in the university.B. You have to collect your tickets if you pay by credit card.C. Tickets paid by cash will be posted to you at no extra charge.D. Taxi drivers are unwilling to pick up customers inside the car park.BNot many were surprised when Dustin Sherrard was chosen, among a team of five, to represent Ontario at WorldSkills Competition in Leipzig, Germany this year.The event, once known as the Skill Olympics, symbolizes the top of excellence in professional training where young skilled people from around the world compete in the skills of their various jobs measured against demanding international standard, which is hard to reach.The 21-year-old, who grew up in Englehart, Ont, didnt get a medal but the experience did wonders for his confidence. Sherrard had passion for carpentry (木工) and showed promise at a very young age. “I first got interested in woodmaking when I was in Grade 10,” he says. “I had taken wood shop before but it never became a hobby of mine until my school started to get hard wood into the shop classes.”“I realized how much fun woodworking was and took all the wood-shop classes I could and started spending time in the shop after school,” he says. “I got a summer job working with my uncle and used most of the money I made to buy woodworking tools and quickly turned my dads little shop into my own woodworking shop.” His skills and knowledge were sharpened and tested in the woodworking program.All this went a long way in preparing him for full-time employment and taught him what to expect when he started working.“The biggest challenge to secure a good job with my training and skill set would be to keep up with all the different products and new designs,” he says. “I have only been in the industry for a few years but even my boss, who has been doing this for many years, is still learning new things all the time.”Sherrards passion for his skill has brought him this far but his thirst for learning keeps pushing him further. Hes already planning to go back to school to study engineering.34. What can we know about WorldSkills Competition?A. It provides professional training.B. It is a top event for skilled youth.C. It is held in Germany every four years.D. It is a competition for skilled carpenters.35. How well did Dustin Sherrard do in the competition?A. He stood out.B. He lost confidence.C. He failed to get a medal.D. He got praised.36. What made Dustin Sherrard love woodworking?A. Fame.B. Confidence.C. Honour.D. Interest.37. What might Dustin Sherrard do next?A. Find a better job.B. Return to school to study.C. Work together with his uncle.D. Take part in more competitions.CStudents and Technology in the ClassroomI love my Blackberry its my little connection to the larger world that can go anywhere with me. I also love my laptop computer, as it holds all of my writing and thought. Despite this love of technology, I know that there are times when I need to move away from these devices (设备) and truly communicate with others.On occasion, I teach a course called History Matters for a group of higher education managers. My goals for the class include a full discussion of historical themes and ideas. Because I want students to thoroughly study the material and exchange their ideas with each other in the classroom. I have a rule no laptops, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule in advance of the class, some of them were not happy.Most students assume that my reasons for this rule include unpleasant experiences in the past with students misusing technology. Theres a bit of truth to that. Some students assume that I am anti-technology. Theres no truth in that at all. I love technology and try to keep up with it so I can relate to my students.The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is that I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversions and truly engage complex ideas. Interruptions by technology often break concentration and allow for too much dependence on outside information for ideas. I want students to dig deep within themselves for inspiration and ideas. I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course the material and the class discussion.Ive been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the educations reflect student satisfaction with the environment that I create. Students realize that with deep conversation and challenge, they learn at a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.Im not saying that I wont ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change. Im sticking to my plan. A few hours of technology-free dialogue is just too sweet to give up.38. Some of the students in the history class were unhappy with _.A. the course material B. others misuse of technology C. discussion topics D. the authors class regulations39. The underlined word “engage” in Paragraph 4 probably means _.A. exploreB. acceptC. changeD. reject 40. According to the author, the use of technology in the classroom may _.A. keep students from doing independent thinking B. encourage stu