立体车库翻译及原文.doc

毕业设计英文翻译原文 学生姓名学生姓名 学学 号 号 所在学院 所在学院 机械与动力工程学院 专专 业 业 机械工程及自动化 设计设计 论文论文 题目 题目 立体停车库的三维建模 指导教师 指导教师 2010 年 3 月 6 日 HIGH SECURITY PAID AUTOMATED SMART PARKING DESIGN SUMMARY An original futuristic permission based access automated gated parking system design for a large office park is described The proposed system uses WiFi cellular phones as the primary access technology license plate recognition via image processing as the secondary technology keypad entry as the third technology and verbal interchange as the last resort The office park encompasses 20 000 employees and has 132 access points to parking lots The strict access policy creates a high security office park Implementation cost is estimated at 5 9M A 0 50 per day parking charge per car is proposed generating 1 9M per year in offsetting revenue INTRODUCTION This paper provides a smart parking system design concept of operations While Palo Alto s Stanford Research Park SRP is the focus components of this scheme may be applied to other large office parks This design is intended to be a credible conceptual start that could serve as the basis for a detailed design and parking study PARKING DEMAND Willson s studies of five suburban office parks found an average of 49 percent empty parking spaces at peak utilization When the early research parks were built land was inexpensive so surface parking was preferred Thus there is a large opportunity to manage parking spaces more efficiently and make better use of the land SRP weekday peak parking demand is calculated as 14 600 parking spaces Currently there is about 1 parking space per employee in the research park 20 000 spaces in all Thus there are roughly 5 400 unused parking spaces representing roughly 44 acres of land assuming 350 square feet per parking space Normally landowners prefer to hold some excess in parking to ensure that there is sufficient parking should a building use change For instance changing a building use from software development to a call center results in more employees per leasable square foot generating increased parking demand In addition landowners also like to provide a cruising reserve It is not practical to provide parking on the assumption that every space will be fully utilized Some reserve capacity is needed to allow for cruising vehicles in search of a space vehicles un parking and for peak surges Thus a design safety factor should be applied to account for these conditions A design safety factor of 10 percent is suggested for most land uses OBJECTIVES Large office parks usually lack accurate data on the number of cars that are parked at any point in time Often a parking count study is conducted on an irregular basis A modern parking system can easily provide an instantaneous count of the number of parked vehicles This accurate quantification provides valuable information that can be used to justify land use changes The sheer scale of SRP facilitates implementation of a state of the art parking system A phased collaborative approach is advised Converting from unrestricted parking to automated gated operation is a significant task requiring additional expenses that are avoided when building from scratch Most SRP lots allow rapid unconstrained access and egress consequently a reservoir of space to buffer human interaction with access gates is missing In many of these lots an average gate interaction time of three seconds would have the undesirable result of backing up traffic into street bike lanes during morning peak Adding more gated lanes to solve queuing problems is an expensive option that is not explored further For reference free flowing access lanes serve 500 cars per hour exit lanes serve 250 400 cars per hour In converting from unconstrained to gated the concern is usually more with entering rather than exiting cars points out a McGann Parking employee PARKING SYSTEM GOALS Driver friendly transition from free to paid parking Minimize irritation with gates Manage access egress queues so that traffic flows smoothly Provide ability to escalate security during high terrorism threat Provide a system that not only works well for recurring parkers employees but also for the transient populations customers and visitors While high income credit card toting technology workers may be relatively easy to serve with advanced technology ensure that non English speaking cash only contractors also have successful interactions Enhance SRP security while allowing individual companies the flexibility to layer in additional security measures Successfully support the few high turnover sites within the greater research park such as the movie theatre banks and computer store Minimize capital and operational costs Minimize disruption during system installation minimize asphalt and concrete projects that tie up lots Operate lots without human attendants Operate most lots without parking enforcement make it impossible to violate the parking rules Allow the flexible sharing of parking lots between adjacent employers Follow an open systems approach with ability to enhance system capabilities Avoid being locked into proprietary technology Select technology that can also be used for employee ID badges building access control PARKING AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY Parking technology is undergoing a renaissance thanks to new ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems technology Each year performance is improving and price is dropping New technologies are being validated as reliable user accepted and cost effective The optimal SRP automation system will evolve as each year passes No matter which automation technologies are deployed one important system component is to rapidly identify either the vehicle or the driver Once a unique identification number is known then centralized control and billing can occur TRANSPONDERS Transponders are now common in the Bay Area used in the FasTrack electronic bridge toll collection system One vendor provides credit card sized battery free variants of the bridge toll transponders These cost 22 apiece read at slower speeds than 25 mph and are well suited for parking lot operation RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION RF ID RF ID tags are small radio tags that may be attached to a vehicle They operate in the same manner as cellular phone WiFi or Bluetooth identification The current disadvantages of RF ID are cost sensitivity to radio frequency interference and possible confusion between two approaching vehicles The emerging RF ID industry is working hard to address these disadvantages The industry s stated objective is to lower the cost of RF ID to the point where individual clothing items may be tagged and tracked Currently passive tags tags without batteries can be purchased for 2 in large volumes and readers procured for 2 000 plus mounting and power Such passive tags may be read from a distance of 5 feet or less so should be reliable in parking gate configurations RF ID can offer accurate read reliability upwards of 99 7 LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION LPR LPR technology uses image processing to identify vehicles by their license plate numbers A personal computer with a frame grabber card connects to video cameras focused on license plates Once a video image is captured algorithms detect the edges of the plate and then extract numbers and letters from within this area In California about ten percent of cars do not have front bumper plates so LPR systems must scan rear bumpers LPR systems often capture images and illuminate bumpers using the infrared spectrum to prove high accuracy during night time and overcast conditions Out of state and dirty plates tend to frustrate these systems For maintenance video camera lenses require periodic cleaning POLICY OPTIONS Parking automation provides many possibilities to reward or penalize different behaviors Automation also allows a high level of flexibility where differing policies may be implemented at different parking lots and land uses For instance carpools and vanpools could receive preferential treatment For instance a TMA policy might provide carpools with free parking waiving the 0 50 per day charge For tight supply applications NextSpace could prioritize convenient spaces for carpools and employees guiding solo drivers to less desirable lots Likewise the TMA could decide to discourage mid day cold start trips when the vehicle sits for more than one hour before being re started by directing the parking system to add charges for multiple exits per day As yet another example transient parkers could be granted ten free visits after which 0 50 per day parking charges would apply REFERENCES 1 Richard Willson Suburban parking economics and policy case studies of office worksites in Southern California Washington D C Federal Transit Administration University Research and Training Program 2 RIDES ORG 2002 Commute Profile RIDES ORG http rideshare 511 org research pdfs commuteprofile 2002 pdf 3 ULI Shared Parking 4 Parking Alternatives Making Way for Urban Infill and Brownfield Redevelopment http www smartgrowth org pdf PRKGDE04 pdf EPA document 231 K 99 001 Dec 99 5 Robert A Weant and Herbert S Levinson Parking Westport Conn P O Box 2055 Westport 06880 Eno Foundation for Transportation c1990 xv 335 p ill 28 cm 6 Steve Raney Suburban Silver Bullet PRT Shuttle Wireless Commute Assistant Using Cellular Location Tracking TRB 04 Accepted for publication Transportation Research Record http www cities21 org PRT Wireless TRB 111503 web doc 7 Transcore 8 License Plate Recognition A Tuturial White paper by Yoram Hofman Hi Tech solutions 9 Barcoding technology 10 Dambach s individual parking space monitoring and guidance system Directs cars to available parking spaces 11 Ryan Russo Planning for Residential Parking A Guide For Housing Developers and Planners by The Non Profit Housing Association of Northern California http dcrp ced berkeley edu students rrusso parking Developer 20Manual index htm Richard Willson Parking Management Toolkit Strategies for Action in BART Station Areas Oct 2000 And Parking Policy Development Workbook August 99 高性能收费式自动化智能停车库设计高性能收费式自动化智能停车库设计 摘要摘要 这里描述了一个为大型办公楼设计的具有独创性 前瞻性 和实用性的立 体停车系统 该系统以无线手机为主要访问技术 通过图像处理的车牌自动识 别技术为次要技术 键盘进入为第三技术 口头交流作为最后的手段 这个办 公楼停车场是一个拥有 20000 个车位和 132 个存取点的停车场 严格的准入政 策创造了具有极高的安全性的办公楼停车场 停车场的实施费用估计在 5 9 百 万美元左右 0 5 美元每天每辆车的收费方法 能在每年带来 1 9 百万美元的 收益 介绍介绍 本文提出了一个巧妙地停车系统设计 运营的概念 当帕洛阿尔托的史丹 佛研究区停车场成为焦点时 这个计划的部分就可以应用到其他大型写字楼停 车场了 这个设计的目的是使一个可以作为停车场设计基础的正确概念开始实 行 停车需求停车需求 威尔森的研究发现五郊区写字楼停车场在峰值时的平均利用率为 49 的空 泊车位 在早期研究决定建造停车场时 土地很便宜 所以面停车是最好的解 决方式 也就是说 眼前有一个巨大的机会来更有效地管理停车位 更好地利 用土地资源 SRP 的工作日早晚高峰值停车需求是 14 600 泊车位 目前在总停车位在 20000 个的停车场里 每个雇员大约拥有 1 个停车位 因此 大约有 5 400 个不 用的泊车位 这占据了大约 44 英亩的土地 假设 350 平方英尺 停车空间 通常 地主会以改变建筑物的用途来实现多一点的泊车来源的目的 以确 保足够的停车 例如 将一个建筑物的使用从软件的发展改变到呼叫中心 从 而使每个单位的平方英尺土地上拥有更多的员工 以此来增加停车需求 此外 地主也喜欢提供一个 巡航储备 在每一寸空间都被充分利用的前提下实现停车是不现实的 一些储备容 量是必须的 以此来允许巡航车辆寻找停车空间 车辆进出 和应付高峰汹涌时 期 因此 设计时应采用稳定安全系数来确保这些条件的实施 设计的安全系数 建 议以 10 最大土地使用情况为准 目标目标 大型写字楼通常缺少在每个时间段的精确停车数量 通常停车数据研究是 建立在一个不规则的基础上的 一个现代化的停车系统能方便地提供一个瞬时 数据以此来反映停着的汽车的数量 这些准确的数字提供了一个可以用来说明 土地利用变化的有价值的资料 SRP 的庞大的规模有利于国家的最先进的停车场管理系统的实施 一个分 阶段 合作的方法被提出 从不受限制的停车场到自动化的转换 门控操作是一项重大任务 它要求 在开始建设时就避免额外的开支 大多数 SRP 的地段允许快速 无约束进出 因此 用来缓冲人与人间互动的水库的空间与通道闸消失了 在许多这些地段 在早上繁忙的时间里 在门的每三秒相互作用的时间里都会造成交通堵塞一直 到自行车道的不良后果 用添加更多的门控通道的方法来解决排队问题是很昂 贵的 所以不作进一步探究 作为参考 自由流动的入境通道每小时进入 500 辆车 出境通道每小时 250 400 辆 在我们由无限制转换为门控后 值得关 注的是汽车通常更多的是进入 而不是退出 麦加停车场的一个员工点出 泊车系统目标泊车系统目标 实现从免费到付费停车的友好过渡 尽量减少刺激性的大门 管理进入 输出队列 使交通畅通无阻 在高恐怖主义威胁下提供升级的安全能力 提供一个不仅可以很好的用于员工 还可以用于一些短暂停留的人口 如客户和访问者 的系统 而高收入 以信用卡消费的工人相对容易接受一 些先进技术的服务 确保非英语为母语的承建商的现金也能成功地相互作用 加强 SRP 的安全 同时加强个别公司灵活进入这一层的保安措施 成功地支持少数几个高营业额的包括更大的停车场的站点 如电影院 银行和计算机商店 最大限度地减少资本和运营成本 在系统安装中中断最小化 减少沥青和具体项目占用土地 无需大量人工操作人员 在没有不准停车规定的地段操作 使人们不可能违反停车规则 允许相邻雇主的停车场灵活共享 遵循一个有能力增强系统功能的开放系统的方法 避免被专利技术锁定 选择技术也可用于员工的 ID 徽章 建筑的访问控制 停车场自动化技术停车场自动化技术 停车技术正在经历一场复兴 这要归功于新的 ITS 智能交通系统 技术 停车技术每一年的表现都有所改善 价格在下降 新技术正在被验证为可靠的 被用户所接受的和有效的 随着时间的流逝 最优的 SRP 自动化系统将应运而 生 无论被部署的是什么自动化系统 一个重要的系统组件是迅速查明进入的 车辆或驾驶员 转发器转发器 在湾区大桥在 FasTrack 电子收费系统上使用的转发器是现在常见的 一个 供应商提供信用卡般大小 免电池的大桥收费转发器的变种 这些费用每人 22 美元 在读速慢于 25 英里时收取 这是停车场经营的理想选择 无线电频率识别 射频标识 无线电频率识别 射频标识 射频 ID 标签是连接到车辆的接受标签 它们以蜂窝无线电话或蓝牙识别的 相同方式工作 目前的 RF ID 的缺点是成本 敏感的无线电频率干扰和两辆相 近汽车之间的混乱 新兴的射频辨识系统产业正在努力解决这些缺点 该行业 的明确目标是降低成本的射频识别码的地方可能是个人衣物标签和跟踪点 目 前 被动式标签 不用电池的标签 就可以以 2 美元的价格大量的买到 检测 装置可以花 2000 美元买到 另加安装和电源 这种无源标签可读取的范围为 5 英尺或更少 所以必须在停车场门口配置才可靠 射频 ID 可以提供精确的数 据读取的可靠性为 99 7 以上 车牌识别 车牌识别 LPR 车牌识别技术是利用影像处理通过车牌号来识别车辆 用一台拥有 图像 采集卡 的个人计算机连接到无线摄像机上可以用于聚焦车牌 一旦图像被捕 获 算法会检测出板材的边缘 然后提取该领域内的数字和字母 在加州 约 有百分之十的车前保险杠没有板 所以 LPR 系统必须扫描前后保险杠 车牌识 别系统通常使用红外光谱拍摄图像和照亮保险杠 以保证在夜间和阴天条件时 的高精度 射程之外和脏车牌通常可以蒙蔽这些系统 为了维护 摄像机镜头 需定期清洗 政策选择政策选择 停车场自动化提供了许多可能性来奖励或惩罚不同的行为 自动化也允许 高度的灵活性 在不同的停车场可以用不同的政策和不同的土地使用方法 例 如 合伙用车和 vanpools 可以得到优惠的待遇 例如 一个公会的政策可能会 让合伙用车免费停车 减免掉每天 0 5 美元的费用 对于 紧急供给 的应用 NextSpace 可以优先考虑给合伙用车以及员工比较方便的位置 再引导单独司 机去稍差一点的地方 同样 公会可以决定