改进动力系统带来利润汽车车辆课程毕业设计外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

外文资料翻译 1 Powering profits How PSA is extracting more performance and profit from a new 2.2-litre engine The ongoing success of the co-operation between PSA Peugeot Citroen and Ford (See Feature, page 38) is further illustrated by the introduction of an all-new 2.2-litre diesel engine for passenger cars. The inline four-cylinder engine was not included in the original framework agreement, signed in 1998. Its development suggests that the two groups are doing well out of the partnership. The new 2.2-litre diesel engine resulting from the technical alliance between PSA and Ford was designed to meet an ambitious target. It had to offer the driveability of the best 2.5-litre engines on the market as well as better fuel efficiency and emissions levels. The engine will be used on a number of platforms for upper mid-rang and executive cars produced by both manufacturers. The engineers also faced the challenge of improving pedestrian protection to meet incoming European legislation and to improve the engines noise characteristics. Because downsizing had proved effective in earlier phases of their co-operation, PSA and Ford opted to keep the new engine small. They set the displacement at 2.2-litres to reduce fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, without sacrificing any of its performance features. The engine takes some interesting approaches in its design . Its “extreme conventional combustion system” (ECCS) features a combustion chamber design that reduces emissions by 30 percent while improving performance and noise. The combustion chamber has a large diameter and low compression ratio, which produces a more uniform air/fuel mix. The size of the combustion chamber limits the amount of fuel in contact with the walls. This makes combustion more efficient. 外文资料翻译 2 The pistons geometry had to be altered to create a 25 percent larger diameter combustion chamber compared with the previous engine generation. To withstand the extra stress and heat, the pistons had to be aluminium. The metal has very high mechanical and thermal properties. The special geometry also significantly reduced swirl in the combustion chamber, thereby reducing heat loss to the walls and improving the engines efficiency. As a result, fuel efficiency under all driving conditions improved by 2 percent compared to the previous generation. Remarkably, the new ECCS system did not require any changes in the production tooling for PSAs DW family of engines. Parts are common to the other engines produced in this plant. The engines common rail is a third-generation Bosch system that operates at a pressure of 1800 bar. The system uses piezoelectric injectors with seven 135 m nozzles. These can make up to six injections per cycle, make fuel dosing more precise. This in turn enhances management of the introduction rate, the ratio of the amount of diesel injected to the injection spray is finer, which reduces emissions, since the air/diesel mix is more uniform. All the cars powered by the new engine will be equipped with maintenances-based filter technology, while Ford will use a catalyst-based filter. To enhance drive ability, particularly the torque delivered at low revs, turbos were essential. PSA engineers developed two turbo charging systems for different versions of the engine in partnership with turbo firm Honeywell. The more powerful 125KW version uses a parallel sequential dual turbo. This reaches a peak torque of 400Nm at just 1750rpm. Using a small, low-inertia turbo makes the same size kicks in at 2700rpm. Both turbos are controlled by the engine management system. A second version, which can produce between 115 and 125 KW, uses a single variable geometry turbo. This reaches 400Nm at 2000rpm and will be used for applications that do not require the bi-turbo boost at low engine speed. Electrical control enables precise, fast management of the turbos variable geometry to optimize boost pressure across the entire operating range. 外文资料翻译 3 Despite the extra kit on the engine, the overall engine height is 40mm less than its predecessor. Its compact size will allow it to be used in a greater number of vehicles by the manufacturers. It also makes the engine less likely to injure a pedestrian in the event of an accident. Performance, rather than pedestrian safety was the main priority, however. The reduction an size is the result of extensive re-engineering work on the engines top end. The cylinder head has a single cooling flow, which also reduces heat loss, and is made from an aluminum-copper alloy. The properties of the material give better thermo-mechanical performance. The uniform water system cools the cylinder head precisely, reducing the amount of water used and simplifying the process. A double-wall crankcase was developed for the project to reduce the noise radiated from the engine by three decibels; significant in terms of customer perception, says PSA. A fast response throttle intake system is actuated when engine is shut-off to avoid any vibration when the driver stops the car. And two counter-rotating balance shafts keep vibration on the inline unit to a minimum. The engine will be manufactured at PSAs tremery plant in France, the worlds largest diesel factory. In 2005, its 4637 engineers and production workers produced 1.2 million units. The facility uses batch production to avoid assembly errors caused by changing from one model to another. The batches are very large with several hundred identical engines following each other on the line. The 2.2-litre unit will be subject to the same “red card” sysem as others at the plant. Engines are checked after each assembly station. If a defect is spotted, the complete engine is scrapped. No reworking can be performed on the line, so that high quality is built into every engine from the outset. It sounds costly, but PSAs research has shown that the reduct ion in warranty costs greatly outweighs any additional production costs. The overall investment for designing and producing the new engine is EUR 212m (RMB 2.1bn). research and development costs came to EUR 127m (RMB 1.3bn). By using existing tooling with only specific technical improvements, 外文资料翻译 4 production investment was limited to just EUR 85m (RMB 850m). More than 300 people will be assigned to production of the engine. Built on the same line as PSAs 2.0-litre engine, the use of existing tooling and processes meant that it took just 3300 hours of training for the operators to adapt their skills to the changes in their workstations. PSA has reserved a capacity of 200000 2.2-litre units a year on the line. Considering that the current 2.2-litre engine is only produced at levels of 70000 a year, the French carmakers confidence in its latest creation must be high. 外文资料翻译 5 改进动力系统带来利润 标志雪铁龙集团如何从一种新型 2.2 升发动机获取更多性能及利润 轿车全新式 2.2 升柴油机的问世进一步阐明了标志雪铁龙集团与福特公司之间合作的成功（参阅特别报道，第 38 页）。直列四缸动机不包括在 1998年签署的原始框架协议之内，它的开 发表明双方合作关系良好。 源于标志雪铁龙集团与福特公司技术合作的新型 2.2 升柴油机为实现宏伟目标而设计。它必须具有市面上 2.5 升最佳发动机的驱动性能，同时还具有较好的燃料效率及排放标准。 该发动机将用于双方制造商的中高级汽车等多种平台。工程师也面临着提高行人保护措施，从而符合即将来临的欧洲立法及改善发动机噪声性能的难题。 由于其早期合作证明规模缩小十分有效，标志雪铁龙集团与公司决定仍将新型发动机设计为小型发动机。他们在不损失其任何性能特点的基础上，将 2.2 升排量的发动机设计为可减少燃料消耗及二氧化碳排放物的 形式。 该发动机在其设计过程中采用了一些有趣的方案。它的“极其传统的燃烧系统（ ECCS）”具有一个燃烧室结构，该结构能够在改善其性能及噪声的基础上减少 30%的排放物。 该燃烧室较大的直径及较低压缩比，这能够生成更加均匀的空气与燃料混合物。燃烧室的尺寸能够限制与内壁接触的燃料数量。这能够使燃料更加有效。 与先前发动机类别相比，活塞的几何结构不得不改动以形成一个直径比原来大 25%的燃烧室。为承受额外应力及热量，活塞必须采用铝制结构。因为它具有非常高的机械及热性能。 这一特殊的几何结构也大大降低燃烧室中的涡流，从 而减少了内壁热损失并改善了发动机效率。因此，与上一代发动机相比，所有驱动下的燃料效率提高了 2%。 最显著的特点是新型 ECCS 系统无须改变标志雪铁龙集团 DW 系列发动机外文资料翻译 6 的生产工装。其零件与在该工厂生产的其他发动机相同。 该发动机的共轨采用了第三代博世系统，这一系统可在 1800 巴压力下运行。该系统采用了压电喷油嘴及七个 135 微米的喷嘴。这些装置每个循环可形成六次喷射，能够保证燃料喷射量更加精确。这也同时提高了对引入率的控制或柴油喷射量与喷射时间的比率。喷射射流较细有利于减少排放物，因为空气与柴油混合物更均匀。 所 有由这种新型发动机驱动的汽车都将配备无须维护的柴油颗粒过滤器。标志雪铁龙集团将采用一种基于添加剂的过滤器技术，而福特公司将采用一种基于催化剂的过滤器。 为了提高驱动性能，特别是提高低转速时的扭矩，涡轮是必须的装置。标志雪铁龙集团的工程师与霍尼韦尔涡轮公司合作，针对不同版本的发动机开发了两种涡轮增压系统。 功率较强的 125KW 版本的发动机采用了一个平行连续复式涡轮。这使发动机仅在 1750 转时就可达到 400Nm 的峰值扭距。采用一种小型，低惯性的涡轮使发动机即使在较低转速时也可响应。因为它太小以至于无法覆盖发动机整个工作范围，第二个同样大小的涡轮可以在 2700 转 /分钟时冲入。两个涡轮都由发动机操纵系统控制。 第二个版本发动机能够生成 115 至 125KW 的功率，该发动机采用了一种单式可变几何涡轮。该涡轮可使发动机在 2000 转 /分钟时达到 400Nm 扭矩，而且它将被应用于在较低发动机转速时无须双涡轮增压的领域。电动控制系统能够精确，快捷的控制涡轮的可变几何结构一边在整个工作范围内增压。 尽管该发动机上设有额外装置，但是整个发动机高度比它上一代少 40毫米。由于其具有尺寸紧凑的特点 因