专升本大学英语语法单项复习--定语从句word 高考.doc

大学英语语法单项复习定语从句（形容词性从句）n 基础知识；定语从句概念和作用n 引导词n 引导词的作用n 重点考察知识：1。先行词的用法2. 限定性和非限定性从句区分3. 关系代词在限制性定语从句中的用法4. 关系代词在非限制性定语从句中的用法5. 介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句6.名词/代词+介词+关系代词-引导的定语从句定语从句： 在复合句中起定于作用的从句n 定语从句作用是限制描绘和说明主句中的某一个单词、短语和另一从句或者整个主句。由关系代词和关系副词引导。n 关系代词： who whom whose which that as but 关系限定词：whose whichn 关系副词：when where why thatn 关系词除引导从句外，还在从句中指代先行词，并担任某一句子成分。先行词/先行项；指被关系词所指代，并被定语从句所限制、描绘、和说明的对象。n 1.单词：通常是名词或代词，有时可是形容词n All that glitters is not gold n 闪光的不都是金子n 2.短语：n she is very attentive in class, which he rarely isn 她在课堂上聚精会神，而他是少见的。n 3.另一从句： n she said that her son would become an artist, which I thought possible.n 4.整个主句：n he refused to come, which I had expectedn 限制性和非限制性定语从句区别n 1.从结构上看：逗号 口语停顿n 2.从功能上看：限制性对先行词意义不明确的人或物加以限制和识别，去掉不能确切表达所指意义。 n Anyone who said this must be a fool.n 非限制是对先行词意义已经明确或独一无二的人或物加以补充说明，去掉不影响所指意义。n The book was left by Tom, who was here yesterday.n 试比较下面两个句子n They have two children who are still at schooln 他们有两个还在上学的孩子（他们不止有两个孩子）n They have two children, who are still at school.n 他们有两个,还在上学的孩子（他们只有两个孩子）n 3.从修饰对象看：n 限制性修饰先行词为名词、代词，通常不包括专有名词n 非限制性修饰可是名词、段云、另一从句、整个主句。另外他不能修饰作为先行词的不定代词。n 4.关系词的使用和省略上看n 非限不能使用that but why ,关系词不能省略；限制性关系词有时可以省略。5.从语义上看：非限制在语义上有时相当于一个并列分句，有时相当于一个状语从句，表示目的、结果、原因、条件和让步等意义。n He is recovering quickly, which I am glad to hear(=he is recovering quickly, and I am glad to hear that)n He is a movie fan, which I am not (he is a movie fan while I am not)n Last year he had a stroke, which seriously affected his health.结果n The girl, who is only sixteen years of age, is determined to be a mathematician. 让步关系词在限制性定语从句中的用法1、关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that ,as, but.n Who 指人 作主语复数意义的集合名词n The man who robbed you has been arrested.n The girls who serve in the shop are the owners daughters.n The family who are all football fans are now taking a holidayWhom 指人做宾格，作动词和介词宾语，并常省略，作介宾时，介词可放前后n The student whom you saw in the street is my brother.n Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working.Whose 是who的所有格形式，在从句中作修饰语，通常指人，但也可指物和动物n The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.n Employees whose work is of a higher standard receive higher wages.n Of which是which 的所有格，用于指物，但通常在正式文体中使用，上面可改为n The house the windows of which are broken is unoccupied.Which用于指物，从句中作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语，再作宾语时常省略，介词可位之前和句尾，n The world in which we live (which we live in ) is in constant motion and constant change.我们生活的世界处于不断运动和不断的变化之中。n Which 指婴儿、动物和表示单数意义的集合名词n The baby which the nurse brought in was Toms child.n The dog which he kept barked furiously The audience which is composed entirely of students is larger than ever.n 还可以指人的职业、地位或品格，在句中作宾语或主补语，如：n He is exactly the man (which) such an education was likely to form.n After leaving school ,he became an artist which his parents wanted him to be. That n 既可指人，又可指物，在从句中通常作主语、动词宾语或介词宾语，并常可代替who、whom或which.在作动词宾语或介词宾语时常省略，但在做介词宾语时介词必须位于句末，而不能位于that之前，如：n The actress (that/whom/who) he admired so much died last week.n The person (that/whom/who) you were talking about is the manager.That还可以在从句中作主语补语或宾语补语，并常省略，如：n He does not seem to be the man that he wasn 另外，that还可以与 the same或 such连用作主语或宾语.如：n This is the same hat that I was wearing a year ago.as 既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、动词宾语或主语补语，具体：用法如下：n 与the same 连用，如:n They are doing the same work as I did last year.n This is the same thing as we are in need of.n 与such连用，如:n Such people as know Tom think he is honest.n I will lend you such books as will interest you .n 与so连用，如:n We witnessed so exciting a sight as we had never dreamed of.与as连用，如：n There are as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.n 需要说明的一点是，as在限制性定语从句的作用有时相当也关系副词，如:n Meet me at the same place as you did yesterday.n Butn but 相当于thatnot/whonot/whichnot.它仅在表示否定意义的主语后面使用，在从句中只能作主语，既可指人又可指物，如：n There is not one of us but wishes(=who dose not wish) to help you.No man in the room but had(=who didnt have) tears in his eyes.n Whenn when 指代表时间的先行项，在从句中作时间状语，在语义上相当于“介词”+which”,在口语中 when 常省略，如：n The days when(= in which) he found travel without a passport are a thing of the past. n Wheren where 指代表表示地点的先行项，在从句中作地点状语，在语义上相当于“介词”+which”,当先行项为place 时，where可省略，如：n This is the town where(=in which) he was born.whyWhy 在从句中作原因状语，在语义上相当于for which,其先行项只有reason 一词，在口语中why常省略，如：These are the reasons why we did it.That作时间状语:that 可替代when或“介词+which”,可省略,如：It was the first time that(=when=in which) I hat been there.作地点状语：当先行项为place 时，that可代替where或at which,可省略，如:n That is the place that(=where=at which) he stayed he was in London.n 作原因状语：that 可代替why或for which ,如：n The reason that(=why=for which) he gave up his studies is not clear to me.n 作方式状语：先行项为way ,that 可代替in which,常省略，如：n I dont like the way that(=in which) he eye me作其它状语：that 可代替”介词+关系代词”，并常省略。如：n He drove at the speed that(=at which) be could not stop.关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法n 关系代词who ,whom ,whose ,which ,asn Who 用于指人，在从句中通常作主语，如：n He met Mary ,who invited him to dinner.n Who 还可以指动物或表示复数意义的集合名词，如：n Our dog ,Spot, who is seven years old ,is a great favourite with the family.n Who 也可在非正式文体或口语中代替whom作动词宾语或介词宾语。在作介词宾语时，介词须位于句末。Whom whom 用于指人，在从句中作动词宾语或介词宾语，在作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末，如： I gave the book to Tom, whom/who I found after the meeting.Whose 用于指人，也可以指物，在从句中作修饰语，如：Those boys are annoying us ,whose names we dont know.WhichWhich作为关系代词在非限制性定语从句中的先行项可以是单词（包括表示物的名词、表示人的职业、地位、品味等的名词，表示单数意义的集合名词和形容词）、短语、另一个从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语或主语补语。还可以作为关系限定词在从句中作修饰语，具有这种作用的which又被称为关系形容词。作为关系代词的用法：a.指代表示物的名词，如：His latest play, which was well reviewed by the critics ,has been a great success.b.指代表婴儿或动物的名词，如：He kissed the baby , which was in its mothers arms.c.指代表示人的职业、地位、品格等的名词，如：He became a scholar ,which I was not.d.指代表示单数意义的集合名词，如：The London team ,which played so well last season ,has done badly this season.e.指代形容词，如：He thought me impatient, which he himself was.f.指代短语，如：We had to sleep in our wet clothes ,which was most uncomfortable. g.指代另一个从句，如：n He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.n h.指代整个主句，如：n Things then improved , which surprises me.n 作为关系限定词的用法：n Which 作为关系限定词，用于指代主句中的某一单词、短语或整个主句，其用法特点是，在which的后面要紧接一个它所修饰的能对先行项的内容起概括作用的名词。n a.指代名词，如：n He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today.b.指代短语，如：n He suggested going there on foot ,which idea I was opposed to.n c.指代整个主句，如：n He may be late ,in which case we have to wait for him.n Asn as在非限制性定语从句中可指代名词、形容词、短语、另一个从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语或主语补语，如：n 指代名词，如：n He seemed a foreigner , as in fact he is.n 指代形容词，如：n David is tall , as are my brothers.n 指代短语，如：n It is absolutely wrong to think this method useless ,as quite a few people did before指代另一个从句，如：n If he comes late ,as is usual, for another time ,we will not receive him.n 指代整个主句，从句可位于句首、句中或句末，如：n As was expected ,he performed the task with success.n 关系副词when ,wheren Whenn when 在从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的先行项，如：n He graduated last summer , when a terrible drought hit his hometown.n 有时when有介词by ,since ,until ,before等一起使用，这时的when的作用相当代词，如：n They left on Monday ,since ,when(=since which time) we have heard nothing. Wheren Where在从句中作地点状语，指代表地点的先行项，如：n He was taken to the police station, where he began to make a full confession.n 有时where与from等介词一起使用，这时它的作用相当也代词，n 如：n We went up to the roof, from where(=from which place) we had a good view of the parading processions.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句n “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句多用于正式文体。能作这种用法的关系代词有which ,whom和whose.在这种用法中介词的选择取决也上下文：要么与先行项的搭配有关，要么与后面的动词搭配有关。现把这类定语从句的各种使用情况介绍如下：n 限制性定语从句：n 常见的情况是，在正式文体中，介词位于关系代词之前，在非正式文体或口语中，介词位于句末，而且把关系代词省略，如：n I have read the poem of which she is speaking /(which) she is speaking of.当介词of与关系代词所构成的介词短语在从句中作定语时，of不可移到句末，如：n We found a house of which the roof(=whose roof/the roof of which) had been damaged.n 介词通常位于whose之前，有时也可以位于句末，如：n The family at whose house we stayed/whose house we stayed at are friends of my fathers.n 下面这个句子中的介词of只能位于whose 前：n The house of whose park this lake was the chief ornament has been damaged.n 无动词搭配、表示所属关系、当介词与从语中的动词没有依赖关系时，无论在何种文体中，介词必须位于关系代词之前，如：n He signed an agreement under which he would be entitled to a commission on sales.n 语义上相当于一个简单动词的多词动词中的介词不论在何种文体中都必须位于句末，如：n The person (whom/that) he takes after is his mother. n 非限制性定语从句：n 介词通常位于关系代词之前，如：n They thanked Tom ,without whose support they would not have succeeded.语义上相当于一个简单动词的多词动词中的介词必须位于句末。如：n They dont put any faith in his promises