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扬州大学本科生毕业设计(论文)外文科技文献译文译文题目马来西亚建筑业的价值管理研究(外文题目)Value Management Study to the Malaysian Construction Industry学 院建筑科学与工程学院专 业(系)工程管理学 号081403227学生姓名张瑞忠日 期2012年5月20日 指导教师签名 日期 扬州大学本科生毕业设计(外文科技文献)马来西亚建造业的价值管理研究Aini Jaapar建筑学院,规划与测量,来西亚玛拉工艺大学 ,Shah Alam,雪兰莪州,马来西亚【摘要】这项研究的重大贡献是发现了当前在马来西亚实施的虚拟经营,并且为马来西亚的建筑业提出了可行性的虚拟经营指导方针。这是一种混合方法的结果,这种混合方法是由三角测量式的数据收集和级联探索研究的实施得到的。提出虚拟经营指导方针的过程是从数据中得到的,这些数据的是由设计方法的定量结果和定性结论结合而成。为了描绘马来西亚建筑业虚拟经营领域的前景,必须把文件、文学评论、调查、访问笔记和观测数据全面融合,这样才能得到所需要的数据。【关键词】级联探索性研究;马来西亚建筑业;混合方法设计;价值管理。引言本研究的主旨和重点是马来西亚建筑业的虚拟经营。虚拟经营在这里被定义为一种多学科、团队协作、有组织、有分析的工作过程,并且能够通过系统的分析找出设计和施工过程中的最佳方案,以满足客户感知需求的经营模式。这篇文章的基本原则是:通过使用级联探索研究,运用混合方法进行设计,并对应用于马来西亚建筑业虚拟经营研究的组成部分提供了相应的指导。这项研究的重大贡献是揭示了当前虚拟经营在马来西亚的实施现象,并且为马来西亚的建筑业提出了可行性的虚拟经营指导方针。这是通过探讨三角测量数据的收集和级联探索研究的使用两种方法相结合得到的结果。在国际上,虚拟经营已经被确认为一个新型的范例,它侧重于提供给客户源源不断附加价,在近期建设项目管理中作为一个被广泛接受的重要工具(Ellis, Wood et al. 2005)。在国际上,建筑业是虚拟经营的一个重要应用领域(Kelly, Male et al. 2004)。虚拟经营对于项目的成功是至关重要的,它给建设过程中提高资金利用价值奠定了基础(Ashworth & Hogg 2000)。虚拟经营侧重于价值而非成本,并且能够提供在建筑过程中的一个集成方法能使时间、成本和质量之间寻求到了一个最佳的平衡(Kelly, Male et al. 2004)。目前,在建筑行业中,这种方法还没有其他的管理机构中提出来(Kelly & Male 1991)。因此,对它的功能要求及寻求整体的优化都进行了相应的探讨(Shen 1995)。后来Liu (2003)强调了建筑业中虚拟经营实施的重要性,因为已经证实如果能够正确使用虚拟经营,那就能为客户带来非凡的效益。随着马来西亚正逐步成为发达国家,在马来西亚的发展过程中,建筑业所做的贡献也是非常重要的。在这样的背景下虚拟经营被认为是有价值的,原因就在于它的应用使得建设项目可以有效地资金节约,实现更好的价值和更好功能。虽然虚拟经营在马来西亚建筑业中首次引入是在1986年(Jaapar & Torrance 2005),当时它尚未在马来西亚建筑业中广泛实行。然而,一个成功虚拟经营应用案例已经在马来西亚建筑业中出现 (Hussein 1998; Che Mat 1999; Karim 1999; Jaapar 2000; Sulaiman 2000; Che Mat 2002; Abdul Ghani 2002, Shamsuddin 2002; Tamim 2002; Sareh 2003; Yahya 2003; Jaapar & Torrance 2005, Che Mat 2006),通过号召式的引导,并采取积极的措施,能充分发挥虚拟经营在同行业中的作用。研究的目的本研究的主要目的是为马来西亚建筑业客户发现未来收益并开发虚拟经营的应用。因此,通过对应用于马来西亚建筑业虚拟经营的背景做调查,使得在马来西亚建筑业实际应用中的虚拟经营指导方针得到了发展。研究问题这项研究的一个关键问题是我们如何知道一个项目已经实施了虚拟经营的理念,同时还要看到有关这项研究的其它重要问题,例如,马来西亚建筑业中应用的虚拟经营,目前的发展状态是什么?在实践中能否被接受它的应用?如何实现及如何开发一个可持续与切实可行的虚拟经营框架,使它与马来西亚建筑业的相吻合等。目标本研究的目标是确定在马来西亚建筑业中实施虚拟经营的特点。具体来说,这项研究的目标是对所实施的虚拟经营的事态发展和执行过程做调查;根据与马来西亚建筑业需求相一致的价值的方法及发展的可持续、可行的虚拟经营的框架来确定在马来西亚建筑业中虚拟经营是否已经实现。研究设计研究设计是将经验数据与研究结论相结合的完整过程;从概念化的问题开始,直到数据收集和分析以及报告过程(Yin 1994; Creswell 1998)。图2的功能是通过研究获得的证据让研究者回答最初的问题“怎样从已实施的项目中了解虚拟经营的概念,并且越明确越好。” (de Vaus 2001). 级联探索研究方法(Stebbins 2001)的使用要归功于研究者所积累的专业知识(Stebbins 2001 and Mason 2002),他们过去对虚拟经营研究所得到的研究经验和认识成为了后来研究此项目的一笔财富。级联探索研究方法是非常重要的,因为在马来西亚的建筑业中,并没有多少人了解虚拟经营的情况。采用级联探索的优势在于它为研究者提供了一个推动虚拟经营发展的机会,使虚拟经营向方式多样理论严谨的方向发展。(Stebbins 2001)。在虚拟经营中,通过运用混合方法设计达到定性和定量的要求,在很大程度上来说是被允许的。这种探索方式为研究人员建立了一个描述性平台,让他们进一步描述在马来西亚建筑业中虚拟经营的情况,方便他们进行广泛的前期工作。描述问题集中于在虚拟经营过程中发生的或者已经发生了的事件。 在这项研究能够通过设计一个严格且全面的方式来提出虚拟经营指导方针之前,这种探索方式还提供了一个更好的平台,使得人们能熟悉和了解实践在马来西亚背景下的虚拟经营。从客户和他们的顾问角度出发,它还提供了有关虚拟经营这方面的描述和介绍性研究。这使得虚拟经营的实践应用是否符合国际惯例以及对已应用于马来西亚项目中的虚拟经营给我们的启示都有了进一步的调查研究。在考虑到整个马来西亚建筑业虚拟经营的实施之前,这个信息是至关重要的,应该让客户以及他们的顾问了解自己未来项目中虚拟经营的如何实施。制定研究目标Phase 6 Semi-Structured Open Response Interviews 半结构化的公开回应访谈 Phase 5 第5期 VM Documents 虚拟机文件 Page 5 第5页 The concatenated exploratory approach (Stebbins 2001) has been employed due to 由于级联的探索方法(斯特宾斯2001)已聘请 the researchers cumulative expertise (Stebbins 2001 and Mason 2002) on past 研究者(斯特宾斯2001年和2002年梅森)在过去累积的专业知识 research experience and knowledge towards VM which was able to be capitalised by 研究的经验和对虚拟机的知识,这是能够被资本化 the research. 这项研究。 This element was important as not much was known about the situation 此元素是很重要的,没有太大的有关情况 of VM in the Malaysian construction industry. 在马来西亚建筑业的虚拟机。 The strength of the concatenated 实力级联 exploration adopted was that it provided a venue of opportunity for the researcher to 通过勘探是,它为研究员提供了一个机会的场所 push the development of VM toward increased methodological and theoretical rigour 推动发展朝增加的方法和理论严谨的VM (Stebbins 2001) which was acquired through quantitative and qualitative approaches (斯特宾斯2001年)获得通过定性和定量的方法 by using mixed methodology design to the maximum extent allowed. 通过使用混合方法设计允许的最大程度。 The exploratory approach also created a descriptive platform for the researcher to 探索方法也创建一个描述性的平台,为研究员 conduct extensive preliminary works to further describe the VM situation in the 进行大量的前期工作,进一步描述了在VM情况 Malaysian construction industry. 马来西亚建筑业。 The descriptive approach focused on the events that 侧重于事件的描述方法 are in process or have already taken place. 在过程中或已经发生。 It provided the research with greater 它提供了更大的研究 familiarity and understanding platform towards the practice of VM in the Malaysian 对VM的做法在马来西亚的熟悉和了解的平台 context before the research was able to design a rigorous and comprehensive 之前的研究中能够设计严格而全面的 methodology to produce the VM Guidelines. 生产的VM准则的方法。 It also provides the research with a profile or descriptions on relevant aspects of VM 它还提供了相关方面的虚拟机配置文件或描述的研究 from the perspective of the clients and their consultants. 从客户的角度和他们的顾问。 The results led to further 结果导致进一步的 investigation whether the application and practiced VM was consistent with the 调查实践应用和虚拟机是否符合 international practices and what could be learned from projects in Malaysia that had 在马来西亚的项目可以学到国际惯例和 applied VM. 应用虚拟机。 This information was vital before even considering the VM 此信息是至关重要的,之前甚至考虑在VM implementation to the overall Malaysian construction industry, should the clients and 实施整体的马来西亚建筑行业,应客户和 their advisors consider the VM application for their future projects. 他们的顾问考虑VM的应用,为他们未来的项目。 By employing the exploratory approach towards the research, it was discovered that 通过采用对研究探索的方法,它被发现 this research would have to adopt both types of qualitative and quantitative techniques 本研究将采取定性和定量技术的两种类型 of data collection to ensure that the methodology is robust and able to meet the 收集数据,以确保该方法是可靠和能够满足 research objectives. 研究目标。 Both types of qualitative and quantitative techniques were 定性和定量技术的两种类型分别为 triangulated whereby data were collected through the processes of two sets of 三角据此收集数据,通过两套过程 questionnaires, observations, VM reports and interviews. 问卷调查,观测,虚拟机的报道和访谈。 The research used 研究中使用 simultaneous methodological triangulation which is inductive and based on the 这是感性和基于同步方法三角 qualitative foundation. 定性的基础。 The mixed-methodology design (Creswell 1994) was adopted throughout the research 整个研究采用混合方法设计(克雷斯韦尔1994) as it represented the highest degree of mixing paradigms for both qualitative and ,因为它代表的定性程度最高的混合范式 quantitative aspects. 定量方面。 Initially, the simple intention to triangulate the findings ended up 最初,结束了简单的意向,以三角测量的结果 in the convergence of the results of the research leading to enhancement of study 在加强研究的研究结果收敛 breadth and scope. 广度和范围。 Apart from mixing the method, it also linked paradigms to method 除了 从混合的方法,它也与范式方法 as well as to combine the designs in all phases of study (Creswell 1994). 以及结合各个阶段的研究设计(克雷斯韦尔1994年)。 Black (1999) 黑色(1999) stated that most studies employ more than one approach as the intention was to reflect 指出,大多数研究采用的方法之一以上的意图是反映 on what are likely to be the most suitable tools to employ in resolving the research 什么是可能是最合适的工具,聘请研究解决 question at hand. 在手的问题。 The nature of this research corresponds more with having both of the 本研究的性质与两者有对应 approaches, qualitative and quantitative, to make the research more conclusive as they 方法,定性与定量,使研究更确凿的,因为他们 complemented each other by ensuring the emergent relationship between the concepts 彼此补充,确保紧急概念之间的关系 of the research was confirmed by the quantitative approach adopted, and vice-versa. 研究证实了定量采用的方法,反之亦然。 Balnaves & Caputi (2001) and Nachmias & Nachmias (1992) highlighted that by balnaves及Caputi(2001)和NachmiasNachmias(1992)强调,通过 combining the quantitative and qualitative methods, any phenomenon could be 结合定量和定性的方法,任何现象可能 Page 6 第6页 Running title 运行称号 Please leave footer empty 请留下页脚空 measured by objective observations as well as reports, together with interviews 衡量客观的意见以及报告,连同采访 (Nachmias & Nachmias 1992) which could be combined with statistical information. (NachmiasNachmias 1992年),这可能与统计信息相结合。 They also emphasised that data gathering should be combined with information about 他们还强调应结合信息数据采集 the history of the subject under study and data from unobtrusive studies, such as 根据研究历史的主体和不显眼的研究数据,如 observation should be combined with questionnaire and other self-reported data 观察应结合问卷调查和其他自报数据 thereby, contributing to the descriptive research elements towards this research. 从而有助于实现这一研究的描述性研究元素。 It was concluded by Creswell (1994 p.185) in line with Greene et. 克雷斯韦尔(1994年185页)得出的结论是,在与格林等一行。 al. 等。 (1989) that the (1989年) other advantages of an integrated or mixed methods approach resulted in triangulated 集成或混合方式方法等方面的优势,导致在三角 or converged findings, results would be more elaborated as well it would be able to 或融合的结果,结果将是更详细的,以及它能够 inform each sector. 通知各部门。 Thus, the paradoxes or contradictions would be better discovered 因此,悖论或矛盾将得到更好的发现 and able to ensure that the breadth of the inquiry was extended. 能够确保调查的广度延伸。 The input from the 从输入 quantitative and qualitative data was necessary as it provided the VM characteristics 定量和定性数据是必要的,因为它提供的虚拟机的特点 in the Malaysian construction project applications as well as it provided the details 在马来西亚建设项目的应用,以及它提供的详细信息 pertaining to VM applications in action. 有关虚拟机的应用在行动。 Figure 2 : Triangulation Process of the Research 图2:三角研究过程 On matters pertaining to the extent of interference with the research, according to 论与研究的干扰程度的事宜,根据 Sekaran (2003 p. 127), the extent of interference by the researcher with the normal sekaran(2003年第127页),与正常的干扰程度由研究员 flow of work at the workplace has direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is a 在工作场所的工作流程进行的研究是否是直接轴承 causal or correlational study. 因果关系或相关性的研究。 With that in mind, the research imposed minimum 考虑到这一点, 研究实行最低 interference during the data gathering process as the survey questionnaires, 干扰,在调查问卷的数据收集过程, Quantitative 量 Qualitative 定性 Validation 验证 (and Application) (及应用) Preliminary Survey 1 初步调查1 Semi-structured Interviews 半结构式访谈 Survey 2 调查2 Literature Review 文献回顾 Observations of VM Workshops 虚拟机车间的观察 Proposed 建议 Malaysian 马来西亚 VM Guidelines 虚拟机指南 Analysis of VM Reports VM的报告分析 Piloting 试点 The VM 在VM Guidelines 方针 Page 7 第7页 Running title 运行称号 Please leave footer empty 请留下页脚空 observations and interviews were used to collect the relevant data pertaining to the 被用来观察和访谈收集有关的相关数据 level of VM applications and practices. 虚拟机的应用和实践水平。 Since it is a correlational study, all the related processes of VM were conducted 因为它是一个相关性的研究,所有的VM进行了相关的进程 without interference and in their natural environment where the works preceded 无干扰,并在其自然的环境下的作品之前 normally thus the research setting were considered as noncontrived settings. The 通常因此,研究制定被认为是 noncontrived设置。 unit of analysis of this research were the individual clients and consultants whose 本研究的分析单位为个人客户和顾问 construction projects with VM applications were the subject of these investigations. 虚拟机应用的建设项目,这些调查的主题。 BRIEF OUTLINE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 研究方法概要 How VM is applied in the Malaysian construction industry and to what extend did its VM是如何在马来西亚建造业,并没有什么扩展其应用 applications succeeded in implementing the value methodology? 在实施价值的方法成功地应用? It was deduced that 据推断, comprehensive coverage from the literature review in relation to VM, projects 从有关文献的全面覆盖到VM,项目 outcomes, the views from the clients and the consultants were required. 结果,需要从客户和顾问的意见。 To achieve 实现 the stated objectives, a preliminary survey was the answer (Winch 1990) to start with, 既定目标,初步调查是答案(绞盘1990年)开始, together with a robust methodology which included the detailed questionnaire, semi- 连同一个强大的方法,其中包括详细的问卷调查,半 structured interviews, observations and collected VM documents by using the research 结构性访谈,观察和收集虚拟机文件所使用的研究 design stated earlier. 设计如前所述。 Since the clients were the reasons of entry of the construction industry, it was 这是因为客户端是建筑业进入的原因, important during the initial stage of the research to gauge what were the current levels 在初始阶段的研究,以了解什么是目前的水平 of local clients satisfaction and their level of knowledge towards VM. 本地客户的满意度和他们的知识水平,对虚拟机。 From the 从 preliminary questionnaire survey, related level of satisfaction was gauged and at the 初步的问卷调查,满意度相关的水平是衡量和 same time, their knowledge of VM was determined. 同时,他们的虚拟机的知识决定的。 As a result, projects in Malaysia 因此,在马来西亚的项目 with the application of VM were identified and added to the researchers list of VM 与鉴定和研究员的虚拟机列表添加到虚拟机的应用 documents previously collected. 以前收集的文件。 At the same time, the observations of live VM 在同一时间,观测实时VM application were carried out to give an insight into how VM was practiced to ensure 申请进行了给虚拟机如何实行,以确保洞察力 first hand experience and for greater understanding. 第一手经验,并为更深入的了解。 The main objective of the 的主要目标 observation was to gather primary data on its application for later analyses. 观察是搜集以供日后分析中的应用主要数据。 The second postal questionnaire was sent to the expert clients and their professional 第二次邮寄问卷被送到专家的客户和他们的专业 representatives who were the registered professional consultants of the Malaysian 代表们在马来西亚注册的专业顾问 construction industry. 建造业。 The outcome of the detailed survey resulted in the discovery of 详细的调查,结果发现导致 a few other VM practitioners, as well as the number of respondents who had gone 其他一些虚拟机的从业人员,以及受访者已经数 through the VM process was identified. 通过虚拟机的过程中被确定。 The subsequent process was a set of structured open response interviews to determine 随后的过程是一个结构性的公开回应采访组确定 and confirm the characteristics of the current VM practices in the Malaysian 当前VM实践的特点,并确认在马来西亚 construction industry. 建造业。 They were carried out with 38 randomly selected respondents 他们进行了38个随机选择的受访者 of representatives of the clients and their representatives (10 clients, 6 architects, 6 客户代表和他们的代表(10个客户,建筑师,6 engineers, 6 quantity surveyors, 6 project managers and 4 VM facilitators) who had 工程师,工料测量师,6个项目经理和4个虚拟机调解人) stated that they had experienced the VM applications selected from each process of 表示,他们已经历了从每个过程中选择虚拟机的应用 questionnaire surveys and observations conducted earlier. 早些时候进行的问卷调查和观测。 In order to add further knowledge on how VM is practised in Malaysia, the VM 以进一步了解如何在马来西亚实行,VM虚拟机上添加 reports of projects were collected and analysed to ensure further details which could 项目的收集和分析报告,以确保进一步的细节可 contribute to the proposed VM framework and to validate the respondents stated 建议VM框架作出贡献,并验证的受访者表示 experiences. 经验。 Page 8 第8页 Running title 运行称号 Please leave footer empty 请留下页脚空 Apart from the process stated above, and the literature reviews conducted, VM 除了 从上述的过程,并进行文学评论,虚拟机 documents and information were collected to give the insights towards its application 文件和资料的收集,以实现其应用的见解 in the Malaysian construction industry. 在马来西亚建造业。 Although the descriptions of some cases in 尽管一些案件中的描述 the publications were not so comprehensive, the information aggregated by the 出版物不那么全面,由汇总的信息 documents was deemed to be adequate to reflect the overall picture of the local VM 文件被认为是要充分反映本地VM的大局 practice. 实践。 The outcomes of the research processes contributed to the process for the construction 研究过程的成果贡献的过程中,为建设 of a VM framework of reference for guiding the undertaking of the VM process in the 为指导,在虚拟机进程的承诺VM的参考框架 future. 未来。 As to ensure the integrity and practicality of the proposed framework a validation 以确保拟议的框架验证的完整性和实用性 process was carried out. 过程中进行。 This procedure was necessary to ensure that the proposed 这个过程是必要的,以确保拟议 framework was feasible, practical, robust and capable of being applied in the 框架是可行的,实用,坚固耐用,能够被应用在 Malaysian construction industry. 马来西亚建筑业。 The process included a piloting process were 这个过程包括一个试点过程 conducted by a panel of professional construction industry players consisted of the 由专业施工业者的面板进行包括 clients and consultants to ensure its integrity, feasible, robust and practical to be 客户和顾问,以确保其完整性,是可行的,强大和实用 applied to the Malaysian construction industry during the final phase of the research. 适用于马来西亚建筑行业在研究的最后阶段。 The focus is to ensure that the Prototype Guidelines of Value Management 重点是确保价值管理指引原型 Application for the Malaysian Construction Industry (VM Guidelines) is developed 马来西亚建造业中的应用(VM准则) based on empirical findings and interpretations as well as it reflects the synthesis of 根据实证研究结果和解释,以及它反映的合成 each of the phases. 每个阶段。 Figure 3 The Value Management Guidelines for the Malaysian Construction 图3马来西亚建设的价值管理指引 Industry 行业 Page 9 第9页 Running title 运行称号 Please leave footer empty 请留下页脚空 Figure 4 The Value Management Guidelines: The Road Map 图4价值管理准则:“路线图” Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the results of the surveys, interviews, case 定性和定量分析的调查,访谈,个案的结果 studies observations and workshop discussions established the key themes of the 研究的意见和研讨会上进行讨论建立的关键主题 framework. 框架。 These were the processes which formed the main structured and content 这些过程形成的主要结构和内容 of the research. 研究。 CONCLUSION 结论 As the knowledge and application of VM in Malaysia is not as sophisticated as in 作为知识和应用虚拟机在马来西亚是不是只要在尖端 many other countries, an exploratory research design has been deemed appropriate in 其他许多国家,探索性的研究设计,被认为是适当的 answering the research questions posed. 回答研究问题的提出。 Furthermore, a mixed methodological design 此外,混合方法设计 that has utilised both quantitative and qualitative approaches has enhanced data 利用定量和定性的方法,具有增强数据 collection and analysis. 收集和分析。 The method of research triangulation adopted in this study has adequately addressed 在这项研究中采用的方法研究三角已妥善处理 issues related to the methodological rigour of research of this nature and has also 有关的问题的这种性质的研究方法严谨,并已 addressed issues related to validity and reliability. 解决问题的有效性和可靠性。 Documents, literature reviews, 文件,文学评论, surveys, interviews and observations were uniquely juxtaposed in a holistic blend to 调查,访谈和观察,在全面融合了独特的并列 obtain the data desired in order to map out the landscape of VM field in the Malaysian 获得以所需的数据绘制出虚拟机场的景观,在马来西亚 construction industry. 建造业。 This study has shown that the Malaysian construction industry needs a better approach 这项研究表明,马来西亚的建筑业需要一个更

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