英语中的修辞手法.doc_第1页
英语中的修辞手法.doc_第2页
英语中的修辞手法.doc_第3页
英语中的修辞手法.doc_第4页
英语中的修辞手法.doc_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩11页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

英语中的修辞手法移位修饰法-移位修饰法(transferred epithet) A transferred epithet is, as its name implies, a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. Generally speaking, the epithet is transferred from a person to a thing or idea.移位修饰法就是将仅可用于修饰某种东西的词汇移植修饰到另类东西上的一种语言使用手法,即将甲事物的修饰成分转移到乙事物上,使风马牛不相及的成分凑在一起,反而使得语言简练凝缩,形象生动。比如我们经常使用的“Happy New Year!”, “year”是不会“happy”的,如果非要生硬地说“You feel happy in the new year.”,反倒累赘了。其它如“a sleepless night”,“the smiling spring”,“hurrying autumn”,等等,都是常见的例子。由于这种修辞手法的独特性和形象生动性,其在英语中的使用颇为广泛。移位修饰法的内容形式基本上可以归纳为以下几种:1.由修饰人物转为修饰事物 (1)He lay in bed, smoking his thinking pipe.(他躺在床上,抽烟思考。)(2)Mother simply couldnt fall asleep on his painful pillow.(一落枕就想头疼的事,母亲简直睡不着。)2.由修饰动物转为修饰事物(1)The neighborhood couldnt stand to hear the gnawing cry from the husband over his wifes death. (邻居们不忍听到丈夫因妻子去世而撕心裂肺的哭声。gnaw指虫子等的“咬啮”,形容的那种哭声难以言状。) (2)The crawling minutes seem to be ever-lasting. (慢逝的分秒似乎永无止境。crawl爬行。)3.由修饰人转为修饰人的某部分或与人有关的状态(1)Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder.(汉斯轻蔑地耸耸肩。scornful常用于修饰人的心理状态。)(2)She showed me an appalled gesture.(她向我作了一个吃惊的手势。)4.由修饰具体事物转为修饰抽象事物(1)I have mountainous difficulty in understanding Shakespearesworks.(我理解莎士比亚的作品有极大困难。mountainous表示“多山的”,如mountainous district, mountainouscontinent用来修饰“困难”,则表示“巨大的”。)(2)They are in deep friendship.(他们友谊深厚。deep表示具体尺度的词用来修饰抽象的“友谊”。)(3)He changed his shouting into a purpleroar.(他由叫喊转为面红耳赤的咆哮。purple是表示具体色泽的词,用来修饰抽象事物roar。)5.由修饰抽象事物转为修饰具体事物(1)The sky turned to a tender palette of pink and blue.(天空变成了粉红碧绿的柔色色板。)(2)They had to bear pitiless wind at night.(他们不得不忍受夜里无情的风。)6.事物之间转移修饰(1)He lift swiftly as the baking interviewcompleted. (倍受煎熬的面试一结束他便急速离开。baking原意是烤面包,此处修饰interview,为了烘托难熬的气氛。)(2)Mark Twain had to leave the city because of the scathing column hewrote.(由于他撰写的辛辣栏目,马克吐温不得不离开那座城市。scathing指火“灼烫”,这里修饰column,指文章充满火药味。)从上面的例子我们可以看出,修饰语移置其实是一种语义嫁接,在合理的联想基础上形成。修饰关系是否形象到位,关键在联想是否合理。这种手法是不可以生造的。明喻(simile)是比喻的一种,是一两种具有共同特性的事物或现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体的相类关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词有: like; not unlike; it was a bit likel can be likened to ; as ; as if ; as though; as it were as comparable to ; many be compared to ; similar to; akin to ; be analogous to ; be someting of等。共分三种类型:描写型(descriptive) 说明型(illustrative)和启发型(illuminative) 【描写型明喻】 Example One:撒切尔夫人辞职,老友里根撰文回忆中的一句 I know it helped put me at ease when I felt like the new kid at school at my first economic summit in Ottawa in 1981. 1981年,在渥太华第一次参加经济首脑会谈,当时我觉得自己好似一个刚上学的学童 Example Two: He is something of a political chamelion.(Newsweek; December 3,1990)他有点象政治上的变色龙注释:something of ,有些相似(to some extent; somewhat),表示A接近B Example Three:美国求职者可以委托专业公司代写履历 Too many professionally prepared resumes read like a pitch from an old-time snake-oil pedlar.雇请职业枪手代写的履历念起来往往都带有老式江湖郎中的推销口吻。注释:snake-oil(蛇油)指江湖郎中所卖的万灵丹,以次比喻代写的履历,含有“假货赝品”的意思。 pitch是resume的喻体。原意为定调的基音,联想到高嗓门,转义为“大肆宣扬”。同句子中peddlar(街头小贩)呼应,使读者仿佛听的见他声嘶力竭的叫卖声。所以pitch一词用的精彩之极。 【说明性明喻】 这一类型的特点,同通过具体的形象说明复杂、抽象的概念或过程 Exampe One:卡洛斯。雷德是著名的哥伦比亚毒枭 Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars.卡洛斯。雷德与可卡因贩运的关系,正如同行利。福特与汽车的关系。注释:这是一句两队关系的对照的结构:A is to B what or as C is to D本句通过喻体(福特)说明本体(雷德),属于说明性明喻 Example Two:人是土豆-隐喻,电视机的图象犹如照片-说明性明喻 Many retirees are couch potatoes who like popping cold beers and relaxing in front of their 2,500 wide-screen, high definition television set. Its big picture will be as rich and detailed as a millimeter photograh.许多退休者喜欢窝在沙发里长时间的看电视,一边手里拿着冰镇的啤酒,一边惬意的观赏价值2500美圆的大屏幕高清晰度电视机里的节目。这些大屏幕彩电色彩丰富,线条清晰,有如35MM照相机拍出来一般。注释: couch ,长沙发;potato,泛指个人;couch potatoes ,长时间窝在沙发里看电视的人。视觉形象非常的生动。 high-definition television,高清晰度电视机扫描线为1125条,图象细致,可同照片媲美。这是一个典型的说明型明喻。【启发型明喻】其特点是通过暗示性的联想(suggestive association )启发人们洞察深层的内涵。所设的比喻比一定能够直接理解,必须思索,方能豁然,有一种言近意远的效果。 Example: 政策产业和汉堡包之间有什么联系?Presidential candidates all espoused(提倡) industrial policies, on the basis of which the labor, the management and the administration will pool(协同) their efforts to repel(击退) foreign competition so that American workers wont become what Lee Lacocca of Chrysler describes as double-cheeseburger-hold-the-mayo king.竞选总统的候选人都呼吁制订“产业政策”。以次为根本,劳方、资方和政府携手努力,击退外来的竞争,以免美国工人面临像克莱斯勒公司懂事长所描述的局面:成为不涂蛋黄浆的特大双份乳酪包。注释:美国住普通的快餐是汉堡包(hamburger),如果夹有双份乳酪(double-cheeseburger),则是这类快餐中的高级食品,标志着第一流的质量。 Mayo是mayonnaise的简写,即蛋黄浆。Hold-the mayo,不给蛋黄浆 King 的含义: 1。同类中首屈一指(指美国工人品位高) 2特大号(double cheese的一定是大汉堡包)这2层含义都适用于这个比喻。综合来看,a-double-cheeseburger-hold the mayo king 指用料很好,但缺乏必要的调料,终于不能成为美味的上乘食品;借喻美国的产业界素质堪称上选,但缺乏政策的扶持,难以应付外国的竞争。个人体会:这个句子的结构并不复杂,但这个比喻的理解需要对美国人对于食品的认同上有深刻的了解,否则很难体会这个比喻之间的对照关系隐喻(metaphor) 这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 提喻-释义:提喻(Synecdoche)是不直接说某一事物的名称,而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段。提喻又称举偶法。提喻与换喻(借代)不同,换喻主要借助于密切的关系与联想,而提喻则是借助于部分相似。提喻大致归纳为四种情况:a.部分和全体互代;b.以材料代替事物;c.抽象和具体互代;d.以个体代替整个类。例句:1.Outside,(there is) a sea of faces.外面街上,是人的海洋。(以人体的局部代全体,即以faces 表示people)2.Have you any coppers?你有钱吗?(以材料代事物,即以copper铜喻指coin money铜币)3.They share the same roof.他们住在一起。(以部分代全体,即用roof屋顶,表示house屋子、住宅)4.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿。(以个体代整个类,用Newton表示scientist科学家)5.Ye see/ The steel ye tempered glance on ye.看,你们铸的剑在把你们看管!(以材料代事物,用steel钢,喻指sword剑)6.It was reported that China won the volleyball match.椐报载:在这次排球赛中,中国队赢了。(以国家名称China代该国球队the Chinese Volleyball Team)7.Life was a wearing to him.生活令他感到厌倦。(以抽象代具体,即用wearing喻指a wearing thing令人厌倦的事情) 8、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲) 9、“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.” 他说这是世界上最美的语言。 这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。 10、Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。 这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。 拟人(personification):这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。 1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。 这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。 2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again. 我唯一担心的是,到了一月份我又得去找工作。 英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化,赋以生命,使人们读起来亲切生动。 夸张(hyperbole):这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果。 1、My blood froze. 我的血液都凝固了。 2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst. 当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时,他的心几乎要迸出来。 3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughtersvoice on the phone. 从电话里一听到我女儿的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。 叠言(rhetorical repetition):这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。 1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious manmade destiny. 它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。 2、. Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quicklycured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity. 因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少残废。 借代(metonymy):是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。 1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。 “word”在这里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息) 2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。 “说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。 双关语(pun)是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。 Napoleon was astonished.” Either you are mad, or I am,” he declared. “Both,sir!” Cried the Swede proudly. “Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。 拟声(onomatopoeia)是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。 1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing. 在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。 2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or feltsunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开门的吱嗄声呀,亲人的说话声呀。 讽刺(irony)是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效 果。 Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. 啊,当然,我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。 店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客:像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢?名为“gentlemen”实则“beg gar”而已。 通感(synesthesia)是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的,有些书是应当吞下去的,有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。 书是“尝”不出味道的,也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读,阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受,用味觉功能和消化功能来表示,心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。 头韵法(alliteration)在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。 How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. /P矛盾修辞法-矛盾修饰法oxymoronA rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silenceanda mournful optimist.矛盾修饰法:一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法,如在震耳欲聋的沉默 和 悲伤的乐观所谓矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)是指将语义截然相反对立的词语放在一起使用,来揭示某一项事物矛盾性质的一种修辞手法。换言之,它使用两种不相协调,甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物,以增强语言感染力。在阅读理解解码过程中,矛盾修辞法可以产生出两种强烈的修辞效果。第一,出人意料。由于两部分语义相互矛盾,合并使用有悖常理,所以矛盾修辞强烈碰撞读者的神经思维,起到意想不到,启发思维的作用,为进一步深化理解奠定了基础。例如英语的cruel kindness,汉语的“真实的谎言”和“甜美的复仇”便是矛盾修辞法的具体表现。读到上述那样的矛盾词语组合读者肯定会有出乎意料的感觉。第二,引人入胜。矛盾词语的冲击会激发读者进一步深化理解的欲望。在仔细推敲这种看似矛盾的语言表达之后,读者会发现矛盾修辞法所表示的语义矛盾不仅符合逻辑,而且使文章更加形象生动,意蕴丰富且深刻。例:“Youve already got one,” Brachia chuckled, “Much Ado about Nothing is just the name for you.”宝钗笑道:“你的绰号早有了,无事忙三个字恰当得很。” 在此例中,much ado 和nothing的语义是相互矛盾的。译者正是巧用这一特点把对贾宝玉“终日瞎忙,无所事事”的讥讽传神地表现出来,具有画龙点睛之效果。 矛盾修饰法的特点决定了它的构成,一般有以下几种:形容词名词如:tearful joy, proud humility, beautiful tyrant, orderly chaos等等。副词V-ing如:deliciously aching, changelessly changing等等。副词形容词如:dully bright, mildly magnificent, conspicuously absent, mercifully fatal等等。动词副词如:hasten slowly, groan loudly, shine darkly等等。形容词形容词如:bitter sweet memories, bad good news, poor rich guys, cold pleasant manners等等。动词分词名词如:a living death, wolfish-ravening lamb, loving hate, a dammed saint等等。英语矛盾修饰法有以下几种修辞作用:1.形成鲜明生动的对比,给人以深刻的印象。Juliet: O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!Dove-featherd raven! wolvish ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seemist.A dammed saint, an honorable villain!Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet这是Juliet听到她的表哥Tybalt已被Romeo杀死后说的一段话,作者用了一系列的词意矛盾的词语:用beautiful(美丽的)修饰tyrant(暴君),用angelical(天使般的)修饰fiend(魔鬼),用dove-featherd(披着白鸽羽毛的)修饰raven(乌鸦),用wolvish-ravening(豺狼一样残忍的)修饰lamb(羊羔),用dammed(万恶的)修饰saint(圣人),用honorable修饰villain(奸徒),对比鲜明生动,充分表现了Juliet极其复杂的矛盾心情,给人留下深刻的印象。再如:He sat in the square and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.changelessly与change是意思相反的两个词,表面上看来好像风马牛不相及,但经推敲后,我们不但不觉得矛盾,反而觉得入情入理,作者需要描写的正是这种既始终如一,又变化多端的景色。生动自然,形象具体。2.加强语势,起强调作用。构成矛盾关系的两个词一般属于修饰和被修饰的关系,所以往往强调了被修饰词。例如:An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region.为了渲染气氛,加强语势,作者用dangerous来修饰calm,给人以一种很不平静的感觉,从而使这种平静得到了强调,给人以一种亲临其境的强烈感受。再如:Here is much to do with hate, but more with love;Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!O anything, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet这里brawling修饰love, loving修饰hate, heavy修饰lightness, serious修饰vanity都是互相矛盾的关系。吵吵闹闹和相爱,亲亲热热和怨恨,沉重和轻浮,严肃和轻浮,词义都是彼此矛盾的,用在一起更加衬托出爱恨、轻浮和狂妄的程度。3.言简意赅,起概括作用。矛盾修饰法对复杂的概念起概括作用,常常语言精练出奇,意思含蓄深刻。例如:So there he is at last. Man on the moon. The poor magnificent bungler. He cant even get to the office without undergoing the agonies of the dammed, but give him a metal, a few chemicals, some wire and twenty or thirty billion dollars and there he is up on a rock a quarter of a million miles up in the sky.Russell Baker: New York Times这是美国专栏作家Baker为纽约时报写的一篇专栏文章中的一段,作者用The poor magnificent bungler的矛盾修饰法,非常简洁生动地概括讽刺了美国政府花费几百亿美元用于航天事业,从而使人登上了月球,但却忽视了美国最基本的社会问题改善生活质量的问题。含义深刻,寓意明确。再如:Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.Shakespeare: Twelfth Night与其做愚蠢的智人,不如做聪明的愚人。莎士比亚用十分简练的语言表达了深刻的哲理,给人以启迪。回文-英语修辞chiasmus(回文)是英语修辞手法。交错配列法交错配列:两个排比结构中第二个所用的修辞上的倒装,(如:She went to Paris; New York went he.)另外,英语的语法不支持回文,但是也有回文的句子,如:Was it a bar or a bat I saw?英语修辞-三、 英语修辞的理解与翻译 -马克吐温在其著名游记A Tramp Abroad中,有这样一句:We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and mule-loads of tourists-and dust. 句末的-and dust看似寻常一笔,其实是一种不可多得的妙句,使用了英语中anticlimax的修辞格。如果不能识破,则让对照阅读原文者“饮恨”。如:同路的有许多旅客,有乘马车的,也有骑骡子的一路尘土飞扬。/ 我们的旅伴真不少,有乘马车的,有骑骡子的,还有滚滚尘土呢。下面就几种常见的修辞格进行讲解:1 Parody(仿拟)如果译者功底不凡,能知作者之所“仿”,那么,理解与翻译也就“水到渠成”。如:Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesnt make perfect. 可以译成:显然,在婚姻问题上,婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。再如:When flu hits below the belt, it can be a challenge to keep down anything more nourishing than tea and water. 词典对成语hits below the belt的通常解释是:用不正当手段打人(原指拳击中打对方的下身)。若是照搬,译文就会闹笑话。对待“仿拟”修辞格的方法之一是还原。所谓还原,即故意撇开成语的引申义,而“硬”用其字面义。如:若流感影响到了肠胃,那就只能饮用点茶水,要吃下其他东西就非常困难了。再如:Little John was born with a silver spoon in a mouth, which was rather curly and large. 英语成语to be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth的含义是“出生在富贵之家”。这里,作者不用此引申义,而用字面意思。试译:小约翰嘴形弯曲,且大得出奇,好像生下来的时候嘴中含了一把银勺子似的。2 Syllepsis(异叙)此修辞格的特点是用一个词(动词、形容词或介词)同时与两个词或者更多相搭配,巧用一词多义的特点。如:He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina, and clubs too. I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didnt have a clue what he meant. 试译:他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候,我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中,我一次次发脾气,一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成,老爸总是劝我“放松点,慢慢打,比赛结束得太快了。”我一点儿也不明白他的意思。再如:By days end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches, and I had lost mine pounds, my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything heavier than the evening paper. 试译:一天快结束的时候,我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞,为此,我失去了9磅体重,失去了听力,失去了双手的感觉,还失去了举起比一张晚报更重的东西的臂力。3 metonymy(借代)借代一般可以保留原文的修辞方式,不会引起误会,同时让译文多了一份词趣。如:So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 译文A:因此,在此五周的减肥期内,要更多地注重自己的腰围,而不是自己的体重。译文B:因此,在此五周的减肥期内,把注意力放在量腰围的卷尺上,而不是放在浴室的磅秤上。4 pun(双关)有许多看似无法在译文中挽留的原文形式的神韵和风采在译文中却得以挽留。如:First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impiety has made a feast of thee. (整个对话之谐趣尽系双关词汇sound。)试译:绅士甲:你总以为我有那种病,其实你大错特错,我的身体响当当的。路奇奥:响当当的,可并不结实,就像空心的东西那样响当当的,你的骨头都空了,好色的毛病把你掏空了。5 alliteration(头韵)英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的,但是,面对alliteration,并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如:Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 试译:变化是生活的一部分,而且也塑造了人的意志品德,亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了,你有两种选择:要么痛苦不堪;要么痛快达观。再如:Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 试译:可以预言,今年冬天将多雪,多冻雨,多泥泞。(原句当中的snowy, sleety, slushy也是非常漂亮的押头韵,译者殚精竭虑,用心可嘉。)6 metaphor(比喻)这个metaphor并非狭隘意义上的把A比作B的不使用比喻词(如as, like, as if等)的暗喻,而是广义上的英语词汇的比喻义。换言之,也就是英语词汇denotation(本义)之外的connotation(转义)。Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation中把英语中的比喻分成四类,令人耳目一新 have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一类:有学生在作文中写出如下句子:In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 该句子被改为:While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中,写道:rain cats and dogs: To rain very hard; come down in torrents-A clich. 美国朋友说: If you use this metaphor, I will doubt if you are my grandfathers uncle! 第二类:stock(常用的)这是指已被收入词典,但并不属于clich范畴的比喻。如:flood一词的用法。She was in a flood of tears. (她泪流如注。) The corridors were flooded with girls. (走廊里挤满了女孩子。) Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (草莓充斥市场,价格下跌。) 第三类的标准应该是:至少目前商未被收入词典,同时又让人接受,并感到新意扑面。如在一篇名为Rescue of A Newborn 中有三个句子:A. I focused on a small blob in the mud amid the columns of legs and trunks. B. I suddenly came upon a wall of feeding elephants. C. grabbed their lost baby and tugged her gently into a stockade of legs. 第四类:original这种比喻并非随处可见,唾手可得。它是灵感思维的产物。这种比喻在词典上无踪影可觅,而且连参照物可能也没有。如:Jeff Rennicke在A Promise of Spring 中开卷段是:Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air. 试译:白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹,只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮,是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿轻捷的身影,在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。对比喻的翻译可以分为两类:一是保留原文的形象,即: to find an equivalent image. 如:Ani began pounding and yelling to be let out as the car screeched from the parking lot. But rock music blaring from the radio speakers drowned him out. 试译:当汽车从停车场急速驶过时,Ani开始猛烈敲打和大声呼喊,但是从车内喇叭发出的摇滚音乐淹没了他发出的声音。再如:The policemen who patrolled the big city slum area that summer were sitting on a volcano. 那年夏天,在城市大贫民区巡逻的警察如同坐在火山口上。二是实行翻译的“补偿原则”(compensation)。所谓以补偿方法译比喻,就是在寻找对等形象无门的情况下,使用变通的方法,尽可能地对译文中比喻形象的流失作某些补偿,以求得译文与原文大致相等的可读性。如:Cavorting and diving at breathtaking speeds, the beautiful birds (指鹰) mirrored each other in flight. A. 在空中翻飞嬉戏,时作闪电式俯冲,矫健的鹰双双携游于碧空。B. 在空中翻飞嬉戏,时作闪电式俯冲,矫健的鹰比翼齐飞,形影相随。再如:But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it. She didnt want her son to grow up thinking that kind of relationship was normal. 试译:六载婚姻生活,风雨交加,Cewe决定结束这种婚姻。她不愿让她儿子在这样的环境里长大成人,并误以为这样的关系是正常的。又如:Rudy knew they had severed the wrong rope and that it was the thick tow line that trapped him. “Try cutting the other rope!” said Rudy, his hopes, and his grip, erodi

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论