2013年职称英语理工类A新增文章及答题技巧.doc

2013年职称英语理工类A考试教材新增文章目录及内容下载汇总第四部分 阅读理解（变化了3篇） 第六部分 完形填空（变化了3篇） 具体名称如下： 阅读理解： 第十一篇：When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach 第十九篇：Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience +第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright 完型填空： 第三篇：Giant Structures 第八篇：Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures +第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light+第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees to walk on two legs.“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ，said Dr. Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一 even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time. 词汇：scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的chimpanzee n.黑猩猩ape n.无尾猿; 类人猿bipedal adj. 二足的anatomical adj.解剖的coula nuts( coula也可写作cola或kola)可乐果 注释：1.GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学 院。乔治华盛顿大学（George Washington University)的英文简称为GW，是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于1821年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿。2.ecological settings: 生态环境3.bipedal activity：双足活动4.anatomical chaiige: 解剖学上的变化5.Kyoto University:京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国立大学，于I897年建校。京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市。6.Bossou: 博苏,几内亚的一个地名。博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。7.oil palm nut: 油棕榈坚果8.increased by a factor of four:增加了四倍9.in one go: 口气10.Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一。牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城牛津。这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地。练习：1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources. D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2.Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B what made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3.Kyoto, Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees.A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage?A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案与题解：1.A第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常,并不质疑这种习惯。而A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出2.B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。3.C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果（ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意。4.D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D符合原意，是答案。选项 A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。5.D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。参考译文：第四十八篇 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。“这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。+第十三篇 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More LightSolar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but _1_ now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more _2_ but isnt a very efficient way to gather heat.Thats a problem of _3_ . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower _4_. And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a _5_ in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens University, Canada.Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, _6_ known as thin-film silicon. They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they _7_ much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are _8_ to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.“That means that their efficiency _9_ when you expose them to light pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the _10_ thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new _11_ of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling _12_ of water, they could make thicker cells that largely _13_ the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy _14_ , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they _15_ the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.词汇:photovoltaic n.光电的silicon n.硅thermal adj.热的，热量的amorphous adj.非晶形的crystalline adj.晶体的footprint n.足迹注释：1.solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统2.they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。3.stand-alone:单机的4.crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池5.which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事6.room:空间7.solar panels:太阳能电池板8.amorphous silicon：非晶硅9.thin-film silicon:薄膜硅10.Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为SWE效应o11.pretty much:几乎12.the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应13.engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过14.solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度练习：1. A. unlessB. whenC. ifD. until2. A. electricityB. magnetismC. ultravioletD. radioactivity3. A. dynamicsB. geologyC. economicsD. biology4. A. rewardB. costC. billD. pay5. A. decisionB. solutionC. suggestionD. qualification6. A. roughlyB. probablyC. commonlyD. specially7. A. retrieveB. mergeC. exchangeD. require8. A. vulnerableB. necessaryC. importantD. renewable9. A. worksB. countsC. risesD. drops10. A. restrictionsB. advancesC. reasonsD. strengths11. A. sizeB. shapeC. typeD. brand12. A. areaB. pointC. placeD. extent13. A. overcameB. promotedC. improvedD. postponed14. A. transformerB. adaptorC. transmitterD. collector15. A. boostedB. definedC. wastedD. lower答案与题解：1.D文章介绍最近科学家已经完善了太阳能光伏热能系统，现在新型的太阳能系统能将太阳能转换为更多的电能和热能。第一段说明以往晶体硅太阳能电池在收集热能方面效率很低。四个选项中，只有选用until才符合上下文的意思。“.until now they (太阳能光伏热能系统) havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. ”该句意为：与太阳热能单机集热器相比，直到现在，传统太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率一直不是很高。2.A本句说明了以往的太阳能光伏热能系统在转换热能方面效率低的原因，“to cool crystalline silicon solar cells(冷却晶体桂太阳能电池）”能产生更多的电能，但不利于收集热能。electricity是答案。3.C从上一段和本段的意思判断，收集热能效率低下不会是一个动力学（dynamics)问题，地质(geology) 问题或生物学(biology)问题。它是一个经济上的问题。答案是economics。4.B 本句说，good solar hot-water systems 在收获能量方面比 solar-electric system 要好得多。从经济学的角度上分析，成本就降低了。所以，选cost是对的。其他选项reward，bill和pay均不符合句意。5.B上一段说光伏电池系统有两个问题，即经济问题和空间问题。Joshua Pearce采用另外一种硅制造PVT来解决上述问题。通过上述分析可以看出，他寻求的是一种解决问题的办法（solution)，而不是一个决定（decision)、一个建议（suggestion )或一种资格 ( qualification)。6.C amorphous silicon (非晶硅）即为 thin-film silicon (薄膜硅）。选择 roughly/probably/ wrongly( known as thin-film silicon)表达的意思都不合逻辑。选commonly才合理。amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon” 意为“非晶硅，通常被称为薄膜硅”7.D新型的太阳能电池采用薄膜硅制造,电能的转换量虽然不如晶体硅太阳能电池，但薄膜硅太阳能电池用硅量小，比较环保。本题应选用require，理由是:require much less silicon与上下文的意思很连贯，而retrieve much less silicon (提取少得多的硅），merge much less silicon(混合少得多的硅）或exchange much less silicon(交换少得多的硅）都讲不通,意思离题太远。8.A bad-news physics是解题的关键词。既然是bad-news physics, 所连用的形容词应该是负面意义的词。四个选项中只有vulnerable(易受攻击的)符合这个条件，所以是答案。9.D本段第一句说明vulnerable的具体情况。既然是vulnerable，efficiency定是drops，不会是rises。efficiency works(效率起作用）或efficiency counts(效率有重要意义）都离题太远。10.C薄膜硅太阳能电池效能低下，这是因。导致该产品市场占有份额很小，这是果。选 reasons为答案很合理