09 双学历学位实用翻译课程第二讲.doc

09 双学历学位实用翻译课程第二讲 Chapter 2 The study of vocabulary I. Teaching Contents:Part one of chapter 2 is the study of vocabulary II. Teaching Aims: To let students know about the phenomenon of polysemy III. Teaching Focus: polysemyIV. Teaching Methods: Discussion (group work, then class work).V. Teaching Approaches: Multi-media aided.VI. Teaching Procedures:Step 1. polysemy (一词多义)This part is an introduction about phenomenon of polysemy.( 一词多义; 有多种解释)As w e know English language possesses certain distinctive characteristics such as word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, techniques for linking clause into sentences, markers of discourse(话语标志),and special discourse types of poetry, proverb, song. English language is rich in vocabulary for the area of cultural focus ( Newmark) . So when we do the translation we should pay much attention to the phenomenon of polysemy. What does polysemy mean?It means the ambiguity(可作两种或 多种解释) of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings or one word has diversity of meanings. 1.1 Ambiguity of proper name （专有名词） America-美洲，美国，pl.南北美洲North South America北南美洲Central America中美洲Latin America拉丁美洲the United States of America美利坚合众国(略作U. S. A.) There are now 35 in England, eight in Scotland, two in Northern Ireland and one in Wales. England- A division of the United Kingdom, the southern part of the island of Great Britain. Originally settled by Celtic peoples, it was subsequently conquered by Romans, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Danes, and Normans. Acts of union joined England with Wales in 1536, with Scotland in 1707 to create the political entity of Great Britain, and with Ireland in 1801 to form the United Kingdom. London is the capital and the largest city of both England and the United Kingdom. Population, 46,220,955.英格兰：大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国的一部分，位于大不列颠岛南部。凯尔特人最早在此定居，随后罗马人、盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人、丹麦人及诺尔曼人相继征服英格兰。依据联合法案，1536年英格兰与威尔士合并，1707年同苏格兰合并，由此产生了大不列颠的政治统一体，并于1801年与爱尔兰联合形成联合王国。伦敦为英格兰和联合王国的首都及最大城市。人口46,220,955。Indianadj.印度的, 印度人的, 印第安人的n.印度人, 印第安人, 印第安语China -china-High-quality porcelain or ceramic ware, originally made in China.瓷器：原产于中国的优质瓷器或陶瓷器1.2 Ambiguity of common words The ambiguity of common words is a common phenomenon in English vocabulary. The meaning of a word can be a new meaning as an extension of the original, concrete meaning and abstract meaning. Succulent-1) Full of juice or sap; juicy.充满汁液或树液的；多汁的2) Botany Having thick, fleshy, water-storing leaves or stems.【植物学】 密集的、肉质的、多浆的叶或茎的3) Highly interesting or enjoyable; delectable:饶有趣味的：充满生机的或十分有趣的；令人愉快的：a succulent bit of gossip.饶有趣味的闲言碎语 beauty- One that is beautiful, especially a beautiful woman. （concrete meaning）美人, 尤指美丽的女人Beauty in the eye (of beholder).情人眼里出西施。a society beauty 交际花Beauty is only skin deep.(美貌是肤浅的) Shy( of persons) uncomfortable in the presence of others 害羞The girl is very shy.(of animals) easily frightened or startled 易受惊吓 （ALD）African antelopes (nyala) are shy and nocturnal, inhabiting dense undergrowth Eleven is one shy of a dozen. 十一比十二差一个 We are still shy of one vote to succeed in this election. Casen. 事例，案例，病例 格，（主格，宾格，所有格）the subjective case, the objective case, the possessive caseFind the meaning of the following color words or phrases in the dictionary: The thief cased the bank before robbing it.盗贼在抢劫银行前对其踩点。in any case 无论如何 in case of 如果发生in the case of 就.来说, 关于case work 社会工作case study 个案研究walking case【医】门诊病人; 轻伤员soft soft money soft words动听的话 soft fire soft goods纺织品 soft hat soft target. 容易受伤害的人At this stage, there is only soft intelligence about the enemys intention. We should not shoot him from the hip. 在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。1.3 The new meaning from the compound of common words Lu guoqiang(1999:20) points out that semantic structure of noun phrase can be divided into two types: one is free phrase; the other is set phrase. The first type is that the noun combines with another noun or adjective freely to form a phrase and we can get the meaning of the phrase according the combination of each word. For a example, “beautiful +scenery”, beautiful +woman, we can get the meaning clearly from the combination of two words because the new meaning of the phrase is just the meaning of the whole group of words taken together. However there are some phrases which we can not get the meaning from the combination of the whole group of words because the meaning of the whole group of words taken together has little, often nothing to do with the meaning of words taken one by one. For instance, to “let the cat out of bag” means to reveal a secret. The phrase has nothing to do with a cat or a bag today.So when we do the translation we should pay much attention to the set phrase or idioms.Ragged school ( 贫民免费学校)a ragged tramp 一个衣衫褴褛的流浪汉a column of text set with a ragged right margin.一段右边缘参差不齐的课文（Having an irregular surface or edge）a ragged performance.不佳的表演imperfect;a ragged cough.一声刺耳的咳嗽harsh; real tennis-an ancient form of tennis played in a four-walled court同 court tennis, real tennis, royal tennisDry Dry stone 根据美国传统词典的解释，dry是形容词,其本意是 Free from liquid or moisture， 干的：不含液体或湿气；相关的词义还有：1）Having or characterized by little or no rain:干燥的,以少雨或无雨为特点的a dry climate. 干燥的气候2）Marked by the absence of natural or normal moisture:干旱的：缺乏自然或正常的潮湿a dry month. 干旱的月份3）Not under water: 不用水的dry land. 干燥的土地4）Having all the water or liquid drained away, evaporated, or exhausted:干涸的：全部水或液体都被排走，蒸发或耗尽的a dry river. 干涸的河道其引申义有：1）No longer yielding liquid, especially milk:无奶的：不再产液体的，尤指奶水a dry cow. 无奶的牛2）Lacking a mucous or watery discharge:无分泌物的：缺少黏性或水分的排放物a dry cough. 干咳3）Not shedding tears: 无泪的dry sobs. 无泪的啜泣4）Needing or desiring drink; thirsty: 缺水的，想饮水的；渴的a dry mouth.干渴的嘴5）Of or relating to solid rather than liquid substances or commodities:固态的，无水的：属于或关于固态而非液态物质或商品的dry weight. 脱水重量6）Not sweet as a result of the decomposition of sugar during fermentation. Used of wines.无甜味的：由于发酵期间糖的分解而失去甜味的。用于酒Having a large proportion of strong liquor to other ingredients:干（酒）：酒精含量大大超过其它成份的a dry martini. 干马提尼酒7）Eaten or served without butter, gravy, or other garnish:吃时或上桌时不加黄油，肉汁或其它配料的dry toast; dry meat. 素烤面包；不加酱汁的肉8）Having no adornment or coloration; plain:朴素的；没装饰或渲染的the dry facts. 不加渲染的事实9）Devoid of bias or personal concern:没有个人偏见或关切的He presented us with a dry critique.他向我们表述了不带偏见的观点。10）Lacking tenderness, warmth, or involvement; severe:冷冰冰的：缺乏温柔、温暖或投入的；严厉的The actor gave a dry reading of the lines.演员把台词念得十分生硬。11）Matter-of-fact or indifferent in manner:态度冷漠的，无动于衷的She rattled off the facts in a dry mechanical tone.她用冷漠而机械的声调一口气说完事实。12）Wearisome; dull: 令人厌烦的；单调乏味的a dry lecture filled with trivial details.充满琐碎细节的枯燥演讲13）Humorous or sarcastic in a shrewd, impersonal way:冷嘲的：以一种机智，冷静的态度表现幽默或讽刺的dry wit. 冷面幽默的机智14）Prohibiting or opposed to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages:禁酒的：禁止或反对酒精饮料的销售或饮用的a dry county. 禁酒县15）Unproductive of the expected results: 无预期效果的a mind dry of new ideas. 毫无新思想的头脑16）Constructed without mortar or cement:不用灰浆或水泥彻成的：dry masonry. 无浆筑成的建筑物Idioms 1) My friend and I sat up half the night just chewing the fat.句中的 chewing the fat 就是习语。The origin is: In the late 1800s this expression was popular in the British army, and then it came to the United States. One possible origin might be that military and naval people were given tough meat to eat and they had to chew the fat of the meat as they talked. The action of chewing is like the action of speaking. At any rate, if youre just hanging out, talking with your friends in an easy, relaxed way, you are “chewing the fat”. A similar expression is “to chew someone out”. 从词的来源可以看出，chewing the fat 并不表示“吃东西”， 其含义为 “友好的闲谈”。我和我的朋友谈得很投机，一直聊到半夜。2) Dont bother your father right now. He is in the den chewing his cud over problems at work.3) Dont cough more than you can help. 能少咳几下，就少咳几下When he saw that the police might arrest him, he coughed up the details of what he had seen.当他意识到警察也许会逮捕他，才全盘托出他看到的一切。He coughed up all he knew. 他把知道的全部说出来了1.4 The confusion between the common words and special termse.g. chromatic: 1) relating to color, 色彩的 2) relating music 半音的 chromatic scale 半音音阶civil： 1） relating to citizen : civil war, civil case, 2) relating to course: civil engineering土木工程1.5 word with a special contextual meaning The idea of ragged schools was developed by John Pounds, a Portsmouth朴次茅斯(英国港市) shoemaker. In 1818 Pounds began teaching poor children without charging fees. Thomas Guthrie helped to promote Pounds idea of free schooling for working class children. Guthrie started a ragged school in Edinburgh爱丁堡(英国苏格兰首府) and Sheriff Watson established another in Aberdeen. 阿伯丁(英国苏格兰一郡 The achievements of John Pounds (1766-1839), the crippled cobbler and originator of Englands Ragged School form of free education for poor children, are celebrated in a new book published by the John Pounds of Portsmouth Heritage Appeal. The 52-page publication brings Portsmouth of the period vividly to life with of over fifty pictures and illustrations highlighting the terrible plight of the hundreds of starving and abused children John Pounds rescued. more Lord Shaftesbury formed the Ragged School Union in 1844 and over the next eight years over 200 free schools for poor children were established in Britain. Wealthy individuals such as Angela Burdett-Coutts gave large sums of money to the Ragged Schools Union. This helped to establish 350 ragged schools by the time the 1870 Education Act was passed. Over the next few years ragged schools were gradually absorbed into the new Board Schools英国的公立小学. The Ragged Schools were charitable schools dedicated to the free education of destitute children. The movement started in Scotland in 1841, when Sheriff Watson established the Aberdeen Ragged School, initially for boys only: a similar School for girls opened in 1843, and a mixed School in 1845. From here the movement spread to Dundee敦提英国苏格兰东部港市 and other parts of Scotland, mostly due to the work of the Rev Thomas Guthrie. In 1844, the movement spread to England, with the establishment of the London Ragged School Union under the chairmanship of Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury. Cooper was president for 39 years, in which time an estimated 300,000 destitute children received education. At the zenith of the movement, there were 192 Schools, with an average attendance of 20,000 pupils. As well as giving very elementary education, the Ragged Schools engaged in a wide variety of social welfare activities such as running Penny Banks, Clothing Clubs, Bands of Hope, and Soup Kitchens. However, despite their alternate name of Industrial Feeder Schools, only 3 Ragged Schools gave trade instructi