book2英语修辞手法.doc

英语修辞手法1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.For example,As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example,The wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance, He almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.For instance, we refer to die as pass away.8) Metonymy (转喻，换喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.For instance, The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.For instance, they say theres bread andwork for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use.For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon（加农炮）-ball（令人讨厌）took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.) 12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example,He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.14) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example,The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.15) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps(黄蜂） break through.16) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed. 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is gold .20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement.一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等，例如：1、This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。2、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。3、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。1、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets.德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。2、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。三、提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。例如：1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”（巨大的牺牲）2、“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.”他说这是世界上最美的语言。这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team.很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。四、拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”)一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。2、My only worry was that January would find me hunting for a job again.我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工作。英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。五、夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。1、My blood froze我的血液都凝固了。2、When I told our father about this,his heart burst.当我将这件事告诉我们的父亲时，他的心几乎要迸出来。3、My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughters voice on the phone.从电话里一听到我女儿的声音，我的心几乎停止跳动。六、叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious manmade destiny.它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。2、. Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quicklycured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人，更少痛苦，更少不安，更少死亡，更少疾病，和更少残废。七、借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。1、Several years later, word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。八、双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.“Both”一词一语双关，既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子，又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。九、拟声（onomatopoeia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or feltsunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。十、讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效 果。Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.啊，当然，我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。店员这句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客：像你这样的人怎么会有大票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。十一、头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.他如何和为什么来到新泽西州的普林斯顿是一个充满奋斗、成功和令人伤心的一段经历。35所谓修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式, 以有效地表情达意。修辞的目的是使作品更加形象生动、引人入胜。了解英语中的修辞, 有助于我们更好地理解、欣赏文章,也有助于在写作中丰富我们自己的表达。英语修辞格按其构成大致可以分为三类:(一)词义修辞格(Lexical Rhetorical Devices)词义修辞格主要是指借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。大学英语中常见的词义修辞格有以下几种:1. Simile 明喻与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。常用来表示明喻的喻词有like, as, as if, as though等。如:Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. 学如逆水行舟,不进则退。“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或 “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚） My loves like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man cant be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。2. Metaphor 暗喻暗喻也是一种比喻, 但不用比喻词, 因此被称为缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征, 用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。如:And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(大学英语第二册,Unit 10, Profits of Praise)但是,尽管我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,却不知何故不愿意给我们的同伴赞扬的阳光。(该句中,将criticism比喻成cold wind,将praise比喻成warm sunshine,但是未使用任何比喻词,因此为暗喻。) He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 “a sea of troubles”“忧愁之海” “All the worlds a stage”(Shakespeare) “整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)3. Metonymy 转喻（借代）转喻类似于汉语中的借代修辞,是通过相近的联想, 借喻体代替本体,它根本不说出本体事物, 直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。如:Most Harvard graduates have read Emerson, Thoreau and Huxley.大多数哈佛毕业生都读过爱默生、梭洛和赫胥黎(的作品)。 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。4. Personification 拟人拟人是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写, 赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。如:The night crawled slowly like a wounded snake, and sleep did not visit Rainsford.黑夜像受伤的蛇一样缓缓爬来,睡眠没有造访雷斯福特。(句中night和sleep通过只适用于动物和人的crawl和visit两个动词被拟人化。)The waves murmured, and the moon wept silver tears. 波浪低沉地呜咽着,月亮撒下银色的泪水。(句中waves和moon通过一般只适用于人的murmur和weep两个动词被拟人化。)Hunger sat shivering on the road 饥饿站在路上颤抖Flowers danced about the lawn花儿在草地上翩翩起舞 My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。5. Hyperbole 夸张夸张是一种故意言过其实,或夸大或缩小事物的形象,借以突出事物的某种特征或品格的修辞格。如: Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure.(高级英语第一册,Unit 9 Mark Twain)大多数美国人因知道哈克费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事而记住了马克吐温。( eternal和endless都是夸张用语, 表示哈克费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。)6. Euphemism 委婉语委婉语是用婉转、客气的说法来代替直截了当的话,把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。如:His old friend is sleeping here but forever. 他的老朋友长眠于此。(用sleep代替die一词。) 用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替 to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替 fat people 用mental hospital 代替 madhouse或者 asylum 用emotionally disturbed代替mad 用washroom, mens / womens room代替 lavatory 用 handicapped代替 crippled 用low income brackets; underprivileged; disadvantaged 代替 poor people7. Irony 反语反语就是说反话,即用反面的话来表达正面的意思。如:On her birthday, the old lay merely received a check from her dear daughter, nothing more. What a lovely present!这位老妇人生日时只收到了她亲爱的女儿寄来的一张支票。这是多么好的礼物啊！(很明显这不是一个让人满意的礼物。)8. Oxymoron 矛盾修辞矛盾修辞是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起,以便相互映衬,突出事物的特点,表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。如:sweet sorrow 忧喜参半(不是甜蜜的悲伤)proud humility 不卑不亢(不是骄傲的谦卑)victorious failure 虽败犹荣(不是胜利的失败)(二)结构修辞格(Syntactical Rhetorical Devices)结构修辞格是使用句子的特殊结构来加强语言效果的修辞手段。大学英语中常见的结构修辞格有以下几种:1. Antithesis 对偶把结构相同、意义相关、语气一致的两组词语或句子并列使用,称为对偶。如:Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人,成事在天。“Hee for God only, shee for God in him”(John Milton)“他只为上帝，她则为他心中的上帝”(约翰米尔顿)2. Parallelism 排比排比是指使用两个或两个以上结构相同或相似的句子或句子成分表达相近或相关内容的修辞方法,其特点在于句式整齐、节奏分明、语言简练、内容突出。如:I came, I saw, I conquered. (Julius Caesar)我来到,我看见,我征服。(尤利乌斯凯撒)3. Rhetoric Question 反问反问是用疑问的形式来表达确定的意思,不需要回答。如:If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (Shelly)冬天来了,春天还会远吗？(雪莱)(三)音韵修辞格(Phonetic Rhetorical Devices)音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。主要有以下两种:1. Onomatopoeia 拟声拟声是词模拟人及其他有生命或无生命物的声音。如:The door banged shut. 门砰地一声关上了。2. Alliteration 头韵头韵指重复出现首字母相同的单词,起到突出重点、加深印象、平衡节奏的作用。如:His dedication, determination and discipline impressed us deeply.他的投入、执着和自律深深打动了我们。 proud as a