英语单词速记--词根词缀法.doc

三、英语单词构词法 Exampleinternationalizationinternationalizeinternationalist, internationalisminternationalinternationality, internationallyinternationalenationnation-hood, nation-state, nation-widenationally, nationalitynationalnationalize, nationalization, nationalismnationalistnationalisticnationalistically1 Prefixes1) dis- (not, the opposite of） disadvantage, dislike, disagree, disappear, disarm, disaster, disastrous, disappoint, disable, disability, discharge, disclose, discount, discourage, discover, discovery, discrepancy, disease, disgrace, disguise, disgust, dishonor, dishonest, dismay, disorder, dispatch, disperse, displace, displacement, displease, disregard, dissatisfy, distort , distract, disintegrate2) in- (not, in, into） inability, incorrect, incapable, indirect, inhuman, injustice, informal, inside, include, inclusive, income, increase, increasingly, incredible, indefinite, independence, independent, indifferent, indirect, indispensable, individual, indoor, inertia , inevitable, infamous , infinite, inhabit , inhabitant, inherent , inject, inland , inlet , inner, innocent, innumerable , input, inquire, inquiry, insane, insensitive, insert, insight, insist, inspect, inspiration , inspire, install, installation, installment , instance, instant, instinct, insulate , intense, interior, internal, into, intrinsic, invade, invalid , invaluable , invariably , invasion, invert , investigate, invisible, involve, inward, incomplete, indecisive, inedible, inept, inevitably, infection, infirm, injection, innate, insecurity, insider3) im- (not, in, into） impossible, imbalance, immature, immoral, impatient, implicit , impress, impression, import, immigrate, imprison, immerse 4) il- (not） illegal, illiterate, illogical5) ir- (not） irregular, irresponsible, irrespective 6) un- (not） unable, uncover, undo, undoubtedly, undress , uneasy, unemployment , unexpected, unfold , unfortunately, unimportant, unlike, unload, unusual, unaware, unenlightened, unparalleled, unsustainable7) non- (not） nonsmoker, nonexistence, non-cooperation, nonstop, nonmetal, nonresident, nonsense, nonspecialist8) mis- (wrong, wrongly） misjudge, misunderstand, mislead, misspell, misstep, misfortune, misuse, misguided, misinformation9) de- (showing the opposite, to remove, to reduce） deform, deface, demobilize, destruction, deforest, denationalize, depress, depression, devalue, decode, decrease, degenerate , degrade , descend, descendant , descent10) pre- (before, in advance） prefix, pre-historic, precaution, precede , preceding, preclude , predecessor , predict, predominant , preface, prejudice, preliminary, premature , premier , premise , premium , preparation, prepare, prepay, preside , president, presumably, presume , pretext , prevail, prevent, previous, prewar, prediction, pre-scientific, preconception11) ante-, (before, in advance） anteroom, ante-Christian, antemeridian, anticipate, antique12) fore- (in advance, before, in or at the front） forearm, forehead, foreman, foretell , foresee , forefather , foreleg, forerunner , fore , foremost, forecast, forewarn13) ex- (out, out of, former） ex-minister, ex-president, ex-Soviet Union, ex-wife, export, exclude, exclusive, excursion, exhibit, exile , exit, exotic , expand, expansion, expedition , expel , expend , expenditure , expense, explode, explosion, explosive, expose, exposition , exposure, express, expression, extend, extension, extensive, exterior, external, extinct, extra, extract 14) post- (later than, after） postgraduate, postwar, postmeridian, postpone, postscript15) sub- (under, below, less important） sub, subject, subway, subtitle, subdivide, submarine , sub-zero, submerge, submit, subordinate , subscribe , subsection, subsequent, subsidiary , subsidy , substance, substantial, substitute, subtract, suburb, subconsciously, subtly16) infra- (below in a range, beyond） infrastructure , infrared 17) re- (again, back to a former state） react, reaction, recall, recede , receipt, recipient , reclaim , recognize, recognition, record, recorder, recover, recovery, recreation, recur , recycle , redundant , reflect, reflection, reflexion, reform, refrain , refresh, refreshment , refund , refute , reinforce, reject, remember, remind, removal, remove, renaissance , renew, repay , repeat, repeatedly, repel , repetition, replace, replacement, reply, report, reporter, represent, representative, repression , reproduce, respect, respond, response, responsibility, responsible, restore, resume, return, reunion , reuse, review, revise, revive, revolt, revolution, revolutionary, revolve, reward18) co-, col-, com-, con-, cor- (with together） co-existence, cooperate, cooperative , co-author, coalition , coherent , coincide , coincidence , collaboration , colleague, collide , collision, collocation, compassion, compassionate, concentric, confederation, conjoin, coordinate, correlate, correlation, correspond19) inter- (between, among） international, interchange, interchangeable, interdependent, interpersonal, interview, interact , interaction, intercourse , interface , interfere, interference, Internet, interrupt, interval, intervene 20) macro- (large） macroeconomics , macrocosm , macrostructure21) micro- (extremely small） microcomputer, microeconomics , microscope, microphone, microelectronics, microbiologist22) super- (greater or more than） super, supermarket, supersonic , superman, superpower, supernatural, supervise , superb, superficial, superintendent , superior, superiority , supreme23) sur- (more than, beyond） surplus, surtax, surface, surpass , surround, survival, survive, suspect24) ultra- (beyond, very, too） ultramodern, ultrasound, ultra-violet 25) auto- (of or by oneself） auto, autocriticism, autoland, automobile, automation , automatic, autobiography , autonomous , autonomy 26) mal- (bad, badly） malfunction, maltreat , malnutrition , malpractice 27) tele- (at or over a long distance, by or for television） telegram, television, telegraph, telephone, telecommunications , telescope, telescreen, teleswitch, televise 28） semi-, hemi- (half） semicircle, semiconductor, semi-colony , semifinal, hemisphere 29） uni-, mono- (one） uniform, unify , union, unique, unit, unite, unity, universe, universal, university, monologue , monoplane, monopoly , monotone, monotonous , carbon monoxide30） bi-, di- (two） biweekly, bicycle, bilateral , billion, bilingual, dialogue, carbon dioxide31） tri- (three） tricycle , triangle, triangular, trilogy , triple, trigonometry 32） quadri-, quadru- (four） quadruple, quadrangle 33） penta- (five） pentagon, Pentagon, Pentium34） hexa- (six） hexagon, hexangular35） sept- (seven） September, Sept-Wolves36） octa- (eight） octagon, octave, octopus, October37） nona- (nine） nonagon, November38） deci-, deca- (ten） decade, decimal39） centi- (hundredth part） centigrade, centimeter, centipede , century40） kilo- (thousand） kilo, kilometer, kilogram(me）, kilowatt 41） mill- (thousand） millennium , millimeter 42） multi- (many） multipurpose, multinational, multiple, multiply, multitude, multiculturalism43） counter-, anti-, contra- (opposite, against） counteract, counterattack, counterclockwise, counterrevolutionary, antibiotic, antigravity, antimatter, antiwar, antinuclear, contradict, contradiction, contramissile, contranatural, contrary, contrast, anticonsumerism44） mini- (smallest, short） minibus, miniskirt, minimum, minister, minimize, ministry, minor, minority, minute45） max- (greatest） maximum, maximal , maximize 46） out- (outside, beyond） outdo, outwit, outlive, outnumber, outdoor, outstanding, outskirts , outward, outcome, outer, outing , outline, outlook, output, outrage , outside47） over- (too much, above, additional） overwork, overuse, overtake, overpass , overthrow , overturn , overall, overdue , overhead, overhear , overlook, overseas, overtime48） trans- (across, on or to the other side of） transaction , transatlantic, transcend , transfer, transform, transistor , transit , transition , translate, translation, transmission, transmit, transmitter, transparent, transplant, transport, transportation49） under- (too little, below） underdeveloped, underdevelopment, underestimate, undergraduate, underground, underlie , underline, undersea, underlying , undermine , underneath, underwear50） neo- (new） neo-Nazism, neolithic 51） be- (cause to be or have） befriend, belittle52） bio- (life） biology, biography , autobiography, antibiotic, biochemistry, biosphere, biomedical53） en- em- (cause to become, put into the stated condition） embody, empower, endanger, enlarge, enrich, encompass, enthrone, entrench 54） extra- (outside, beyond） extracurricular, extraordinary55） mid- (middle） midday, midnight56） poly- (many） polycentric, polydirectional, polysyllabic57） pseudo- (not real, false） pseudonym, pseudoscience58） thermo- (heat） thermochemistry, thermometer59） vice- (next in rank below） vice-chairman, vice-president60） aero- (air） aerial , aeroplane, aeronautics, aerospace61） cross- (across, going between the stated things and joining them） cross-country, crossbreed62） intra- (inside, within; into） intracity, intra-department, intranet63） pro- (in favor of, supporting） pro-America, pro-abortion64） self- (by means of oneself or itself, of, to; with, for or in oneself or itself） self-employed, self-taught65） step- (not by birth but through a parent who has remarried） stepmother, stepchildren66） by-, bye- (less important） by-product, byway67） a-, (on, in; not, without; intensive） aboard, abroad, ahead, ashore, aside, ashamed, awake, aware, abed, aflame; amoral, anarchy, anonymous, asocial, atom, apolitical, acentric; abide, alike, amaze, arise, arouse, await68） ab-, abs- (the opposite of, away from, off） abnormal, abrupt, absent, abstract, abuse, abortion2. Suffixes Nouns1） ant, -ent applicant, component, servant, student2） er, -or, -ar employer, interviewer, trainer, painter, New Yorker, Northerner, lighter, cooker, conductor, beggar, arbiter, shipper3） ee absentee, abandonee, employee, interviewee, trainee4） eer engineer, pioneer5） an, -ian, -arian historian, humanitarian, librarian, musician, Canadian6） ese Chinese, Japanese7） ist artist, Marxist, capitalist, creationist, extremist, futurologist, manicurist, neuroscientist, oncologist, purist8） ism socialism, capitalism, mechanism, ableism, ageism, individualism, collectivism, creationism, optimism, pessimism9） -ability, -ibility ability, flexibility, availability, capability10） age postage, shrinkage, wastage11） al arrival, refusal, revival12） ance, -enceappearance, reference13） ancy, -encyemergency, expectancy, delinquency14） cyaccuracy, bankruptcy15） domfreedom, kingdom, wisdom16） erybravery, cookery17） essactress, lioness18） ettecigarette, novelette, cassette19） fulhandful, spoonful20） hood childhood, brotherhood, neighborhood21） icseconomics, electronics, mechanics, physics, mathematics, politics22） ion(-sion, -ssion -ition, -ation） decision, discussion, inflation, translation, action, correction, allegation, connotation, depletion, distortion, elimination, emulation, formulation, immunization, integration, manipulation, radiation, recitation, vaccination 23） ity, -tyreality, curiosity, purity, security, certainty, cruelty, difficulty, loyalty, poverty, safety, municipality, triviality, affinity, diversity, ingenuity, maturity, mediocrity, mobility, sovereignty, timidity24） mentmovement, agreement, harassment, refinement25） nesscarelessness, greatness, friendliness, weakness, tiredness, inventiveness26） ologyfuturology, geology, biology, musicology, psychology, anthropology, cosmology27） shiphardship, friendship, sportsmanship, editorship28） thbirth, death, breadth, strength, truth29） -ureclosure, exposure Adjectives30） able, -ibleacceptable, admissible, avoidable, eatable, countable, notable , suitable, variable, accessible, sizable, tangible, negotiable31） aleducational, additional, normal, natural, essential, detrimental, emotional, parental, patriarchal, promotional, spatial, surgical32） an, -arian, -iansuburban, disciplinarian, Canadian, partisan 33） ant, -entdifferent, resultant34） ary, -oryadvisory, customary, complementary, parliamentary35） ateconsiderate, fortunate, passionate36） engolden, wooden, woolen37） ernnorthern, southern38） eseChinese, Japanese39） freecarefree, troublefree40） fulcareful, painful41） ic, -icalatomic, biological, economic, economical, historic, historical, classic, classical, scientific, medical, mechanic, mechanical, hypocritical, strategic, volcanic42） ishselfish, childish, womanish, greenish, reddish, yellowish, Swedish, Danish43） ivecreative, decisive, supportive, adaptive, competitive, hyperactive, persuasive, pervasive, speculative44） lessuseless, fruitless, boundless, groundless, hopeless, jobless45） likechildlike, ladylike46） ly, y, -rymanly, monthly, hairy, noisy, scary47） ous, ious, -uous, -eousvarious, continuous, courageous, courteous, harmonious48） proofairproof, bulletproof, fireproof, waterproof49） sometiresome, lonesome, quarrelsome, troublesome, worrisome50） warddownward, homeward51） edpurified, farfetchedVerbs52） endeepen, fasten, lengthen, strengthen, harden, liken, tighten53） ifybeautify, classify, electrify, horrify, identify, modify, simplify, justify, testify, verify, rectify54） ize, -yze, -ise, -yseanalyze, modernize, industrialize, popularize, specialisation, professionalisation, penalize, urbanize, urbanization, normalize, normalization, politicizeAdverbs55） lyclearly, easily, quickly, ironically, radically56） ward, -wardsinward, outward, upward, downward, homeward, northwards57） -wiseclockwise, otherwise3. Stems1）vis (to see）visible, vision, visual, visit, visitor, advice, supervise, television2）agri (land）agriculture, agronomy 3）ann (year）anniversary, annual, semiannual, centennial4）astro, aster (star）astrology, astronomy, astronaut, astrophysics, disaster, asteroid, astronomer 5）audi (to hear）audience, auditorium , audit , auditor , auditory, audio-visual6）bell (war）rebel, rebellion, rebellious, belligerent7）ced (to go）precede, precedent, unprecedented, exceed, proceed, succeed8）cid, cis (to cut, to kill）decide, decision, decisive , concise, suicide, homicide, pesticide 9）claim (to cry, to shout）exclaim, proclaim, acclaim, clamor10）clar (clear）declare, clarify, clarity 11）cord (heart）cordial, concord, discord , accord12）cred (to believe, to trust）credible, incredible, credulous, credit, credential13）dent (tooth）dental, dentist 14）dict (to say）contradict, dictate, dictator, predict, indicate, indicative15）fact (to do, to make）factory, manufacture, benefactor, malefactor16）flu (to flow）fluent, influence, influenza (flu）, fluid17）geo (earth）geography, geometry, geology , geopolitics 18）gram, graph (to draw, to write）diagram,telegram, program,photograph,geography, telegraph 19）insul (island）insulate, insulator , insular, peninsula20）ject (to throw）project, inject, reject, subject, eject21）liber (free）liberate, liberty (at liberty）, liberal, liberalism 22）liter (letter）literate , literacy, illiterate, illiteracy, literature, literary, literal , literally23）log (to speak）dialogue, apology, prologue, monologue, logic24）manu (hand）manuscript, manufacture, manufacturer, manual,manage, management, manager25）medi (middle）immediate, medium, media, mediate, medieval, median26）mort (death）mortal, immortal, mortality27）nov (new）novel, novelty, novice, innovate28）ori (to rise）orient, oriental, Oriental, orientation, origin, original, originate, disorient29）pend (to hang, money）depend, dependent, dependency, dependable, independent, suspend, expend, spend, expenditure, expense, expensive, pension30）port (to carry）portable, import, export, deport, porter, support31）pur (pure）purify , purity , Puritan 32）rect (correct, straight）correct, rectify , erect33）rupt (to break）interrupt, disrupt, bankrupt, bankruptcy, corrupt34）sal (salt）salary, salad35）sist (to stand）resist, resistance, resistible, consist, assist, exist, insist, persist36）spect (to look）spectacle, spectacular, prospect, retrospect, inspect, respect, suspect, circumspect , spectator , conspicuous , perspective37）spir (breath）inspire, inspiration, spirit38）tract (to draw）tractor, attract, protract, contract, abstract, extract, distract39）urb (city）urban, suburb, suburban40）vac (empty）vacant, vacation, vacuum41）vit (life）vital, vitality, vitamin, vitalize42）viv (to live）survive, survival, survivor, revival, vivid, vivacity4. Compoundsbreakfast, brunch, businessman, dragonfly, headmaster, headquarters, history, mankind, masterpiece, person, sit-in, downsize, backbone, lifestyle, lockout, newsletter, signpost, smallpox, stakeholder, standstill, stockpile, trustworthy 四、归纳和区别近义词和近形词1. arise, rise, raise, arouse 2. abandon, refuse, dismiss, deny, eliminate, avoid, escape, prevent, refrain, discard 3. accuse, charge, sentence, persecute, testify, justify, witness4. acquire, obtain, win, achieve, accomplish, gain, grasp, seize, earn, fulfill5. alone, lonely, lonesome, lone6. amaze, surprise, astonish, shock, startle7. anxious, eager8. apposite, opposite9. arrive, reach10. ascetic, aesthetic11. assemble, accumulate, gather, accommodate12. assure, ensure, insure 13. awake, wake, waken, awaken14. base, basis, foundation, root15. beneficent, beneficial16. board, aboard, broad, abroad17. ban, ignore, neglect, o