无机物命名.ppt

THENOMENCLATUREOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS 无机化合物命名 Nomenclatureofinorganiccompound Withthediscoveryofthousandsofnewinorganiccompoundsithasbecomenecessarytorevisethetraditionalrulesofnomenclature Aninternationalcommitteehasrecommendedasetofrulesfornamingcompounds andthesearenowbeingadoptedthroughouttheworld 随着成千上万个新无机化合物的发现 对传统的命名规则进行修订就显得很有必要 国际委员会提出了一套命名无机化合物的规则 这套规则已经被全世界范围接受 OneoftheprinciplechangesisthatproposedbyAlbertStockandnowknownastheStocksystemfornamingthecompoundsofmetal oxides hydroxides andsalts inwhichthemetalmayexhibitmorethanoneoxidationstate 其中一个主要的变化是AlbertStock提出来的Stock命名系统 这个系统主要用于命名具有不同氧化态的金属氧化物 金属氢氧化物和金属盐 Anotherimportantchangeisinthenamingofcomplexionsandcoordinationcompounds InthesecasetheoxidationstateofmetalisshownbytheromannumeralinparenthesesimmediatelyfollowingtheEnglishnameofmetalwhichcorrespondstoitsoxidationnumber 在这种情况下 金属氧化态是以紧接着金属的英文名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示 该数字与金属的氧化数一致 NamingionsNamingmetaloxides bases andsaltsNamingnonmetaloxidesNamingacidsNamingacidandbasicsaltsNamingmixedsalts Acompoundisacombinationofpositiveandnegativeionsintheproperratiotogiveabalancedchargeandthenameofthecompoundfollowsfromnamesoftheions 化合物是由正负离子以适当比例组合 以保持电荷平衡 并且化合物的名称是根据其所含离子的名称而命名的 NamesofCations Monatomiccations1 SinglevalenceionsCation sname Elementforexample Na SodiumAl3 AluminumK PotassiumCa2 Calcium 2 Multivalenceions Cation sname Element N Forexample Fe2 Iron II orFerrousFe3 Iron III orFerricCr2 Chromium II Cr3 Chromium III Mn4 Manganese IV Mn2 Manganese II Polyatomiccations radicelNH4 ammonium NamesofAnions Monatomicanions elementroot ideF fluoride F fluorine Cl chloride Cl chlorine Br bromide Br bromine I iodide I iodine CN cyanide OH hydroxide OxyanionsInnormalcase elementroot ate ionelementroot ite ionSO42 sulfate SO32 sulfite S sulfur CO32 C carbon NO3 N nitrogen NO2 carbonatenitratenitrite Incaseofmorethantwooxyanionsper elementroot ate ionhypo elementroot ite ion hypochloriteperchlorate ClO ClO2 ClO3 ClO4 chloritechlorate Oxyanionscontaininghydrogen HCO3 carbonate hydrogen Nameofoxides Nonmetaloxides prefix element prefix oxide or element oxide SO2 sulfur oxideCO carbonmonoxideCO2 carbondioxideP2O5 diphosphoruspentoxide Metaloxides element oxide CaO FeO Fe2O3 calciumoxideiron II oxide ferrousoxideiron III oxide ferricoxide NaOH sodiumhydroxideKOH potassiumhydroxideAl OH 3 aluminumhydroxideSn OH 2 Tin II hydroxidestannoushydroxideSn OH 4 Tin IV hydroxidestannichydroxide Cation anion Element hydroxide NaOH sodiumhydroxideKOH Al OH 3 Sn OH 2 Sn OH 4 NamesofBases Changingthenameofnegativeion acidion asfollowingways ate ic ite ous idehydro ic Acetate aceticacidBromate bromicacid bromite bromousacidPerchlorate perchloricacidHypochlorite hypochlorousacidBromide hydrobromicacid Changingthenameofnegativeion acidion asfollowingways ate ic ite ous idehydro ic Acetate Bromate bromite Perchlorate Hypochlorite Bromide H2SO4 sulficacid H3PO4 phosphicacid NamingAcids SulfuricacidPhosphoricaicd 其它的前缀还有ortho 正meta 偏thio 硫代pyro 焦 HPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32 thiosulfateionP2O74 pyrophosphateion NaCl sodiumchlorideKClO4 potassiumperchlorateCuCl copper I chloride cuprouschlorideCuCl2 copper II chloride cupricchlorideCr2 SO4 3 chromium III sulfate chromicsulfate NamesofSalts Normalsalts Cation anion NaCl KClO4 CuCl CuCl2 Cr2 SO4 3 chromium II chromous chromium VI chromyl sodiumdihydrogenphosphatesodiumhydrogenphosphatesodiumhydrogensulfate Acidsalts cationroot prefix hydrogen anionroot NaH2PO4 Na2HPO4 NaHSO4 sodiumbisulfate Basesalts cationroot prefix hydroxy anionroot Ca OH Cl CalciumhydroxychlorideBi OH 2NO3 Bismuth III dihydroxynitrateCu2 OH 2CO3 Copper II dihydroxycarbonate NamingMixedSalts NaKSO4 sodiumpotassiumsulfateNaNH4HPO4 sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate Hydratedsalt 结晶水读做water或hydrateAlCl3 6H2O aluminumchloride6 water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK SO4 2 12H2O aluminumpotassiumsulfate12 water 非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water ammonia以外 其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称 命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同 1 对于卤族和氧族氢化物 在化学式中写在前面 因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物 举例 HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride 2 对于其它族的非金属氢化物 在化学式中写在后面 可加后缀 ane