英语基础语法.doc

基础语法第一节 Connectives 连接词英语是重形合的语言，各种逻辑关系如时间，类比，因果，对比等都有不同的连接词来表示，掌握好以下的十三类连接词并能在写作过程中恰当运用，可以有助于实现语篇连贯，使文章条理清晰，结构严谨。这也是雅思写作评分的四项标准其中第二条标准Coherence and Cohesion所考查的内容。1. To show time and sequence: immediately, thereafter, soon, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, before, prior to, after, afterwards, as soon as e.g. It is necessary to prepare well before (prior to) the examination.After discussing the issue, we reached some conclusions.Afterwards (Then), we presented these to leading figures in the community.As soon as these laws are introduced, the problem will be solved.2. To give examples: for instance, such as, namely, a case in point, namelye.g. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries, namely England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.3. To compare and contrast: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, while, compared to, conversely, meanwhile, in contrast, contrasting with, although, though, even though, in spite of (the fact that), despite (the fact that)e.g. We should go ahead with the scheme in spite of/despite there being strong arguments against it.I dont believe that this idea will work. Nonetheless, we should give it a try.Comparing Britain with China, we can see that Britain is much smaller.The birth rate in European countries has dropped, contrasting with the rates in some African countries.4. To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, indeed, in fact, in any case, that is, because of/owing to/due toe.g. The factory had to close because of/owing to/due to a lack of orders for its products.5. To show purpose: the purpose of, so (that), in order to, toe.g. The purpose of introducing the death penalty was to reduce violent crime.6. To show consequence: as a result, therefore, consequentlye.g. The goods had to be sent at once. As a result/Therefore/Consequently, there was no time to check them properly.7. To add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, whats more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.), not only(but also), as well as, as welle.g. Playing sport is fun, as well as keeping you fit.Not only is playing sport fun, but it also keeps you fit.Playing sport is fun and it keeps you fit as well.8. To emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, absolutely, positively, naturally, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation9. To show preference and alternatives: rather, instead of, alternatively, on the other handrather/instead (这两个词在句首可换用。之前的一个句子通常有否定含义，之后的句子通常包括某种建议)e.g. The government could ban the use of cars in cities. Alternatively, they could charge people large sums of money to use cars there.10. To show condition: provide (that), providing (that), so long as, as long as, unless, whether (or not), otherwise, depending on, it depends, in casee.g. These new laws are acceptable provide (that)/providing (that)/so long as/as long as there are safeguards.The government can introduce the laws at different times in different cities, depending on the circumstances.The government can introduce the laws at different times in different cities. It depends on the circumstances.We should prepare a second alternative in case the first doesnt work.11. To show Exceptions: except, except (for), apart from, with the exception ofe.g. Everyone, except for/apart from/ with the exception of Mr. Wang agreed with the proposal. 12. To summarize: in conclusion, in summary, to conclude, to sum up, in short, overall第二节 句子结构什么是句子？句子就是一组相关的词组合在一起表达一个完整的意思。句子的成分可以分为主语subject、谓语predicate、宾语object、定语attributive、同位语appositive、状语adverbial和表语predicative等。宾语又分为直接宾语、间接宾语和复合宾语三种。一个句子不一定要包括上述的每种成分。一般说来，一个句子应该有一个主语和谓语，才能作为独立的句子单独存在。以下是对句子主要成分及其各自功能的解读：句子构成的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。一、 主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。在雅思写作中常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing 、To do五种1名词：Computers are now being widely used in almost all fields.2代词：We are now living in an information-explosion era.3主语从句：Whether sports stars should earn a high salary is still discussed heatedly.4V-ing: Surfing the Internet offers a new way for people to relax themselves.5To do: To protect the environment is everybodys business.二、 谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。1表状态用系动词：As I see it, movie stars earning a high salary is unfair and unjustified.2表动作用及物或不及物动词：The Internet has revolutionized peoples way of life. Taste differs.3表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be People have different views on this question.There is no absolute agreement on this question.4情态动词动词原形：In this way, teachers can never be replaced by computers.三、 宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。在雅思写作中常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing 、To do五种。1名词作宾语：International tourism promotes the economic development.2宾语从句作宾语：Some people hold that air travel should be restricted.3复合结构：The advanced medical technology has made it possible for people to live longer than ever possible before.4 V-ing: Nobody can avoid being influenced by media.5 To do: Some people want to work for a big company while others choose to work for a small one.句子种类繁多，有长有短，有简单句也有复合句，各自在文章中起不同的作用。要写好文章，必须先写好句子开始。我们必须对句子的基本句型和分类有一个清晰的认识。句子的质量如何，直接影响到文章的整体效果。基本句子结构：虽然英语的句子结构较为复杂，却有章可循。归纳起来，英语主要有以下几种基本句型：一S+V（主语加谓语动词不及物动词）1. The price of cars _between August and September.8月和9月期间汽车价格波动。2. From 1995 to 1998, the number of male students _.1995年至1998年，男生的人数保持稳定态势。3. The number of TV viewers _between 8 pm and 10 pm.电视观众的人数在晚上8点到10点之间急剧上升。4. Since 2000 the figure has _.从2000年前数目开始缓慢下降。5. _ has already come.全球一体化时代已经来临。6. Views on the issue in question _.人们对此事持有不同看法。7. Notions about this hot topic _.人们对此热门话题的观点不一。8. Some _ have already _.一些尖锐的问题已经出现。9. The environment has been _ along with the rapid developed of economy.随着经济的迅猛发展，环境也在不断地恶化。10. _ people suffer greatly _.肥胖的人身心都受到伤害。二S+V+O （主语+谓语动词及物动词+宾语）1. The toxic gases _.有毒气体危害人们健康。2. Before presenting my view, I will _.在表明观点之前，我将探讨一下这具有争议的事件的正反方。3. Art funding _.资助艺术浪费我们有限的公共资金。4. The installation of cameras _.安装摄像头侵犯人们的隐私。5. Playing computer games _.打游戏机浪费父母的血汗钱。6. Passive smoking can cause _.被动吸烟可导致诸如眼睛发炎、头痛、咳嗽、喉咙痛、头晕和恶心等症状。7. Art _of the city.艺术提升城市的形象和地位。8. _ the cultural and social _.收藏品和展品反映了文化和社会的多元化。9. Improper living habits _.不良的生活习惯有害健康。10. _ breaks the study momentum.义务兵役制度破坏学习的连贯性。11. Unrestrained development of tourism _.旅游业无限制的发展破坏生态平衡。12. Cross-cultural communication can _.跨文化交流有助于消除偏见和敌意。13. _ in watching TV _.沉迷于看电视扼杀创造力。14. Investment in artistic projects, such as museums and galleries, _.投资艺术项目，如博物馆和展览馆等，能改善城市形象。不及物动词可以通过跟介词或副词结合构成及物用法。VI + Prep = VT approve of, deal with, look into, complain about, result in, lead to, dispose of, subscribe to, side with, contribute to, give up, appeal to1. _should _ this unpleasant matter in two days.有关部门应在两天之内处理这一不愉快的事件。2. Would you please _my present situation?你能否调查一下我的现状？3. Many residents _the construction site which makes great noise day and night.很多居民投诉整天发出巨大噪音的工地。4. _ computer games _.过分沉迷于电脑游戏导致肥胖和近视。5. Your advertisement in Guangzhou Morning Post _me.贵公司登载于广州英文早报的广告吸引了我。6. _ may _.过量使用肥料和杀虫剂可能导致环境的恶化。7. I can hardly _ the latter opinion for the following several sound reasons.我很难认同后一种观点，理由有以下几方面。8. Art _ the _ of the lives of people.艺术丰富人们的生活。9. Cultural development contributes to the _ of a country as a modern, _, and _ society.文化发展展示了一个现代、充满活力和展望未来的社会。10. _ results in a host of health conditions such as _.过量摄入脂肪和热量导致一系列的健康问题，如肥胖、冠心病和高血压等。11. Competition among fellow teens _ and jealousy leads to violent acts.同伴之间的竞争导致嫉妒，而嫉妒导致暴力行为。12. In order to stay healthy, we should _.为了身体健康，我们应该避免烟酒过度。13. Few people _ the proposal _.很少人赞成动物权益保护者提出的建议。三S + V + O2 + O1 （主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 / 人 + 直接宾语 / 物）1. The touch on a thick volume gives one _.手握厚重的一卷书，我们感受到难以言状的快乐。2. The _ show us some convincing evidence.反对者向我们展示一些具有说服力的证据。3. The table shows us the results of a survey _.该表格向我们展示了关于性别和爱好之间关系的调查结果。4. A gap year offers high school graduates a valuable opportunity to _.间隔年为中学毕业生提供了一个宝贵的机会去认清自己的职业兴趣和目标。5. I wish Wu Jiachen _.我祝吴嘉琛一路顺风。6. _ offers children nothing less than a true version of society in miniature.实行男女共校制度的学校给学生提供了现实社会的微型版。7. Job-hopping offers people an opportunity to _.跳槽给人们展示才艺的机会。8. The installation of cameras brings residents _.摄像头的安装给居民强烈的安全感。9. Museums give people _.博物馆给人们民族自豪感和归属感。10. Part-time jobs give students _ through contributing to society.通过为社会做贡献，学生从兼职工作中获得一种成就感。四S+V+O+OC(1)OC: adj.1. We consider keeping pets emotionally detrimental. 我们认为养宠物伤感情。2. Robots can make humans replaceable, redundant and even extinct. 机器人使人变得多余，可替代甚至是处于灭绝的境地。3. The stressful life makes many people sick. 紧张的生活令许多人生病。4. The soaring crime rate makes us upset. 急剧上升的犯罪率使人沮丧，心烦。(2)OC: n.1. You may call me Kent.2. In English people name fat people couch potato. 英语中肥胖的人被称为沙发土豆。3. People call TV an idiot box. 人们把电视叫做白痴盒子。4. We consider censorship a brazen violation of peoples freedom of expression. 我们认为新闻审查制度是对言论自由的公然践踏。(3)OC: infinitive1. They believed him to be honest. 他们相信他是诚实的。2. I expect him to help me with my English. 我指望他帮助我学英语。五S + LV + SC ( 主语 + 系动词 + 主语补足语 )常见系动词有： be, seem, appear, look, remain, sound, feel, smell, taste, become, grow, turn, go, prove, etc.(1) S + LV + N ( 主语 + 系动词 + 名词 )1. _ is one of mans greatest _.生物多元化是人类最大的财富。2. _ of the Internet is an appropriate _ of the government.对互联网的立法管理是政府的职能。3. The legalization of marijuana _ in our community.大麻合法化在我们社区成了个焦点话题。4. The greatest contribution of _ is the healthy attitude to life it encourages.男女共校制度的最大优点是它所提倡的健康的人生态度。5. One merit of the Internet is _ the latest information.互联网的好处是能迅速方便地获取最新的资讯。6. Our museums, galleries, and built and natural _ are _.博物馆、展览馆以及人造和自然的遗产是非常好的教育资源。7. _ is _.死刑的废除是个具有争议的事件。8. _ are very much a luxury of developing countries.环境保护和保护生物多元化对于发展中国家是个奢侈的东西。9. TV is _.电视是个消磨时间的东西。10. Playing video games is _.打游戏机是个费时的爱好。 (2) S + LV + A （主语 + 系动词 + 形容词）1. The number of visitors to U.S.A. _ during the summer.到美国的游客的数目在夏季保持不变。2. Cloning is _.克隆技术是违背自然和不道德的。3. He Guofang is _.何国方有才华且为人谦逊。4. The proposal that women should go back home to be full-time housewives seems _.妇女应该回家做全职太太的建议似乎不切实际并很荒唐。5. The project sounds quite _.这个方案听起来相当令人信服和具有建设性。6. Jogging proves _.慢跑证明是有益健康的。7. Some information on the Internet is _.网上一些信息是误导人的和带有欺骗性的。第三节 句子种类由于分析角度的不同，不同语法书对英语句子的划分也相应有不同的分类。在此笔者主要根据雅思写作的需要，从句子结构的角度讲解几种类型的句子。按结构划分，句子可分为简单句（simple）、并列句（compound）、复合句（complex）和并列复合句（compound-complex）等。一简单句一个独立的句子，如果只有一个主语（可以是并列主语）和一个谓语（可以是并列谓语），这样的句子就称为简单句。简单句只能有一个主语和谓语，但是可以包含不止一个宾语、定语或状语。1. We should _.我们应该弘扬民族文化。2. Few people can _.很少人能抵挡住毒品的诱惑。3. The advertisement is _.该广告误导人和夸大其词。4. The direct cause of drug-taking is _.吸毒的直接原因是无知和好奇。5. The _ the rapidly expanding population and economic development.反对方把环境的恶化归咎于人口的迅速增长和经济的快速发展。6. The number of TV audience _ of 20000 at 9 pm.电视观众的人数在9点达到最高点，为2万人。7. Animal testing _.动物实验侵犯了动物的生存权。8. Traveling abroad _.出国旅游开阔视野、丰富知识和培养独立性。二并列句并列句由两个以上意义相关的独立分句组成，分句之间通过并列连词连接或由连接性副词连接。并列句的分句各有一个完整、独立的主谓结构，表达的意思同等重要，分句之间是互相独立、互不依从的。主要连词有and, but, or, neithernor, for, so, yet 等。1. _ and _ of the Internet is _, but we must protect people from _ that can be accessed through it.虽然言论自由和政府对互联网的介入是个具有争议性的话题，但是我们必须保护人们避免在网上接触到一些淫秽和有害的材料。2. Smoking may _ for smokers are careless about the _.吸烟可能构成潜在的火险隐患，因为吸烟者往往随意丢弃烟头。3. Some overnight millionaires _, and many _ peasants still _ and face the dangers of _.有些暴发户过着奢侈、浪费的生活，而许多贫穷的农民过着穷困的生活，饱受饥寒之苦。4. The government may _ on private car owners, or it will develop the public transport.政府或许会对私家车主课以重税，不然就得发展公共交通。5. _ will not be replaced by _, nor will fast food _ traditional food.传统印刷的书籍不会被电子图书所取代，正如快餐不会取代传统食物一样。6. Zeng Qiyu has applied for a _, and Wu Lijin has requested _.曾启宇申请了奖学金，而吴丽瑾申请了助学金。7. The government has made great efforts to _, yet there are still many being severely damaged.政府已经尽力去保护文化遗产，然而还有许多正遭受严重的破坏。8. Tourism can _ and keep the customs and beauty of the local place.旅游业改善当地居民的福利，同时保护了当地的风俗和美景。9. Sending children to study in _ is a good idea but it is a luxury to many families.把小孩送到寄宿学校是个好主意，但是对于许多家庭而言它是个奢侈的梦想。10. _ modern education, so some optimistic people claim that our children no longer need to go to the traditional school to receive formal education.远程教育在现代教育中起到日益重要的作用，于是有些乐观的人声称我们的孩子不必去传统的学校接受正规教育。常用的连接性副词主要有however, therefore, nevertheless, as a result, instead, thus, in contrast, similarly, for example, at the same time, on the other hand, consequently, in addition, furthermore等。1. The zoos _; _, they keep city people in closer contact with the more natural world.动物园保护许多野生动物，此外，它们还使城市居民有机会接触到自然状态下的动物世界。2. Cloning could be used to increase the population of _ of animals and thus save them from total _.克隆技术可能被用来增加濒危物种的数量，从而避免它们的灭绝。3. Some people are using bicycles for transportation; _, others are _ or taking _ to get to their destinations.有些人使用单车作为交通工具，还有些人合作使用汽车或搭乘公共交通工具去他们的目的地。4. Intelligent machines such as robots can replace humans to do some dangerous tasks; _, they release housewives from _.智能机器，如机器人，能代替人从事许多危险的工作，此外，它们也使家庭主妇从日常家务活中解脱出来。5. The company produces poisonous gases day and night; _, _among residents nearby _.那家公司整天制造出有毒气体，因此，附近居民患癌症的比例急剧上升。三复合句复合句通常包含一个主句和一个或者多个从句。由连接词引导的从句可以充当主句的主语，宾语，表语，定语或者状语等。主要意思通过主句表达，而从句表达次要意思。正确使用复合句可以使表达的思想主次分明，也可以避免由于过多地使用独立的简单句或者并列句所造成的单调和罗嗦，减少不必要的重复，使表达更加简练和完整。1 It is imperative that some action should be taken to put an end to the worsening air pollution.采取有效措施来结束日益恶化的空气污染势在必行。2_space exploration can promote the cause of science. 人们普遍认为太空探索能促进科学事业的发展。3Some people hold that the development of tourism _traditional culture. 有些人认为旅游业的发展对传统文化产生一些负面的影响。4The most practical countermeasure is that _ 最实际的对策是制定更严厉的法律和法规来惩处违规者。5People_ are looked on as being unstable and somehow untrustworthy. 经常跳槽的人被视为不稳定的和靠不住的。6An individuals rights end when_ 当个人权利侵犯他人的安全和权利时，就失去了该权利。四并列复合句如果一个并列句中的一个或者更多的分句包含有一个或者更多的从句，那么这种句子被称为并列复合句。1 It is true that the Olympic Games can _and _, but this not to say that they are without disadvantages.奥运会增进友谊和促进主办国经济的发展，但这并非意味着奥运会是完美无缺的。2 Since tourism helps _between people, it will finally _, and make the world a more peaceful one.因为旅游业有助于增进人们之间的了解，它将最终消除对其他国家的偏见，从而使世界变得更加和平。3 When everyone_ the significance of environmental protection and _, I am fully confident that we can enjoy a cleaner environment.当每个人都充分意识到环保的重要性，并采取可行的措施，我坚信我们能享有更洁净的环境。第四节 名词性从句何为名词性从句？把完整的句子当作名词来使用，分别在另一个句子中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。1 陈述句作名词性从句（句首加that）That English is difficult is not my idea.Ive learned that love, not time heals all wounds.My idea is that the child should be sent to school.The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.2 一般疑问句作名词性从句（用陈述语序，句首加上whether/if）Wh