2014职称英语理工B押题.doc

第二十九篇 “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning(B级)In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, an European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3,500 adults who had never had cancer. After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites traced too smoking or drinking by study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tissues lower exposure to alcohol. 词汇：cavity n腔 triple adj三倍的；n三倍；v成三倍pharynx n咽 serving n（食物或饮料的）一份pharyngeal adj.咽的 inflame v使发炎esophagus n食管 digestive-tract tissue消化道组织esophageal adj食管的 quadruple vt成四倍；adj四倍的larynx n喉 laryngeal adj喉的scrub v.擦净，擦掉注释：1than do those taking their libations with food: 这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为than those taking their libations with food do。这里的do是一个代词，代替上半句中的have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。2drinking patterns of l,500 patients from four cancer studies：取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式3downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals:在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。down:在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“large in amount”（大量的）。4laryngeal: larynx（喉）的形容词形式。5these four sites:指该段前两句提到的oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx。6traced to smoking or drinking:根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到7in an average week:平均每星期8up to:高达9 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day:每周56杯，平均每天8杯以上。eight后省略了servings意为“（食物或饮料的）一份”。10for all sites other than the larynx:除喉以外的全部部位。other than:除了。11highintake, with-meals-only group:（酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。high-intake和with-meals-only在此都是合成形容词，修饰group。12. was only triple that:是它的三倍。that指该句前半句中的laryngeal cancer risk。练习： 1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people研究人员发现人们患口腔和颈部癌症的几率更高 A. who drink alcohol outside of meals. 就餐以外饮酒的人们（正确答案） B. who drink alcohol at meals. C. who never drink alcohol at meals. D. who drink alcohol at bars and pubs. 2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? 以下哪项不是研究人员发现就餐饮酒的结论？ A. It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food. B. It may also be a cause of cancer. C. It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. 它使患癌几率增加了20%（正确答案） D. It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? 酒精摄人量最低的一组，大约每天的饮酒量达多少杯？ A. 3 drinks. 三杯（正确答案）B. 8 drinks. C. 20 drinks. D. 56 drinks. 4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? 在文中提到患四种癌症中哪一种是患病率最低的？ A. Oral cancer. B. Laryngeal cancer. 喉癌（正确答案） C. Pharyngeal cancer. D. esophageal cancer. 5. According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol根据文章最后一段，喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多 A. explains why inflammation triggers cancer. B. accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues. C. is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues. D. reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 降低患喉癌的几率（正确答案）第二十九篇 不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义（B级）一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。”Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。为了进行新的颁，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和喉癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。”Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦牛。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的机率比其他癌症低很多的原因是组织被酒精侵害到的部分少。Putting Plants to Work（Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts : Theyve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.Ceils in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into1 sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. Thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Mafia Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo. 2, is working with green algae3. Shes trying to trick them into producing hydrogen4 instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuelCells in cars or to generate electricity,The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. Ghirardi says. For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment. Its the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.Working in an air free environment, however, is difficult. Its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the algae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. Theres a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms. 词汇:panel n. 嵌板，发热板，仪器板 miniature adj. 口巧.微型的carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 algae n. 水藻，海藻starch n. 淀粉 sulfate n. 硫酸盐，硫酸酯photosynthesis n. 光合作用注释:1. convert., into. : 将转换为2. Colo. : Colorado，(美国科罗拉多州)的缩写形式3. Green algae: 绿藻4.trick them into producing hydrogen: 想方设法使它们产生氢。trick作为动词，有“欺骗、哄骗”的意思，但是在这里的意思是“设法”或“采取措施”。练习：1. What does the writer say about plants concerning solar energy?A) Plants are the real experts in producing solar energy.B) Plants have been used to produce solar energy.C) Plants have been using solar energy for billions of years.D) Plants have been a source of solar energy.2. Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and starches?A) Because they want algae to produce sugars and starches.B) Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.C) Because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.D) Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient.3. According to the fifth paragraph, under what conditions are algae able to use solar energy to make hydrogen?A) When there is a lot of oxygen in the air.)B) When there is no oxygen in the air.C) When photosynthesis is taking place.D) When enough starch is stored.4. Researchers have met with difficulties when trying to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently. Which one of the following is one such difficulty?A) It is not possible to remove sulfate from the environment.B) It is not possible to work in an airfree environment to produce hydrogen.C) It is not easy to make sugars instead of hydrogen.D) It is too slow for algae to produce hydrogen when the sulfate is removed.5. What is NOT true of algae?A) They are easy to grow.B) They can be a very good fuel source.C) They are cheap to eat.D) They can be used in many ways.6. Why do some scientists study how plants convert sunlight carbon dioxide and water into sugars and starches?A) Because they want algae to produce sugars and starch.B) Because they want green plants to become a new source of energy.C) Because they want to turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.D) Because they want to make photosynthesis more efficient.答案与题解：1.C 根据文章第一段最后一句的意思，c是正确选择：植物从来就利用阳光作为能源。2.B文章的第三段说，科学家企图将植物或植物类生物细胞作为微型光合能源供应站来研究，并举例说，他们正在用绿藻进行实验，若成功，绿藻所产生的氢将可用来为汽车的燃料电池充电。所以答案是B。3.B 文章第四段告诉我们：algae will produce hydrogen in an air free environment.没有空气的情况肯定就没有氧气了。该段最后一句又说，是氧阻止绿藻制造氢。4.D选项A、B都不是正确答案，因为短文的第六段告诉我们，remove sulfate和work inan air free environment都是可能的，但问题是两者都有弊端，使氢的制造不那么容易。D所述内容就是困难之一：绿藻细胞因为没有了sulfate而减缓工作速度，因此产生不了多少氢。5.C 根据短文最后一段的描述，绿藻可以在任何地方生长，它们是很容易使用的燃料能源，而且用途广泛，所以，A、B、C都是正确的描述，不是答案。C是答案，因为“The organisms are cheap to get and to feed”中的feed是“养殖”的意思，不能解释为“吃”。译文： 植物效能 太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板镶嵌的建筑。但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家：十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。 绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同时储存植物本身所需的能量。这种转换过程叫做光合作用。可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。因此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究。 一些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。例如，玛丽亚奇若蒂在美国科罗拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究。她正想方设法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖。一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作，由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电。 在实验室里，藻类生长通过狭窄的颈玻璃瓶生产氢气的环境下。在光合作用下，植物通常产生糖类或淀粉。奇若蒂说：“但在一定条件下，有很多藻类能够利用日光能源产生氢气而不是储存淀粉。”例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气。这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢。 藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难。这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所谓的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。 只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量。尽管如此，研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步。随着工作量的加大，他们可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气。研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源。藻类这种生物极易存活，他们可以在几乎任何地方成长。奇若蒂说，：“你可以将它放在一反应堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋中找到它们，人们可以灵活的使用藻类的用途广泛。”Mind-reading1 MachineA team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning whats happening in their brains. When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing. The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at. Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood-and therefore, which parts are working to process information. An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images. The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see. In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. 词汇： scan v. &n. 扫描 visualize v. 使可见；设想 neuron n. 神经元 注释: 1. Mind-reading: 能读出(猜出)人的想法的。mind-read: 可做动词，如，As a successful salesman, he is able to mind-read his customers. 2. FMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : 功能性磁振造影。这是一种新兴的神经影像学方式，其原理是利用磁振造影来测量神经元活动所引发之血液动力的改变。 3. visualize: 意为make(something)visible to the eye，即“使可见，使显现”。 练习: 1. What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes? A）A small region of the brain. B）The central part of the brain. C）Neurons in the brain. D）Oxygen-rich blood. 2. Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer? A）Ceils in your brain are called neurons. B）The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs. C）FMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information. D）fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently. 3. Highlighting the areas of the brain at work means A）marking the parts of the brain that are processing information B）giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information C）putting the parts of the brain to work D）stopping the parts of the brain from working 4. What did the researchers experiment on? A）Animals, objects, and fruits. B）Two volunteers. C）fMRI machines. D）Thousands of pictures. 5. Which of the following can be the best replacement of the tide? A）The Recent Development in Science and Technology. B）Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned. C）A Technological Dream. D）A Device that can Help You Calculate. 答案与题解： 1. C 文章第二段的最后两个句子提供了答案。Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processin9这里的processin9指的就是上句中的内容。 2. D 的电容文章中没有出现。A的内容在第二段可找到。B的内容在第二段可找到。C的内容在第五段可找到。 3. A highlight：使显得突出，标出。at work：正在工作的。这里指正在处理信息的(大脑区域)。 4. B答案在文章的第六段中可以找到。实验者让两个自愿受试者观看许多照片，并用fMRI对设备测试他们的大脑在这一过程中的活动。 5B A论述的范围太大。fMR技术已不再是梦想，所以C也不是正确选择。D所述内容与 文章完全不符。B符合文章内容，是最佳选择。译文： 读心机 一个加州的研究团队开发了一种可以通过扫描人体大脑所发生的变化从而预测出这个人正在看一些什么样的物体的方法。 当你注视一些物体时，你的眼睛会发送一个关于该物体的信号到你的大脑中。大脑的不同区域处理眼睛发送的这些信号。大脑中负责这个过程的细胞叫做神经元。 FMBI(功能性磁振造影)脑扫描可以大体地比较大脑中人们对所观察物体基本形状的电运动。 像身体中其他地方的细胞一样，活跃的神经元细胞也需要氧气。血液为神经元提供氧气，神经元越活跃，对氧气量的需求越大。大脑中越是活跃的区域，它的神经元也就越活跃，为此，更多的血液会流经这一区域。那么通过使用FMBI，科学家可以使大脑中接收相对多的富氧血液的部分可视化。因此，可视化的部分就是处理信息的部分 FMRI机是一种可以扫描大脑和测量流向大脑的血液变化的设备。这项技术为研究者显示，当人们思考观察进行像说话阅读这样的活动时，大脑运动的变化。通过突出显示人们观看不同图像时头脑工作的区域，FMRI可以帮助科学家们确定与不同图像相关的大脑活动的具体形式。 加州的研究者让两个志愿者观察数百个诸如人、动物和水果这样的日常事物。他们用这样方式来测试大脑的活动。科学家使用FMRI机来记录志愿者看每一张图片时大脑的活动。显示这一活动时，不同物体会使志愿者大脑的不同区域在扫描时亮度增加。科学家利用此信息来建立一种模式去预测大脑对所看到事物可能如何反映。 在第二个测试中，科学家让志愿者看120个新图像。和以前一样，他们每看一张新图像时大脑都被扫描一次。这次，科学家用他们的模式来比较FMRI扫描的图像。例如，如果图像在第二次测试显示相同的形