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药学英语期末复习总结上册 p69 Text B Lead Compounds 先导化合物1. 什么是Lead Compounds? p69第一段2. 先导化合物的开发方法和代表药物(p71)Four typesi)The first strategy consists of systematic screening of sets of compounds arbitrarily chosen for their diversity , by selected biological assays.代表药:new antibiotics such as streptomycinii)The second strategy is based on the modification and improvement of existing active molecules.代表药:series of lovastatin analoguesiii)The third approach resides in the retroactive exploitation of various pieces of biological information that sometimes results from new discoveries made in biology and medicine and sometimes is just the fruits of more or less serendipitous observations.代表药:nitroglycerol,penicillium notaum,sildenafiliv)The fourth route to new active compounds is a rational design based on the knowledge of the molecular cause of the pathological dysfunction.代表药:captoprilWord captopril n. 卡托普利,甲巯丙脯酸 cimetidine n. 西咪替丁(抗消化性溃疡药)retroactive adj.反动的,追溯的,有追溯力的nitroglycerol n.硝酸甘油上册 p94 Biopharmaceutics 生物药剂学 1. BA(生物利用度,bioavailability)The fraction of an administered dose of drug that reaches the systemic circulation in unchanged form is known as the bioavailable dose. The relative amount of an administered dose of a particular drug which reaches the systemic circulation and rate at which this occurs is known as bioavailability of that drug.(p95第一段第三行至第六行)It should also be noted that in the context of bioavailability ,the term systemic circulation refers primarily to venous blood (excluding除了 the hepatic portal blood during the absorption phase) and arterial blood which carries the intact drug to the tissues.(p95第二段最后一句话) 2. 临床效果与血药浓度关系It has been assumed that the plasma drug concentration is directly proportional to the clinical effect of that drug.(p94第二段最后一句话)3. 生物制剂的特点(没找到o()o唉)Word arterial adj. 动脉的capsule n. 胶囊剂coadminisitration n. 一起服用dissolution n. 分解,溶化hepatic adj. 肝的intramuscular adj. 肌肉的pro-drug n. 前药suspension n. 悬浮(液)systemic adj. 全身的,系统的下册 UNIT One Pharmacology 1. Pharmacokinetics (药代动力学) describes the effect of the body on the drug.Liberationdisintegration, dispersal and dissolutionAbsorptionIs the medication absorbed through the skin, the intestine , or the oral mucosa?DistributionHow does it spread through the organism?MetabolismIs the medication converted chemically inside the body , and into which sustances ? Are these active ? Could they be toxic? ExcretionIs the medication eliminated through the bile , urine , breath , or skin ?2. 药理学与药学的区分 P3 一整段3. DMSO 二甲亚砜(万能溶媒)P9 第一段 DMSO的八个作用4. DMSO 的应用范围:TBI (humans), Stroke,CNS injury(animal models)p8课文第一二段5. DMSO优势P12第二三段 A comparison of DMSO6. DMSO使用的辅助药物FDP(1,6-二磷酸果糖)p12 最后一段7. DMSO in experimental train ischemia (了解)p10Word anaerobic a. 厌氧的atherosclerosis n. 动脉粥样硬化free-radical n. 自由基glycolytic a. 糖酵解的hyperplasia n. 增生,数量性肥大infarct n. 梗塞neurotransmitter n. 神经传递pathophysiology n. 病理生理学proton n. 质子synergistic a. 协同的tolerability n. 耐受性Notesdimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO):二甲亚砜,万能溶媒,可作有机溶剂、反应介质及有机合成中间体,用途广泛。traumatic brain injury(TBI):创伤性脑损伤spinal cord trauma:脊髓创伤intracranial pressure(ICP):颅内压Unit Two Medicinal Chemistry1.药物化学关注的重心:适用于治疗用途的新化学单体药物鉴定、化学合成和开发利用,还包括对现代药物化学结构、理化性质、化学稳定性、生物活性特征、构效关系、体内代谢以及药物与其生物靶点相互作用的化学机制的研究等。2.药物设计方法:Lead discovery process: random screening(e.g.streptomycin,tetracyclines), drug metabolism studies(seldane), clinical observations of drug action(Bupropion hudrochloride, viagra ,etc), rational approaches to lead discovery(imatinib, indocin) and CADD.Optimization : pro-drug design ,bioisosterism , soft drug or hard drug design, and QSAR。括号内为对应的药物3.Type of drug design:1)ligand based drug design(基于配体):依赖于能与我们感兴趣的某种相关的生物靶点所结合的一系列化合物分子方面的相关知识。2)structure based drug design(基于结构):以生物靶点的三维结构相关知识为基础直接设计药物。CADD:计算机辅助药物设计Words:derivative:衍生物high-throughput screen:高通量筛选hydrophobic:疏水的me-too compound:仿制化合物pharmacophore:药效团sildenafil citrate:枸橼酸西地那非streptomycin:四环素类药物Unit Three Pharmaceutics1.制剂需考虑的因素:理化性质因素:如药物的解离度,扩散速度(degree of dissociation and speed of diffusion of the durg molecules)生物药剂学因素:the most suitable type of dosage form ,possible route of administration , and the most suitable duration of action and dose frequency for the drug微生物因素:avoiding and eliminatingthe microorganismPenicilin不同剂型稳定性的差异Solid dosage forms: the crystalline forms are much more stable than the amorphous;Liquid dosage forms: buffer solutions of penicillin near neutral pH in order to obtain optimum stabilityOintments: ointment made with a base consisting of peanut oil , beeswax, and petrolatum was stable for 4 years at room temperature影响因素:moisture content2.Incompatibilities of penicilin配伍禁忌The loss in activity might be caused by alcohols, sugars, sulfite and bisulfate, heavy metals catalyze, oxidizing agents, etc. Key wordsamorphous:非结晶的,无定性的crystalline:结晶的,晶状的esterification:酯化作用thiosulfate:硫代硫酸盐Unit Four Pharmaceutical Analysis序言:1、 Pharmaceutical analysis focuses on qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs, quality control and development of new drugs.药物分析学研究药物的定性和定量分析、质量控制和新药开发。2、 在新药的研制开发中,需进行质量标准和稳定性研究,即设计出药品真伪的鉴别、纯度检查和含量测定的方法(methods for the identification of counterfeit medicines, purity test and content assay)。假药:counterfeit medicines 劣药:substandard drugs3、 各相关学科对药物分析学不断提出新的要求,它已不再仅仅局限于对药物进行静态的质量控制(static quality control),而是发展到对制药过程、生物体内和代谢过程进行综合评价和动态分析研究(a comprehensive and dynamic analytical study on drug manufacturing, in vivo dynamics and metabolism)。Text A:分析方法和仪器及其适用性:1、 历史悠久的经典方法(time-honored procedures):重量分析法和滴定分析法(gravimetric and titrimetric analysis)。同时,electronic balance and recording titrator(电子天平和记录式滴定仪) 使其大大改进。2、 纯物理方法的熟悉例子:microscope(显微镜), polarimeter(旋光计), refractometer(折射计)。3、 水分测定:干燥法(drying)- 改进的moisture balance:红外灯(infrared lamp)加热,减少样品丧失;蒸馏法(distillation); Karl Fischer titrimetic method(卡尔.费谢尔滴定分析法); 电分析方法Electrical method(通过改变介电常数dielectric constant来改变电容capacitance)。4、 separation techniques,particularly chromatographic methods(色谱方法),对药物分析来说是必不可少的。Separations such as solvent-solvent extraction(溶剂-溶剂萃取), open column chromatography(开柱色谱), or thin-layer chromatography(薄层色谱) may be required as a preparatory step when spectrometric analysis in the ultraviolet region(紫外区的光谱分析) is to follow.GC(gas chromatography)和HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography)代表了两种应用广泛的非化学计量学的方法。 (分离哪些化合物见第六章,同时了解下GC(GLC、GSC)和LC(LLC、LSC)毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis)有许多优势。5、分光光度计:spectrometer 荧光计:fluorometer6、The ability to detect and measure elements in a complex dosage-form system is very important, because some elements such as the heavy metals are toxic and must be monitored.记录物质的发射光谱可以用于许多元素的鉴定和定量分析。(emission spectrograph 发射光谱仪)7、电化学方法(electrochemical methods)提供了一些光谱分析不具有的选择性(selectivity)。The polarograph(极谱仪) provides for rapid qualitative and quantitative analyses by automatic recording of current-voltage curves(电流电压曲线)。Word:2. anhydrous a. 无水的 8. cell n. 比色皿14. electrophoresis n. 电泳16. fluorometer n. 荧光计(氟量计)21. partition n. 分配23. polarimeter n. 旋光计25. polarograph n. 极谱仪29. reducible a. 可还原的32. titrimetric a. 滴定分析的Unit Five Pharmacognosy序言:1、“生药学”(pharmacognosy)这个词来自希腊字“pharmakon”(drug药物)和“gnosis”(knowledge知识)。生药学的术语是1811年首次被奥地利医生施密特(Austrian physician Schmidt)提出。2、中药与生药 TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicines) and Crude Drugs的区别:中药(TCM,Traditional Chinese drugs,Chinese drugs,Chinese medicines):是指依据中医学理论和临床经验用于医疗保健的药物,包括中药材、饮片和中成药(成方制剂)。Traditional Chinese medicines(TCM):consist of Chinese materia medica(CMM),preparations of CMM and Chinese patent medicines. 中药材(Chinese meteria medica,Traditional Chinese medicinal materials,Chinese crude drugs)既指中医处方用药,又包括生产中成药或提取有效成分的原料药。生药(Crude drugs):来源于动物、植物、矿物的新鲜品或经过简单的加工,直接用于医疗保健或作为医药用原料的天然药物。Crude drugs(shengyao)are the fresh or simply prepared materials originated from natural plants,animals and minerals,directly used as medicines or as medicinal materials.生药是一个世界范围内通用的名词,20世纪30年代从国外引入中国。结合我国的实际情况,生药主要指中药材。一般来说,中药包括中药材、饮片和成方制剂;中药材来源于动物、植物或矿物;而生药除包括极大多数为历代本草所收藏的药物外,尚包括本草未收藏、中医不常用而为西医所用的药物,此外国外生药一般不包括矿物药。(来源于中药学概论课件第一章) 注:具体有关生药及生药学研究内容请以药英课本为主。3、生药学研究重点是动植物界中的药物。现代生药学不仅研究药材(crude drugs),还研究他们的天然衍生物(natural derivatives)。4、从天然资源中提取得到的化合物:epinephrine(肾上腺素),caffeine(咖啡因),codeine(可待因),ephedrine(麻黄碱),menthol(薄荷醇),penicillin(青霉素);digitoxin(洋地黄毒苷) from digitalis leaf(洋地黄叶),reserpine(利血平) from rauwolfia root(萝芙木根),thyroxin(甲状腺素) from thyroid gland(甲状腺);Text A1、 补充:界 kingdom、门 phylum、纲 class、目 order、科 family、属 genus(复数 genera)、种 species。 亚:sub example:亚科 subfamily现代生物学分来的奠基人:Linnaeus 林奈2、 Folk medicines(民间药)从成千上万的动植物种类中找到新药是个难题,从世界各地的 folk medicines入手是个明显的解决方法,毕竟这些folk medicines经过了人类亲身经验的筛选并且被一些风俗文化证明是可行的(presumably using the patient as the experimental animal,being subjected to human screening(although crude),and being found acceptable to those cultures that use them)。药典中收录的天然来源的药物:P121 第4、5段 3、 geographical sources P122 了解Text B药物的生理功能,属于哪些类别: 海藻(marine macroalgae or seaweeds)可用于治疗碘缺乏症(iodine deficiency),如甲状腺肿(goiter),突眼性甲状腺肿(Basedows disease),甲状腺功能减退(hypothyroidism)等。一些还用于sources of additional vitamins, treatment of anemia during pregnancy,and treatment of intestinal disorders。还用于dressings(辅料),ointments(药膏),gynecology(妇科医学)。1、 Antiviral substances 抗病毒仅有一种化合物被报道具有显著的治疗作用:ara-A阿糖腺苷膜海鞘素didemnins有体内活性activity in vivo,一些膜海鞘素还有抗肿瘤活性2、 Antitumour compounds 抗肿瘤大环内酯类(macrolides)的苔藓抑素(bryostatins);环肽、线性肽(cyclic and linear peptides),以及缩肽类(depsipeptides)的海兔毒素(dolastatins);有被囊的加勒比海海鞘的提取物:海鞘素(ecteinascidins);膜海鞘素;3、 Anticoagulants 抗凝血重点掌握:角叉菜胶 carrageenans(direct effect on the in vitro inactivation of thrombin)4、 Antimicrobial agents 抗菌化合物头孢菌素C (cephalosporin C),及半合成衍生物头孢菌素钠cephalothin sodium天神岛霉素A和B(istamycins A and B)-from 海洋链霉菌(marine streptomycetes)5、 Anti-inflammatory compounds 抗炎化合物硫酸多糖(sulphated polysaccharide)、角叉菜胶(carrageenan)被用于多项筛选抗炎药物的试验。角叉菜胶诱导(carrageenan-induced)的非免疫性炎症反应(non-immune inflammatory response)的大鼠足底水肿模型(rat paw oedema assay)是此项实验的标准模型。Word:29、sift v. 筛选,纷落,详察35、species n. 物种,种类Text BWord:1、alginic n. 藻朊酸3、arachidonic acid n. 花生四烯酸8、bryostatin n. 苔藓抑素11、carrageenan n. 角叉(菜)胶13、cephalothin n. 头孢菌素,先锋霉素28、galactan n. 半乳糖体31、halogen n. 卤素34、istamycin n. 天神岛霉素36、kaolin n. 高岭土43、protamine n. (鱼)精蛋白50、streptomyces n. 链霉菌属54、tunicate a. 有被膜的,有被囊的Unit 6Phytochemistry(植物化学)1、 Phytochemistry(植物化学)的对象是(secondary metabolic compounds)次生代谢产物。详见第六单元介绍的第一段。2、 植物化学技术的研究对象,比如flavonoids(挥发性油)。详见第五段。3、 植物化学的新研究方法:biochromatography(生物色谱)。详见第六段。4、 TEXT A 1) The plant material 注意萃取前的准备,包括植物的采集及清洗;凭证样品的作用2)Methods of Extraction 注意常用溶剂为乙醇(ethanolic);采用的方法,如重结晶(recrystallization)在P152第三段3) Methods of Separation 分离方式,重点组分,色谱法。掌握PC、TLC、GLC、HPLC分别适用于哪些化合物。PC :particularly applicable to water-solute plant constituents; TLC: all lipid-soluble(脂溶性) components; GLC: volatile(挥发性) compounds, fatty acids, mono- and sesquiterpenes(倍半萜烯), hydrocarbons(碳水化合物) and sulphur compounds(硫类化合物); HPLC:the less volatile constituents. 重点掌握PC。还有PC的RF值(比移值)的计算在P154第四段。单词:4Homogeneityn. 同质、同种、均匀性、同次性5Pipetn. 吸管,移液管;vt. 用移液管吸取Unit 7Biopharmacy(生物药学)1. Biopharmacy(生物药学)是研究(Biopharmaceuticals)生物药剂或者是采用生物技术生产的或者是来源于活性物质的医用药物的学科。2. 生物药剂的分类P176 注意胰岛素和胰高血糖素。3. 临床用途(即应用USES)P1774. TEXT A (生物仿制药)1) Definition(定义) 需要满足三个条件P178 第2,3,4 段2)Scientific c
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