英语专业语法-ingparticiples.doc

Lecture 2 -ing Participle The term -ing participle is used to include both the traditional present participle and the gerund. I Collocation of-ing participle with verbs1) Verb + -ing form. These verbs include admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, avoid, cant help, cant resist, cant stand, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dont mind, ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favour, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep (on), mind, miss, pardon, postpone, practise, put off, resent, report, risk, stop, suggest, etc.(1) About the logical subject of the-ing participle, it needs not be expressed if it is the subject of the main clause, eg.She always detested seeing a bullfight.They denied giving any information to help the police.He didnt contemplate coming with us on this trip.I cant resist bargaining.(2) If the -ing form has a logical subject of its own, must be expressed one way or another, eg: Please pardon my disturbing you. We appreciate your inviting us to your party. The logical subject of the-ing participle may be a noun or a genitive noun; it may also be realized by a pronoun in objective case or by a possessive determiner. But in colloquial speech, a common case noun or an objective pronoun frequently favored, eg: I dont mind John moving to another house. I dont mind Johns moving to another house. I dont mind him moving to another house. I dont mind his moving to another house.But ,(1)after such verbs as defer/ deny/ postpone, (2) if the ing participle is used as the subject of a clause and it is put at the beginning of the clause, the logical subject of an ing participle must be the genitive case of a noun or a pronoun. He didnt deny his breaking the agreement. His being beaten disappointed us.(3) Some of the verbs listed above such as acknowledge, admit, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, deny, fancy, imagine, suggest, mean, mention, propose, recall, recollect, understand, etc can also take a corresponding that-clause as object, eg: The watchman reported finding the door open. The watchman reported that he had found the door open. He anticipated getting much pleasure from the reading of that book. He anticipated that he would get much pleasure from the reading of thatbook.2) Verb + object + preposition + -ing form There are verbs that cannot be directly followed by an-ing form unless it is interrupted by an object and a preposition. These verbs include trick, mislead, shame, surprise, trap, stop, prevent, restrain, hinder, save, etc, and the prepositions commonly used in this collocation are “into” and “from”, eg: He tricked her into marrying him by pretending that he was rich. Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself. Nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition. A sailor saved him from drowning. In some of these collocations such as “prevent / stop somebody from doing something”, the preposition from can sometimes be omitted. We must prevent the trouble (from) spreading.I shall stop you (from) destroying yourself.But the preposition “from” cannot be left out if it is a passive sentence:It cant be stopped from happening here. Similar collocations such as thank somebody for doing something, ”congratulate somebody on doing something and accuse somebody of doing something can also be included in these patterns.II Verbs followed either by infinitive or by-ing participle1) Either infinitive or-ing participle without change of meaning Verbs that can take either an infinitive or an-ing form as object include attempt, begin, cant bear, continue, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, start, etc. (1) After process verbs such as begin, cease, continue, start and emotive verbs such as cant bear, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, the infinitive is commonly used to refer to a specific act while the-ing participle is used to refer to a general act, eg: I cant bear living alone. I cant bear to see the child so badly treated. Phil prefers doing it that way. He prefers to go by train this evening.(2) After need, want, require, deserve, an active -ing form can be used to denote a passive meaning which can also be expressed by a passive infinitive, eg: This letter needs signing by the manager. = This letter needs to be signed by the manager. The house wants rewiring. = The house wants to be rewired.(3) After begin and start, either infinitive or -ing form is possible, but when the verb is a stative verb, it normally appear in infinitive. eg. We began to see what he meant. She began to believe his story.When begin / start is in the progressive, it is also an infinitive, not an-ing form that is normally used, eg. Its beginning to rain. Im starting to work on my essay next week.(4) After agree, decide, there is a choice between the infinitiveand “preposition+ ing” eg. They agreed to share the renumeration. They agreed on sharing the renumeration.(5) After encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorise, either the -ing participle or the infinitive with an expressed logical subject can be used, eg. She doesnt allow smoking here.She doesnt allow us to smoke here. 2) Either infinitive or-ing form with different meanings The verbs that admit of either an infinitive or an -ing form with different meanings fall into five sub-classes.(1) After remember and forget, the infinitive refers to a second act that follows the first, and the-ing participle to a previous event, eg.Cant you remember telling me the story last night?= You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it?You must remember to tell him all that.= You must tell him all that. Dont forget it.The use of regret also presents such a contrast: I regret telling you that John stole it. = I regret that I told you . I regret to tell you that John stole it. =Im sorry to tell you . But “I regret telling you .”can also be interpreted as. I regret that I am telling you .(2) After stop, leave off, go on, the -ing participle functions as object, while the infinitive as adverbial of purpose. Compare: They stopped watching TV at 9:30. They stopped to watch TV at 9:30.He left off writing the book.He left off to write the book.(3) After try, mean, cant help, the choice between an infinitive and an -ing form depends on the meaning of the preceding verb itself. Compare: Your plan would mean spending a lot of money. I didnt mean to spend too much money on that project. If you want to improve the taste, try adding some sugar. He tried to improve the taste by adding some sugar.II. The syntactic functions of -ing participles1） subject Fighting broke out between the South and the North.2）Object a. V. + doing sthadmit appreciate avoid complete consider delay deny detest e.g：(1)Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. b. Phrasal verbs+doing admit toprefertobe used to lead todevote oneself toobject tostick tobe busylook forward totono good,no use,Its worth, as well as, cant help,Its no use /good be tired of be fond of be capable of be afraid of be proud of think of / about hold offput off keep on insist oncount on / upon set about be successful in good attake upgive upburst outprevent from3）complementHer job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the childrenI found my car missing. Ill have my watch repaired. He remained standing beside the table.4) attributivePre-modifierWe can see the rising sun. He is a retired worker. Post-modifier (i.分词词组；ii. 个别分词如given, left； iii. 修饰不定代词 something等)There was a girl sitting there.This is the question given. There is nothing interesting. Compare:Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 1) The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. Written5) adverbialAs I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.- Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. f more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.- Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 1）_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed (With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.)2）There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed3）_, liquids can be changed into