上海版牛津英语8B资料

精品文档上海版牛津英语8B 第一章 学习辅导材料（11.01）学 习 新 词 语product n. 产品 例如：Our new product will go on the market. 我们的新产品即将上市。 【同根词】：produce， production produce v. 生产；制造；产生 例如： We produce vegetables. 我们生产蔬菜。 production n. 生产；产生 例如： The production of television sets is very complex. 电视机制造非常复杂。scientist n. 科学家 例如：My brothers ambition is to be a scientist. 我兄弟的志愿是成为一名科学家。 【同根词】：science, scientific science n. 科学 scientific adj. 科学的 例如： The scientists in this university are interested in modern science and they spend most of their time on their scientific research. 这所大学的科学家们对现代科学感兴趣，他们把大部分时间用于科学研究。breathe v. 呼吸 例如：He breathed hard when he was ill yesterday. 他昨天生病时，费力地呼吸。 【同根词】：breath, 呼吸 例如： Smiths heavy breath disturbed his wifes sleep.史密斯沉重的呼吸扰乱了他太太的睡眠。hectare n. 公顷 1 hectare = 10,000 square metres (1公顷 = 10,000平方米) 例如：That factory covers an area of 150 hectares. 那个工厂占地150 公顷。alive adj.（表语形容词） 活着；在世 【词义辨析】：alive， living 都是“活着”的意思，用法不同。例如： alive 是表语形容词，一般在句子中放在系动词后面，用作表语。例如： I am your friend as long as I am alive. 只要我活着就是你的朋友。 living 是定语形容词，一般在句子中放在名词前用作定语。例如： There are not any living things in the mountain area.在这个山区里没有任何活着的东西。warn v. 警告：使警惕 例如： Xiaofeng warned me against pickpockets. 小峰警告我要提防扒手。 【同根词】： warning n. 警告；警示 例如： There is a warning sign at the corner of the street. 街角那儿有一块警示牌。nature n. 自然界；大自然 例如：I am in favour of return to nature. 我赞成回归自然。 【同根词】：natural adj. 自然的 例如： This mountain village has natural beauty. 这个山村有自然的美。【词组】：(be) interested in 对感兴趣 例如： Are you interested in movies? 你对电影感兴趣吗？ 【词义辨析】：interested， interesting interested adj. 感兴趣的。一般表示对某人或某物感兴趣。例如： He is interested in computers. 他对电脑感兴趣。 interesting adj. 有趣的；令人感兴趣的。一般表示某样事物令人感兴趣。 He is an interesting boy. 他是个有趣的男孩。 Chemistry is an interesting subject. All of us are interested in it. 化学是一门有趣的学科，我们都对它感兴趣。as well as 也，还 例如：They study French as well as Chinese. 他们既学法语也学中文。 【词义辨析】：as well as, not only but also, both and 都用于连接两个相同的语法部分。 as well as 强调的是两个相同语法部分的前者。例如： He can play violin as well as guitar. 他既能拉小提琴，也能弹吉他。（强调会小提琴） not only but also 强调的是两个相同语法部分的后者。例如： He can play not only violin but also guitar.他不仅能拉小提琴,也能弹吉他。（强调会吉他） both and 前后两个语法部分都注重。例如： He can play both violin and guitar. 他能演奏小提琴和吉他。（不分前后一样重要）air conditioner n. 空调 例如： Air conditioners make us feel more comfortable in summer and winter. 夏天和冬天，空调使我们感到更加舒服。one another 互相 例如： We must help one another and learn from one another. 我们必须互相帮助，互相学习。 【同义词】：each other 互相；彼此 语 法 知 识现在进行时一.现在进行时表示的意义：1.表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调动作发生的时间是此时此刻。例如；I am reading an English book. 我正在看一本英语书。She is watching TV. 她正在看电视。2.表示目前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：What lessons are you studying this week? 你们本周学哪些课了？Toms parents are working in China this year. 汤姆的父母今年一直在中国工作。二.现在进行时的句子结构： 现在进行时由“助动词be + 动词的现在分词”构成，be (am, is, are)是助动词，不做联系动词用，不解释“是”。其句子结构为：1.肯定句由“主语 + be + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：I am cleaning the classroom. 我正在打扫教室。They are playing the piano.2. 否定句由“主语 + be + not + v.-ing + 其他”构成。例如：He is not watching TV. 他没在看电视。They are not writing. 他们没在写东西。3. 一般疑问句由“Be + 主语 + v.-ing + 其他？”构成， 其肯定答句为“Yes, 主语 + be”否定答句为“No, 主语 + be + not”。例如：Is she listening to the music? 她正在听音乐吗？Yes, she is. / no, she isnt. 是的，她在听。/ 不，她不在听。Are they running? 他们正在跑步吗？Yes, they are. / No, they arent. 是的，他们在跑。/ 不，他们不在跑。4. 特殊疑问句由“特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + v.-ing + 其他？”构成。例如：What are you doing? 你们正在做什么？Who is he talking to? 他正在和谁谈话？三.现在分词的构成： 1.直接在动词原形末尾加-ing。例如： teachteaching playplaying looklooking gogoing2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，先去掉e 再加-ing。例如：writewriting taketaking liveliving givegiving 3.以重读闭音节结尾的动词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母时，应双写该辅音字母再加-ing。例如：putputting runrunning beginbeginning swimswimming 四.现在进行时的标志：1.句中有副词now时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： The children are playing football now. 孩子们现在正在踢足球。2.句首有look, listen 提醒注意时，提示我们动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： Look! A train is coming. 看！火车来了。 Listen! He is reading. 听！他正在朗读。3.句首有表示钟点的时间时，提示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： Its six oclock. My mother is cooking breakfast. 现在六点了，我妈妈正在做早餐。4.根据语境或上下文理解，如果是动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。例如： Dont make noise. The baby is sleeping. 不要吵，婴儿正在睡觉。五.没有进行时态的动词： 在英语中有一些动词没有或很少有进行时态。 到目前为止，我们学过的没有进行时态的动词可分为以下几类： 1. 表示感觉的感官动词，如see“看见”，hear“听见”，find “找到”，notice“留意”等。 例如：Do you hear the noise of a plane？ 你听到飞机的声音了吗？ We see him. 我们看见他了。 注意：有些表示感观的动词，如listen to, look at强调的是听和看的动作，而不是结果，所以可用于现在进行时态中。例如： They are listening to the teacher. 他们在听老师讲课。 2.表示态度和感情，心理状态等意思的动词，如like“喜欢”，love “爱”，know “知道”，want“想要”，hope“希望”，hate“恨”，think“认为”，believe“相信”等。例如： I like dog. 我喜欢狗。 I want to go out for a walk now. 我现在想出去散步。 3.当have, has 表示“拥有”时。例如： I have a lot of books. 我有许多本书。 注意：当have, has 表示“吃饭；开会；玩得痛快”等意思时，可用于进行时态。例如： We are having a good time. 我们玩得很愉快。 4. 表示状态的be动词“是”。例如： He is at home. 他在家里。六.现在进行时和一般现在时的区别： 1.时间状语： （1）一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，强调的是经常性和习惯性，通常与always, often, sometimes, usually 等频度副词以及in the day, in the morning / afternoon / evening, on Sundays, at weekends 等短语连用。例如： My father often reads books after dinner. 我父亲经常饭后看书。 （2）现在进行时表示讲话时或目前一段时间内正在发生的事情，通常与now, these days, at this time 等时间状语连用。例如： He is playing the piano now. 他现在正在弹钢琴。 Look! They are watching TV. 看！他们正在看电视。 2.谓语动词： （1）一般现在时谓语动词的构成有三种情况：be动词用am, is, are；实意动词用原形或第三人称单数形式；情态动词 + 动词原形。例如： My brother is a policeman. 我的哥哥是一名警察。（be动词用is） She doesnt wear a white uniform.她不穿白色工作服。（实意动词用单数第三人称形式） He can speak English. 他会说英语。（情态动词 + 动词原形） （2）现在进行时的谓语动词构成为：be (am, is, are) + v.-ing 。例如： Are you cleaning the classroom? 你正在打扫教室吗？ She is eating dinner. 她正在吃饭。相 关 练 习 题填空：1. Now the students each _ an English-Chinese dictionary. (have) 2. What is Mum doing now? She_ some clothes. (wash) 3. Whose watch is lost? Mr. Smiths. Look! He _ it everywhere. (look for) 4. Cindy, dinner is ready. Wheres John? He _ homework in his room. (do) 5. Dont turn on the TV. Grandma _ now. (sleep)自学题1. How many kinds of pollution do you know?a)_ b)_ c) _ 2. Think up some ways of fighting pollution:a)_b)_c)_d)_e)_3. What can we get from trees and that we use ,eat, drink or wear in our daily lives?a) use:_b) eat:_c) drink:_d) wear:_4. When is Tree-planting Day in China? Do you know any other countries?_2. 各个击破：Words(单词)1). 熟读课文中出现的新单词，掌握其音、形、义、；类及其搭配。2). 查词典，了解下列词的意思,主要搭配,及抄下至少一个例句。a communicate _, _b hardly _, _c interview _, _d protect _, _e release _, _f pure _, _3). 找出符合下列意思的单词.a. n_ made by nature, not by manb. n_ unpleasantc. sip_ drink in small amountsd. o_ a life-giving gas found in aire. a c_ something produced by chemistryf. h_ area of 10,000 square metresg. w_ say that something bad or dangerous may happen3. 重难点突破Phrases(短语)把握下列短语.a. be interested in _b. in danger _c. cut down _d. let out _e. belong to _f. on earth _g. keepalive _h. communicate with _i. protect oneself_4. 合作探究Read Protecting our environment “pollution fighters” first. Discuss what you can learn from the text in groups. Judy is collecting information for a project on pollution. What does she learn?P1-2: _P3-12:_P13-14:_P15-16:_5. 训练巩固 A. Fill in the blanks with correct words.1. The old man is so weak. He can_stand.2. The new park covered an area of six _.3. At the top of high mountains, there is very little _ in the air.4. I must _you not to go out. There is a storm coming.5. This country has few _ resources.6. The farmer used a _ to kill the insects in their fields.7. These days we can _with pen-friends by e-mails.8. The TV progarmme _ a famous film director about his latest film.9. Theres a _smell coming from the dustbin.10. The water in the stream was not polluted. It was _.11. The police _ some prisoners last year.12. He forgot to turn off the air conditioner, so it was _ all night.B. Do Part D. Find the facts by yourselves.C. Do Part E Read and think6. 拓展延伸 In groups, make your own poster about trees and the benefits of trees. Put it up in your classroom or school. Let everyone know the importance of protecting trees.Assignments: 1. remember the new phrases. 2. Search and get more information about the benefits of trees.课后测评题.Choose the best answer1. We should have _ fast food, _ fresh vegetables and take enough exercise.A. fewer, fewer B. less, more C. fewer, more D. less, less2. This cup of water is very hot. You can only _, or you will be hurt.A. eat B. drink C. sip D. have3. Students will make great progress if they _ a subject. A. are interested in B. are interesting C. are interested D. are interesting in4. The index page of a book usually comes _.A. at the beginning of a book B. in the middle of a book C. at the end of a book D. at the bottom of each page5. Dont _ him _ into the forest. We are not allowed _ the big trees. A. let, goes, cut down B. let, go, to cut down C. lets, goes, cuts down D. lets, to go, cut down6. Have you finished your _ homework?A. chemical B. chemistry C chemicals D. chemistrys7. I _ you again. A. warned B. warn C. wont warn D. am warning8. They were warned _ the mountain in such bad weather.A. to climb B. not to climb C. climbing D. not climbing9. The room is _ small _ hold so many people. A. so, that B. too, to C. very, to D. enough, to 10.Her mother asked her where _ holidays.A. did you spend B. you spent your C. she spent her D. did she spend.Choose the words or expressions which are closest in meaning to underlined parts A. almost no B. think it is true C. quite a lot D. drink in small amount of E. unpleasant F. made by nature G. working 1. Doctor Ray is a scientist about trees. We suppose she knows everything about trees.2. My watch isnt running well. 3. There is hardly any chance that we will win the football match. 4. The tea was so hot that she could not drink it fast, so she had to sip it.5. I dont like the cheese with the nasty smell. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box in their p-roper formshealthy chemistry pollution communication warn dangerous nature1. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was in _. 2. Water is one kind of the _ elements.3. The workers used a _ to kill mice in the factory.4. The Japanese can not speak English. Would you please use Japanese to _ with them?5. There is a _ before the film in each DVD.6. We must stop that factory from _ the river as soon as possible. Rewrite the sentence as required 1. Trees are communicating with one another. （ 改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答） _ _ communicating with one another? Yes, _ _.2. Judy is interviewing Doctor Ray. （改为否定句） Judy _ _ Doctor Ray. 3. Scientists are only now beginning to understand trees. (对划线部分提问) _ _ scientists only now beginning to _?4. We are destroying our best fighters against pollution. （对划线部分提问） _ _ you _?. Reading comprehensionAA plant makes its own food in its leaves. Water comes to the leaves through the roots. Air goes into the leaves through very small holes. The green coloring in the leaves uses the water and air to make the food for the plant. It also needs sunshine because a plant can make food only when the sun is shining. Animals and people could not live without green plants. They both eat plants. People and some animals also eat the meat of some animals and these animals eat plants. T and F 1. A plant gets food from its roots. 2. A plant has very small holes in its leaves for air to come in. 3. A plant can make its food when it is cloudy. 4. Water comes into a plant through its roots. 5. People could live without plants. BDeserts do not stay the same size. Sometimes they grow bigger. Sometimes they get smaller. The worlds biggest desert, the Sahara, is in Africa. Right now, the Sahara Desert is growing fast.Why is the Sahara growing? In some places, people farm too much. In other places, animals eat all the grass. Or，people cut down the trees. This makes the soil weak. Weak soil lets the desert grow.Why is it a problem? People cannot grow food in the desert. People cannot built houses, hospitals, or schools in the desert. So, people must leave their homes. They must live somewhere else. What can people do? They can plant trees. They can also farm less. These things make the soil stronger. Maybe the Sahara will stop growing. Its a big problem. Many people must work together to solve it. T and F 6. The size of the deserts stay the same all the time. 7. One of the reasons for the growing of Sahara is farming too much. 8. Deserts make trouble for people. 9. Planting trees can help people farm less. 10. Stopping the growing desert is not a big problem. 上海版牛津英语 8B 第二章 学习辅导材料学 习 新 词 语daily adv. 每天（every day） 例如：I want to study English well, so I have to practise it daily. 我想学好英语，因此我必须每天练习。He plays football daily. 他每天都踢足球。 daily adj. 每日的；日常的 n. 日报 例如： There are great changes in their daily lives. 他们的日常生活有巨大的变化。 This is a Peoples Daily. 这是一份人民日报。increase v. （使）增加 例如：The wheat production increased a great deal this year. 今年的小麦产量大幅度增加。We have increased the price of paper. 我们提高了纸张的价格。 【反义词】： decrease v. 减少 例如： The population in Germany decreased last year. 去年德国的人口减少了。 Your hunger decreases as you eat. 你的饥饿感在你吃饭时会渐渐消失。impatient adj. 不耐烦的 例如：She is becoming impatient. 她变得着急起来。 【同根词】：patient; impatient; patience 1.patient adj. 有耐心的, 例如：She is so kind and always patient with those naughty children. 她对这些淘气的孩子们是如此的和蔼，有耐心。2.impatient adj. angry at having to wait 不耐烦的，急躁的，例如：As a nursery teacher, you mustnt be impatient with the children. 作为幼儿园教师，你不该对孩子急躁。3. patience n. 容忍；耐心，例如：I have no patience with him again. 我对他不再有耐心了。comfortably adv. 舒服地 例如：He is sitting comfortably in that armchair. 他舒服地坐在那把扶手椅子里。【同根词】：comfort; comfortable; comfortably 1. comfort v. 安慰；鼓舞 n. 安乐；舒适；安逸，例如：He lives in comfort. 他过得很舒服。（n.）I found comfort in his words. 我从他的话中得到了安慰。（n.）She comforted the sick child. 她安慰这个生病的孩子。（v.）2. comfortable adj. 舒适的，舒服的，例如：She lives a comfortable life. 她过着舒适的生活。3. comfortably adv. with no pain or worry 舒适地，安乐地pump 1. v. push by machine (用泵）抽，抽吸；打气，例如：The villagers had pumped the well dry and could get no more water. 村民们已把水井抽干了，再也抽不出水来了。He pumped up his tires. 他给车胎打足了气。2. n. 泵；水泵，例如：They are watering the fields with many pumps. 他们正用许多泵浇灌着田地。freeze v. （froze frozen freezing）1. stop moving suddenly (突然停止，惊呆)，例如：Fear made him freeze in his tracks. 恐惧使他突然停止前进。He froze in front of the audience. 他在观众面前吓呆了。2. 冷冻，冷藏（食物），例如：Not all fruit and vegetables freeze well. 并非所有的水果和蔬菜都适合冷藏。plant n. 1. building with machines in it 工厂，车间， 例如：When the plant closed down, many factory workers lost their jobs. 工厂关门了，很多工人失业了。2. 植物，例如：Trees and vegetables are plants. 树木和蔬菜是植物。【词义辨析】： speed; hurry 1. speed v. (sped sped speeding) move quickly 指快速运动或行动。例如：The ambulance sped to the hospital. 救护车快速开往医院。He was arrested for speeding. 他因超速行车而被捕。The train sped through the countryside. 火车从乡间飞驰而过。Postal workers labored overtime to speed delivery of the Christmas mail.邮政工人加班加点已加速圣诞期间新信件的发送。2. hurry v. move or do sth. quickly or too quickly 意指比通常快得多的速度，经常伴随着混乱或骚动。例如： If you dont hurry, youll miss the plane. 如果你不迅速些，你将会错过班机了。 Dont let