光合作用相关历程科学家资料.doc

约瑟夫普利斯特利(Joseph Priestley)/doc/1339721.html基本简介约瑟夫普利斯特利（Joseph Priestley，1733年3月13日1804年2月6日），英国化学家、牧师、教育家。他最主要的贡献是对气体特别是氧气的早期研究。他生于英国利兹，1794年移居美国宾夕法尼亚州，但是没有加入美国国籍。1774年，他写了一部名为几种气体的实验和观察(Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air)的三卷本的书，于1777年出版。在这部书里他首次详细叙述了氧气的各种性质，但他是从燃素说的角度出发对氧气进行研究的，称它为“脱燃素气体”（dephlogisticated air）。1804年2月6日普利斯特列去世，终年71岁。普利斯特列一生主要靠自学成为一位化学大师。其刻苦奋勉精神，堪称今人之典范。早期经历约瑟夫普利斯特列(Joseph Priestley 1733-1804)是英国著名的化学家。他1733年3月13日生于英格兰约克郡利兹市郊区的一个名叫菲尔德海德的农庄里编著出版过基础英语语法和语言学原理写过口才学和辩论学讲义。1764年，爱丁堡大学授予他法学博士。从此，他开始了科学生涯，著有电学史一书，1766年他被推荐为英国皇家学会的会员。科研生涯内盛啤酒的大桶里。因此，他怀疑是不是存在着好多种空气。 “为了弄清这些问题，普利斯特列进行了多种有趣的实验。例如，他点燃一根蜡烛，把它放到预先放有小老鼠的玻璃容器中，然后盖紧容器。他发现：蜡烛燃了一阵之后就熄灭了，而小老鼠也很快死了。这一现象使普利斯特列想到，空气中大概存在着一种东西，当它燃烧时空气就会被污染，因而成为不能供动物呼吸，也不能使蜡烛继续燃烧的“受污染的空气”。为了证明这一想法的正确与否，他设想，能否把受污染的空气加以净化，使它又成为可供呼吸的空气呢？他为此做了一个新的实验。他用水洗涤受污染的空气，其结果使他大为惊异，他发现，水只能净化一部分被污染的空气，而另一部分未被净化的空气，还是不能供呼吸，老鼠在其中照样要死去。善于思考和钻研问题的普利斯特列进一步想到，动物在受污染的空气中会死去，那么植物又会怎样呢？对此，他设计了下列实验：把一盆花放在玻璃罩内，花盆旁边放了一支燃烧着的蜡烛来制取受污染的空气。当蜡烛熄灭几小时后，植物却看不出什么变化。他又把这套装置放到靠近窗子的桌子上，次日早晨饱发现，花不仅没死，而且长出了花蕾。由此他想到，难道植物能够净化空气吗？为了验证这一想法，他尽点燃了一支蜡烛，并迅速放入罩内。蜡烛果然正常燃烧着，过了一段时间才熄灭。当时，科学家们把一切气体统称为空气。为了确定究竟有几种空气，普利斯特列曾多次重复自己的实验。他认为，在啤酒发酵、蜡烛燃烧以及动物呼吸时产生的气体，就是早先人们所称的“固定空气”（实则二氧化碳）。他对这种“固定空气”的性质做了深入研究。他证明，植物吸收“固定空气”可以放出“活命空气”（实则氧气）。还发现“活命空气”既可以维持动物呼吸，又能是新鲜的、不含一点燃素的空气，所以吸收燃素的能力和助燃能力都特别强。因此他把这种气体叫做“脱燃素空气”。而寻常的空气，由于经过动物呼吸、植物的燃烧和腐烂，已经吸收了不少燃素，所以助燃能力就差了：一旦空气被燃素饱和，那么它就不再助燃，变成“被燃素饱和了的空气”（指氮气）或叫“燃素化空气”。在后来的研究中，普利斯特列发现，绿色植物在阳光中也能放出“脱燃素空气”，成为光化学作用研究的基础。谢尔本勋爵支持普利斯特列的研究工作，一直为他提供研究经费。1774年，他带着普利斯特列一起访问了欧洲大陆。在欧洲，他们结识了许多科学家，这对普利斯特列的利学生涯具有重大意义。在巴黎，普利斯特列拜访了法国化学家拉瓦锡，他向拉瓦锡介绍并演示了从氧化汞中谁、取气体的实验。拉瓦锡后来又重复了他的实验，并且把普利斯特列的实验材料以及他本人的实验结果联系起来。拉瓦锡能摆脱传统思想的束缚，大胆地提出了氧化概念，形成了燃烧的氧化理论。他指出所谓“脱燃素空气”实际上就是氧气，终于推翻了统治化学近百年的燃素学说。而坚持燃素说的普利斯特列却坚决反对拉瓦锡的新观点，他拒绝接受拉瓦锡对氧人物成就纵观普利斯特列的一生，他37岁起研究气体化学，直到终生。他曾分离并论述过的大批气体，数目之多超过了他同时代的任何人。他可以说是13世纪下半叶的一位业余化学大师。是他发明了带有酸味的气水。1772年出版了他的小册子用排水集气法收集“空气”，该书深受欢迎，非常畅销，当年就被译成法文。普利斯特列名扬世界，1773年他荣获英国皇家学会的铜质奖章。他对气林化学的研究成果，一是以其强烈的求知欲与非凡的勤奋态度为基础的，二是他得益于自己精湛的实验技能。为此，皇家学会曾授予他卡普里奖。他出版过巨著关于种种空气的实验与观察（三卷）。以后他的研究成果又汇集于与自然科学各个部门有关的实验与观察（三卷）。英文介绍：Priestley, Joseph (17331804)Joseph Priestley (17331804) was an English clergyman, scientist, grammarian, educator, and political dissident. Educated as a Calvinist minister, Priestley served as pastor of several congregations in England. Throughout his career, Priestley wrote extensively on a variety of political and theological topics and usually adopted controversial views that brought him into conflict with the authorities and the public. His 1782 book,History of the corruptions of Christianity, for example, was publicly burned. He also supported both the American and the French Revolutions. Ultimately, persecution for his views forced him to emigrate to the United States in 1794. He died in Pennsylvania in 1804.VitaeM S Seegmiller is Professor of Linguistics at Montclair State University in New Jersey. He received his PhD from New York University and has done research on the history of linguistics, Turkic linguistics, corpus linguistics, and sentence comprehension./science/article/pii/B0080448542028261其他关于普利斯特利的文章：/science/article/pii/B9781483198057501997英格豪斯(Ingenhousz)个人简介英格豪斯(Ingenhousz)，荷兰的植物生理学家。英格豪斯堪称为光合作用发现和认识史上的伟大奠基者。研究成果1779年，荷兰科学家英格豪斯证实了普里斯特利的实验只有在阳光照射下，才能获得成功，植物体只有绿叶才能更新污浊的空气。实验过程： 扬英格豪斯把带叶的枝条放到水里,这些叶在阳光下产生O2,在暗处并不产生O2 。扬英格豪斯认为植物需要阳光才能制造出O2。1785年由于空气成分的确定，人们才确定叶绿体放出的是氧气，吸收二氧化碳。/view/14882558.htm?fr=Aladdin.法国科学家Pelletier, Caventou and chlorophyllTwo French scientists Pierre Joseph Pelletier (17881842) and Joseph Bienaim Caventou (17951877) named the green plant pigment chlorophyll (green leaf) (Pelletier and Caventou 1818).Discoveries in oxygenic photosynthesis (17272003) a perspective梅耶Julius Robert Mayer1845 年，德国内科医生梅耶( Julius Robert Mayer，1814 1878) 提出了能量守恒定律( 即热力学第一定律) ，他提出植物通过光合作用把太阳能转变成了化学能。他的这一成就使后人得以阐明光合作用反应式的完整形式。梅耶的发现并没有马上得到认可，他甚至还试图自杀并被关进了精神病院。当时，梅耶并没有指出光合作用的产物是何种形式，化学能又以什么形式储存在植物体内。萨克斯J.von Sachs/view/4785998.htm?fr=aladdin萨克斯J.von Sachs，德国植物学家。1832年10月2日生于布雷斯劳（现波兰弗罗茨瓦夫），1897年5月29日卒于维尔茨堡。少年时聪慧过人，爱采集植物标本，自己分类制图。青年时曾在布拉格大学任生理学家J.E.普尔基涅的助手，自己读书和研究，1856年获哲学博士学位，1857年首创讲授植物生理学课，18591867年在德累斯顿及波恩附近的农学院任教，1867年在弗赖堡任教授，1868年即转为维尔茨堡教授，除短期出国访问外，一直在该校工作。1871年起被选为该校校长，1877年任枢密顾问，直至去世。萨克斯可以说是现代植物生理学的创始人，他的研究工作几乎涉及到植物生理的各个方面。如对种子发芽时贮存物质的转化，植物在纯营养液中的培养和对矿物质的吸收，温度对植物的影响及冻害，光的效应及植物的黄化,花、茎、根系的形成，根的生长,以及植物的向光性、向地性、向水性等均有过研究。主要成果有：证明叶绿素仅存在于叶绿体中，光合作用在叶绿体中进行并形成淀粉；发现植物生长主要是由于细胞的增大而不是由于分裂等。主要的理论观点有：环境对各种植物的生理活动均显示有最低、最适和最高 3个基点；推论花、茎、根的分化是由“专性器官形成的物质”所控制等等。对他未能解决的问题，亦提出了些思路和手段。他在实验技术上也很有创新，如用碘染色测定淀粉，用数气泡法测定光合作用等，至今还在实验室内应用。他还创制了一些仪器，如自动记录的生长计、观察根生长的玻璃箱、简便的分光镜、研究向地性的回转器以及离心机、恒温箱等。萨克斯一生发表过许多科学论文,已被汇成2卷专集。他的主要著作有：植物的实验生理学手册（1865）植物学教科书(1868)、植物学史(1875)及植物生理学讲义(1882)等。他在维尔茨堡大学建立了植物生理学的专业实验室，培养了很多人才，其中W.F.P.菲福、G.A.克莱布斯、F.达尔文、K.格贝尔等人，后来都成了植物生理学的著名学者。萨克斯一生享有国际盛名,波恩、波伦亚、伦敦大学都曾赠他名誉博士学位；许多欧洲国家的学会和学院聘请他为名誉会员或院士。1877年德国巴伐利亚(Bavaria)皇室还封奖他以贵族的称号。英文介绍：Julius von Sachs/wiki/Julius_von_SachsJulius von Sachs (German: zaks; 2 October 1832 29 May 1897) was a German botanist from Breslau, Prussian Silesia.At an early age he showed a taste for natural history, becoming acquainted with the Breslau physiologist Jan Evangelista Purkyn. In 1851 he began studying at Charles University in Prague. In 1856 he graduated as doctor of philosophy, and then adopted a botanical career, establishing himself as Privatdozent for plant physiology in the University of Prague. In 1859 he was appointed physiological assistant to the Agricultural Academy of Tharandt (now part of the Technical University of Dresden) at Julius Adolph Stckhardt; and in 1862 he was called to be director of the Polytechnic at Chemnitz, but was almost immediately transferred to the Agricultural Academy at Poppelsdorf (now part of the University of Bonn), where he remained until 1867, when he was nominated professor of botany in the University of Freiburg. In 1868 he accepted the chair of botany in the University of Wrzburg, which he continued to occupy (in spite of calls to all the important German universities) until his death.Sachs achieved distinction as an investigator, a writer and a teacher; his name will ever be especially associated with the great development of plant physiology which marked the latter half of the 19th century, though there is scarcely a branch of botany to which he did not materially contribute. His earlier papers, scattered through the volumes of botanical journals and of the publications of learned societies (a collected edition was published in 1892-93), are of great and varied interest. Prominent among them is the series of Keimungsgeschichten, which laid the foundation of our knowledge of microchemical methods, as also of the morphological and physiological details of germination.Then there is his resuscitation of the method of water-culture, and the application of it to the investigation of the problems of nutrition; and further, his discovery that the starch-grains to be found in chloroplasts are the first visible product of their assimilatory activity. His later papers were almost exclusively published in the three volumes of the Arbeiten des botanischen Instituts in Wrzburg (187188). Among these are his investigation of the periodicity of growth in length, in connection with which he devised the self-registering auxanometer, by which he established the retarding influence of the highly refrangible rays of the spectrum on the rate of growth; his researches on heliotropism and geotropism, in which he introduced the clinostat; his work on the structure and the arrangement of cells in growing-points; the elaborate experimental evidence upon which he based his imbibition-theory of the transpiration-current; his exhaustive study of the assimilatory activity of the green leaf; and other papers of interest.Sachs first published volume was the Handbuch der Experimentalphysiologie des Pflanzen (1865; French edition, 1868), which gives an admirable account of the state of knowledge in certain departments of the subject, and includes a great deal of original information. This was followed in 1868 by the first edition of his famous Lehrbuch der Botanik, by far the best book of its kind. It is a comprehensive work, giving an able summary of the botanical science of the period, enriched with the results of many original investigations. The fourth and last German edition was published in 1874, and two English editions were issued by the Oxford Press in 1875 and 1882 respectively.The Lehrbuch was eventually superseded by the Vorlesungen uber Pflanzenphysiologie (1st ed., 1882; 2nd ed., 1887; Eng. ed., Oxford, 1887), a work more limited in scope, but yet covering more ground than its title would imply; though it is a remarkable book, it has not gained the general recognition accorded to the Lehrbuch. Finally, there is the Geschichte der Botanik (1875); a brilliant and learned account of the development of the various branches of botanical science from the middle of the 16th century up to 1860, of which an English edition was published in 1890 by the Oxford Press. As a teacher Sachs exerted great influence, for his vigorous personality and his ready and lucid utterance enabled him not only to instruct, but to fire his students with something of his own enthusiasm.A full account of Sachs life and work was given by Professor Goebel, formerly his assistant, in Flora (1897), of which an English translation appeared in Science Progress for 1898. There is also an obituary notice of him in the Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. lxii.Many pupils of Sachs like Julius Oscar Brefeld, Francis Darwin, Karl Ritter von Goebel, Georg Albrecht Klebs, Spiridon Miliarakis, Hermann Mller-Thurgau, Fritz Noll, Wilhelm Pfeffer, Karl Prantl, Christian Ernst Stahl and Hugo de Vries became later famous botanists.The standard botanical author abbreviation Sachs is applied to species he described.Publicationsedit1859: Physiologische Untersuchungen ber die Keimung der Schmikbohne (Phaseolus multiflorus)1859: Ueber das abwechselnde Erbleichen und Dunkelwerden der Bltter bei wechselnder Beleuchtung1862: Ueber das Vergeilen der Pflanzen1863: Ueber den Einfluss des Tageslichtes auf die Neublidung unt Entfaltung verschiedener Pflanzenorgane1865: Handbuch der Experimentalphysiologie der Pflanzen1868: Lehrbuch der Botanik18711872: Die Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860 (Digital edition from 1875 by the University and State Library Dsseldorf)1878: Ueber die Anordnung der Zellen in jngsten Pflanzentheilen1882: Die Vorlesungen ber Pflanzenphysiologie1892: Gesammelte Abhandlungen ber Pflanzenphysiologie1894: Mechanomorphosen und Phylogenie1896: Phylogenetische Aphorismen und ber innere Gestaltungsursachen oder Automorphosen卡尔文Melvin Ellis Calvin美国生物化学家，植物生理学家。卡尔文1911年4月8日生于明尼苏达州。卡尔文等对光合作用中的光化学反应进行了人工模拟研究。此外，还应用气相层析及质谱分析方法研究了地球的化学演化。1911年4月8日生于明尼苏达州。1931年毕业于密歇根矿业技术学院，1935年获明尼苏达大学博士学位。1937年在伯克利加利福尼亚大学工作，1947年为教授。历任加利福尼亚大学劳伦斯伯克利实验室化学生物动力学组组长、化学生物动力学室主任、劳伦斯伯克利实验室副主任等职。并任美国植物生理学会理事长（19631964）和美国化学学会理事长（1971）。他与A.A.本森等从1946年起经9年左右的时间，终于弄清了光合作用中二氧化碳同化的循环式途径，即光合碳循环（还原戊糖磷酸循环），其途径为：CO2C3（CH2O)，又被称为卡尔文循环。为此，他被授予1961年度的诺贝尔化学奖。卡尔文等对光合作用中的光化学反应进行了人工模拟研究。此外，还应用气相层析及质谱分析方法研究了地球的化学演化。1973年以后从事能源植物的寻找工作。卡尔文除发表了大量的研究论文及综述外，还著有 、 、化学演化等书。卡尔文循环：碳的固定卡尔文循环将每个个别的CO2附着在一个称为二磷酸核酮糖（ribulose bisphosphate；简称RuBP）的五碳糖磷酸酯上。催化这起始步骤的酵素是二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBP carboxylase，又称rubisco，是叶绿体中含量最多的蛋白质，同时也因另一个反应而称为1,5-二磷酸核酮糖加氧酶）。这个反应的产物，是一种含6个碳且不稳定的中间产物，其立即就会分裂为二摩尔的3-磷酸甘油酸（3-phosphoglycerate）。3-磷酸甘油醛的合成每摩尔的3-磷酸甘油酸会接收一个额外的磷酸根，接着有一种酵素会将此磷酸根转换为ATP。接着由NADPH所捐出的电子对，会使1,3-二磷酸甘油酸（1,3-bisphosphoglycerate）变成3-磷酸甘油醛。由NADPH而来的电子减少了3-磷酸甘油酸中的羧基（carboxyl group），使G3P生成一个羰基（carbonyl group），如此可驻留更多的位能。G3P是一种由葡萄糖经过糖酵解所产生的三碳糖。每3摩尔的CO2可产生6摩尔的G3P，但是只有1摩尔的这种三碳糖能够真正被获得。循环一开始是以具有15个碳的碳水化合物去形成3摩尔的五碳糖RuBP。现在具有18个碳的碳水化合物形成了六摩尔的G3P，1摩尔脱离了循环而被植物细胞所使用，但是其他的5摩尔则必须被回收以形成3摩尔的RuBP。核酮糖二磷酸（RuBP）的再形成在一连串反应中，5摩尔G3P碳骨架，在卡尔文循环的最后一个步骤被重新分配为3摩尔的RuBP。为了完成这个步骤，此循环多耗费了3摩尔的ATP，接着RuBP又准备好再度接收CO2，使整个循环又可以继续。为了合成3摩尔G3P，卡尔文循环总共需消耗9摩尔的ATP和6摩尔的NADPH，然后借由光反应可再补充这些ATP和NADPH。G3P是卡尔文循环中的副产品，并且又是整个新陈代谢步骤的起动物质，可以用来以合成其他的有机化合物，包括葡萄糖和其他碳水化合物。单独的光反应与单独的卡尔文循环，都不能直接利用CO2来制造葡萄糖。光合作用是一种在完整的叶绿体中会自然发生的现象，而且叶绿体整合了光合作用的两个阶段。英文介绍：Melvin Ellis Calvin(April 8, 1911 January 8, 1997)2was anAmericanchemistmost famed for discovering theCalvin cyclealong withAndrew BensonandJames Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He spent most of his five-decade career at theUniversity of California, Berkeley.Calvin was born inSt. Paul, Minnesota, the son of Jewishcitation neededimmigrants from theRussian Empire. His father was born inLithuania(then part of Russian Empire) and his mother inGeorgia(also part of Russian Empire). As a small child Calvins family moved toDetroit; he graduated fromCentral High Schoolin 1928.3Melvin Calvin earned his Bachelor of Science from theMichigan College of Mining and Technology(now known asMichigan Technological University) in 1931 and hisPh.D.in chemistry from theUniversity of Minnesotain 1935. He then spent the next four years doing postdoctoral work at theUniversity of Manchester. He married Genevieve Jemtegaard in 1942, and they had three children, two daughters and a son.Calvin joined the faculty at theUniversity of California, Berkeleyin 1937 and was promoted to Professor of Chemistry in 1947. Using thecarbon-14isotope as a tracer, Calvin,Andrew BensonandJames Basshammapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant duringphotosynthesis, starting from its absorption as atmospheric carbon dioxide to its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds.45In doing so, Calvin, Benson and Bassham showed that sunlight acts on thechlorophyllin a plant to fuel the manufacturing of organic compounds, rather than oncarbon dioxideas was previously believed. Calvin was the sole recipient of the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for what is sometimes known as theCalvin-Benson-BasshamCycle. Calvin wrote an autobiography three decades later titledFollowing the Trail of Light: A Scientific Odyssey.6During the 1950s he was among the first members of theSociety for General Systems Research. In 1963 he was given the additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology. He was founder and Director of the Laboratory of Chemical Biodynamics and simultaneously Associate Director ofBerkeley Radiation Laboratory, where he conducted much of his research until his retirement in 1980. In his final years of active research, he studied the use of oil-producing plants as renewable sources of energy. He also spent many years testing the chemical evolution of life and wrote a book on the subject that was published in 1969.7发表的论文： Calvin, M. and A. A. Benson.The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley,United States Department of Energy(through predecessor agency theAtomic Energy Commission), (March 8, 1948). Stepka, W., Benson, A. A., and M. Calvin.The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis II. Amino Acids, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley,United States Department of Energy(through predecessor agency theAtomic Energy Commission), (May 25, 1948). Benson, A. A. and M. Calvin.Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis III., Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley,United States Department of Energy(through predecessor agency theAtomic Energy Commission), (June 1, 1948). Calvin, M. and A. A. BensonThe Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis IV. The Identity and Sequence of the Intermediates in Sucrose Synthesis., Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley, Calvin, M., Bassham, J. A., Benson, A. A., Kawaguchi, S., Lynch, V. H., Stepka, W. and N. E. Tolbert. The Path of Carbon in Photosynthesis XIV., Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Radiation Laboratory-Berkeley,United States Department of Energy(through predecessor agency theAtomic Energy Commission), (J Calvin, M.卡尔文Martin Kamen/wiki/Martin_KamenMartin David Kamen(August 27, 1913,Toronto August 31, 2002) was a physicist inside theManhattan project. Together withSam Ruben, he co-discovered theisotopecarbon-14on February 27, 1940, at theUniversity of California Radiation Laboratory,Berkeley.1BiographyReferences1. Jump upArnold, James (May 2003).Obituary: Martin David Kamen.Physics Today56(5): 7475.Bibcode:2003PhT.56e.74A.doi:10.1063/1.1583542.2. Jump up/content/280/5361/195.1.full(subscription required)3. Jump upChang, Kenneth (5 September 2002).Martin Kamen, 89, a Discoverer of Radioactive Carbon-14, Is Dead.NY Times.4. Jump upAlbert Einstein World Award of Science 1989. Retrieved August 13, 2013. Report of 11 January 1944,FBI Silvermaster File, serial 3378. US House of Representatives, 80th Congress, Special Session, Co