「丹顶鹤英文REPORT」.doc

丹顶鹤（鹤属鸟类的一种）dn dng h丹顶鹤（学名：Grus japonensis）是鹤类中的一种，大型涉禽，体长120160厘米。颈、脚较长，通体大多白色，头顶鲜红色，喉和颈黑色，耳至头枕白色，脚黑色，站立时颈、尾部飞羽和脚黑色，头顶红色，其余全为白色；飞翔时仅次级和三级飞羽以及颈、脚黑色，其余全白色，特征极明显，极易识别。幼鸟头、颈棕褐色，体羽白色而缀栗色。常成对或成家族群和小群活动。迁徙季节和冬季，常由数个或数十个家族群结成较大的群体。有时集群多达4050只，甚至100多只。但活动时仍在一定区域内分散成小群或家族群活动。夜间多栖息于四周环水的浅滩上或苇塘边，主要以鱼、虾、水生昆虫、软体动物、蝌蚪、沙蚕、蛤蜊、钉螺以及水生植物的茎、叶、块根、球茎和果实为食。分布于中国东北，蒙古东部，俄罗斯乌苏里江东岸，朝鲜，韩国和日本北海道。Red-crowned cranes (scientific name: Grus japonensis) is one of the crane, large waders, 120 160 centimeters long. Neck, feet long, with perfect mostly white, bright red, overhead throat and neck black, to head the white and black feet, neck, black tail flight feathers and feet while standing, head red, all the rest is white; Fly only secondary and tertiary flight feathers, and neck, feet are black, the rest all white, characteristic extremely obvious, easy to identify. Young head, neck, tan body feathers white and compose chestnut. Often in pairs or a family group and small group activities. Migration and winter season, often by several or dozens of family groups form a larger group. Cluster as many as 40 50, sometimes even more than 100. But when activity is still in a certain area scattered into small group or family group activities. Ring around at night more than live in shallow water or on one side, mainly for fish, shrimp, aquatic insects, mollusks, tadpole, nereid, clams, snails and aquatic plants of stem, leaf, tuberous roots, corms and fruit for food. Jiang Dongan of distribution in northeast China, eastern Mongolia, Russia wusuli river, north Korea, South Korea and Japan Hokkaido. 中文学名 丹顶鹤Chinese name Red-crowned cranes 拉丁学名 Grus japonensisLatin names 别称 仙鹤、红冠鹤Nickname (s) Cranes, red crown crane 界 动物界World of the animal kingdom 门 脊索动物门The door Chordate door 纲 鸟纲Class aves 目 鹤形目Orders, Crane orders, 科 鹤科Crane sections 属 鹤属Belongs to the crane 种 丹顶鹤Kind of Red-crowned cranes 命名者及年代 Mller, 1776Naming and s 英文名称 Red-crowned CraneEnglish name 英文名称 Japanese CraneThe English name英文名称 Manchurian CraneEnglish name 1外形特征1 appearance characteristics 丹顶鹤体长约160厘米，翼展240厘米，体重约10公斤。全身几纯白色，头顶裸露无羽、呈朱红色，额和眼先微具黑羽，眼后方耳羽至枕白色，颊、喉和颈黑色；次级飞羽和三级飞羽黑色，三级飞羽长而弯曲，呈弓状，覆盖于尾上，因此，站立时尾部黑色，实际是三级飞羽，而尾、初级飞羽和整个体羽全为白色，飞翔时极明显。嘴较长，呈淡绿灰色，颈、腿也都很长，两翅中间长而弯曲的飞羽为黑色，并且在站立时整个飞羽都盖在尾部，常常使人误认为它有一个黑色的尾羽。雌雄相似。Red-crowned crane body length of about 160 cm, 160 cm wingspan, about 10 kg. The whole body a few pure white, bare without feathers on their heads, and in scarlet, the forehead and eyes, first with black feather, eye behind the ear feather pillow to white, buccal, throat and neck black; Secondary flight feathers and level 3 flight feathers, black three long flight feathers and bend, arcuate, cover on the tail, therefore, standing on the tail black, actual it is level 3 flight feathers, and tail, primary flight feather and the whole individual feathers all is white, very obvious when flying. Mouth is longer, the weak gray, neck, legs are very long, long, curved among two wing flight feather is black, and cover the whole flight feathers when standing on the tail, often make people think it has a black tail feathers. Male and female alike. 虹膜褐色，嘴灰绿色，尖端黄色。胫裸露部分和跗蹠及趾灰黑色，爪灰色。Yellow brown iris, mouth celadon, tip. The tibia exposed part and hocks, study and toe - colored, claw gray. 雏鸟被有黄褐色的绒羽，背部的颜色浅，腹部较深，肩部为乳白色，嘴和腿均是肉红色，34月后体羽逐渐变成洁白的颜色，头顶部的裸露部分则要到10个月以后才出现红色。Chicks are tan plumule, the color of the back light, dark belly, the shoulder for ivory, mouth and legs are red meat, 3 4 months body feathers gradually became the color of white, on the exposed part of red until 10 months later. 丹顶鹤的骨骼外坚内空，强度是人类骨骼的7倍，而且它在迁徙的时候，常常排成巧妙的楔形，使后面的个体能够依次利用前面个体扇翅时所产生的气流，从而进行快速、省力、持久的飞行，时速可达40公里左右，飞行高度可以超过5400米以上，而且能够边飞边鸣。Red-crowned cranes outside bone nut inside the empty, intensity is 7 times the amount of human bones, and it at the time of migration, often arranged in clever wedge, makes the individual can, in turn, use the front behind the airflow produced during the individual fan wings, fly to fast, energy saving, durable, speeds of up to 40 km, flying height can be more than 5400 meters, but also the wing. 大小量度：体重70009000g，900010500g；体长12001520mm；嘴峰151167mm，135167mm；翅560670mm，557635mm；尾300mm；跗蹠267301mm，255297mm。1Size measure: weight came 7000 9000 g, 9000 10500 g ; Length 1200 1520 mm; Mouth peak came from 151 to 167 mm, 135 167 mm; Wing came from 560 670 mm, 557 635 mm; 300 mm; Fu, study came from 267 301 mm, 255 297 mm. 1 （注：雄性；雌性）(note: came male; females) 2栖息环境2 habitats 栖息于开阔平原、沼泽、湖泊、草地、海边滩涂、芦苇、沼泽以及河岸沼泽地带，有时也出现于农田和耕地中，尤其是迁徙季节和冬季。Perched on the open plains, swamps, lakes, grassland, seaside beaches, reed marshes, swamps, and Banks of the river, sometimes appearing in farmland and arable land, especially the migration and winter seasons. 3生活习性3 life habits 习性habits 常成对或成家族群和小群活动。迁徙季节和冬季，常由数个或数十个家族群结成较大的群体。有时集群多达4050只，甚至100多只。但活动时仍在一定区域内分散成小群或家族群活动。夜间多栖息于四周环水的浅滩上或苇塘边，彼此仍按家族群分散栖息，天特别冷时则靠得很近。觅食地和夜栖地一般较为固定，通常亮天后，各家族群陆续飞到觅食地觅食，彼此仍保持一定距离。中午时多集中在滩边休息，并不断鸣叫。晚上又陆续飞回夜栖地过夜或留在觅食地过夜。休息时常单腿站立，头转向后插于背羽间。无论觅食或休息时，常有1只成鸟特别警觉，不断抬头四外张望，发现危险时则发出ko-lo-lo-的叫声，鸣叫时头颈向上伸直，仰向天空。当危险迫近时，则腾空飞翔。飞翔时头脚前后伸直，两翅鼓动缓慢，排成一字或V字形。丹顶鹤成鸟每年换羽两次，春季换成夏羽，秋季换成冬羽，属于完全换羽，会暂时失去飞行能力。Often in pairs or a family group and small group activities. Migration and winter season, often by several or dozens of family groups form a larger group. Cluster as many as 40 50, sometimes even more than 100. But when activity is still in a certain area scattered into small group or family group activities. Ring around at night more than live in shallow water or on one side, each other is still in family groups scattered habitat, day very closely, especially cold. Feeding grounds and night habitat in general is relatively fixed, usually bright days, each ethnic group has fly to forage feed and still maintain a certain distance to each other. Noon on TanBian rest more, and constantly. Habitat has to fly back to night night or stay in feeding grounds for the night. After rest often on one leg, head to plug in the back feathers. Foraging or rest, often have 1 into a bird special vigilance, looked up and looking about him constantly, found dangerous emit ko - lo - lo - sound, singing in head and neck straight up, lifted up into the sky. When the danger, the fly fly. Two wings flying head before and after the foot when unbend, stir up slowly, in a or V character. Red-crowned cranes into birds moult twice a year, spring for the first summer, autumn to winter, belong to moult, completely will temporarily lose the ability to fly. 迁徙migration 春季于2月末3月初离开越冬地迁往繁殖地，经过中国北戴河的时间在3月中旬至3月末。到达东北繁殖地的时间在4月初至4月中旬，秋季于9月末10月初开始离开繁殖地往南迁徙，迁经北戴河的时间在10月中旬至11月中旬，大量的在11月初。领先到达江苏盐城越冬地的时间在10月28至10月29日，大批在11月下旬到达。常呈小群迁徙，最大结群可到4050只。迁飞时成V，字形队。Leave the wintering in early spring at the end of February 3 moved to breeding grounds, beidaihe after China time in the middle of march to the end of march. Time of arrival in the northeast breeding sites in early April to mid-april, autumn in late September early October start migrating south from breeding grounds, moved by the time of beidaihe in the middle of the middle of October and November, in early November. Lead time of arrival in jiangsu yancheng wintering in October 28 to October 29, arrived in late November. Often a small group of migration, the biggest groups to 40 50. Journey into a V, glyph. 鸣声singing 丹顶鹤高亢、宏亮的鸣叫声，与其特殊的发音器官有关。它的颈长，鸣管也长，长达约1米以上，是人类气管长度的五六倍，末端卷成环状，盘曲于胸骨之间，就像西洋乐中的铜管乐器一样，发音时能引起强烈的共鸣，声音可以传到35公里以外。Hear someting red-crowned cranes, songs, and its special pronunciation organs. Its long neck, long syrinx also, up to about 1 meter above, five or six times the length of the human trachea, the end of the roll rings, front between the sternum, just like the western music of the brass, can cause intense sympathetic chord, pronounce with voice can spread to 3 5 kilometers away. 丹顶鹤鸣声的音调和频率因性别、年龄、行为、环境条件的不同而有很大差异。一般鸣声成串或单一，不仅在起飞时和在空中飞翔的时候鸣叫，而且在地面上取食和栖宿时也在鸣叫。一年四季，几乎每天每时都能听到它的鸣声，但以黎明前后最为频繁。每天在破晓之前，只要有一只率先启鸣，便会有第二只立即应声作答，而后群体中就一连串地彼此呼应，欢闹不止，直至日出。叫声不仅是配偶间和群体成员之间的传情和联络，而且也常用来表示骚动和对危险的警戒，但更重要的则是作为婚偶舞蹈的伴奏曲。Red-crowned cranes singing tone and frequency because of gender, age, behavior, there were significant differences in different environmental conditions. Generally chirp string or a single, not only on takeoff and flying in the air, and on the ground when feeding and roost in singing. Throughout the year, and almost every time can hear it whine, but with the most frequent before and after the dawn. Before dawn every day, as long as there is a first qi song, will have the second answer answer immediately, and then groups have a series of echo each other, hilarity, until sunrise. Sound is not only between spouses and SMS and contact between group members, but also commonly used to represent the commotion and alert to danger, but more important is as a marriage I dance music. 繁殖期的雄鸟在与雌鸟对鸣时，头部朝天，双翅频频振动，在一个节拍里发出一个高昂悠长的单音，雌鸟的头部也抬向天空，但不振翅，在一个节拍里发出两三个短促尖细的复音。这种“二重唱”不仅是对爱情的表白，也是对企图入侵者的警告，而且还能促使雄鸟和雌鸟性行为的同步，保证繁殖的成功。雏鸟的鸣叫声主要有索取食物，保持联系和也许是出于某种生理需要的使劲鸣叫等3种。1岁龄的幼鸟在离开双亲后，有保卫领地以及无目的的鸣叫。2岁以后则有齐鸣、交尾前的鸣叫。此外还有在召唤起飞和报警时的鸣叫，营巢时的鸣叫等等。Breeding males to sing with the female, the head, wings frequently vibration and high in a tempo gave a long tone, the females head also up to the sky, but weak wings, in a beat two or three short tapering polyphony. This duet is not only to the expression of love, is also to attempt the intruders warning, but also can lead to male and female sex synchronization, assure the success of reproduction. Bird songs are mainly for food, keep in touch and may be hard for some physiological need three kinds of singing, etc. 1 year old of age of the young parents after you leave, have to defend territories and without a purpose. After the age of 2 are everywhere, singing in front of the mating. In addition to calling to take off and alarm when singing, nesting in singing, and so on. 食性diets 食物很杂，主要有鱼、虾、水生昆虫、软体动物、蝌蚪、沙蚕、蛤蜊、钉螺以及水生植物的茎、叶、块根、球茎和果实等等。Food is very miscellaneous, basically have fish, shrimp, aquatic insects, mollusks, tadpole, nereid, clams, snails and aquatic plants of stem, leaf, tuberous roots, corms and fruit, and so on. 鹤舞Crane dance 每年3月末4月初，当丹顶鹤到达繁殖地后不久，即开始配对和占领巢域，雄鸟和雌鸟彼此通过在巢域内的不断鸣叫来宣布对领域的占有。求偶时也伴随着鸣叫，而且常常是雄鸟嘴尖朝上，昂起头颈，仰向天空，双翅耸立，引吭高歌，发出“呵，呵，呵”的嘹亮声音。雌鸟则高声应和，然后彼此对鸣、跳跃和舞蹈。舞姿也很优美，或伸颈扬头，或曲膝弯腰，或原地踏步，或跳跃空中，有时还叼起小石子或小树枝抛向空中。End of march every year in early April, when the red-crowned cranes to reach breeding grounds, shortly after the start matching and occupation nest domain, male and female each other by singing in the nest in the domain to declare possession of field. Mating is also accompanied by singing, and often males recommand up, raised his head and neck, and lifted up to the sky, wings, sung, send out ha, ha, ha loud voice. The female should loudly, and then to sing, jump and dance with each other. Dance is also very beautiful, or stretch Yang head, neck or knee bend, or flat, or jumping air, sometimes with a small stones or small branches into the air. 丹顶鹤的舞蹈大多是由几十个、几百个动作的连续变幻，舞蹈的主要动作有伸腰抬头、弯腰、跳跃、跳踢、展翅行走、屈背、鞠躬、衔物等，但姿势、幅度、快慢有所不同。而这些动作及其后续动作，又都有机地结合在一起，如弯腰伸腰抬头头急速上下摆动；展翅伸腰抬头弯腰；伸腰抬头弯腰脚朝下跳跃；展翅弯腰弯腰行走颈部和身体呈“八”字形展翅衔物展翅行走；衔物跳跃抛物不变位的体旋转，靠腿力或扇翅做跳跃，弯腰动作等。这些动作大多都有比较明确的目的，例如鞠躬一般表示友好和爱情；全身绷紧的低头敬礼，有表示自身的存在、炫耀、恐吓之意；弯腰和展翅则表示怡然自得、闲适消遣；亮翅有时表示欢快的心情等。Red-crowned cranes dance are mostly by the dozens, hundreds of continuous change of operation and dance the main action of stretching up, bent down to kick, jump, jump, walking wings, stoop and bow, bit, etc., but the posture, amplitude, speed is different. And these action and follow-up action, is organically unifies in together, such as bending, stretching up - head bobbing up and down sharply; Wings, stretching up - bent; Stretching up - bending - foot down; Spread your wings and bend over, bow walk - neck and body assumes the eight glyph wings bit objects - walking wings; Bit objects - jumping parabolic - a body of rotation, on legs or wings do jumping, bent down to action, etc. Most of these actions have relatively clear purpose, such as bow generally friendly and love; Body tight bow salute, said his own existence, to show off, threatening the meaning of; Bend over and spread your wings and said pick, leisure sport; Bright wings sometimes said the cheerful mood, etc. 4繁殖方式4 breeding way 繁殖期46月。一雌一雄制。3月末4月初，当丹顶鹤到达繁殖地后不久，即开始配对和占领巢域，雌雄鸟彼此通过在巢域内的不断鸣叫来宣布对领域的占有。求偶时也伴随着鸣叫，而且常常是雌雄鸟彼此对鸣、跳跃和舞蹈。鸣叫时昂头、仰脖，嘴尖直朝天空，三级飞羽蓬起，且随叫声抖动。声音清脆洪亮，有似ko-ko-ko声。Breeding season from April to June. Monogamous system. End of march in early April, when the red-crowned cranes to reach breeding grounds, shortly after the start matching and occupation nest domain, male and female birds each other by singing in the nest in the domain to declare possession of field. Mating is also accompanied by singing, and often is male and female bird to sing, jump and dance with each other. Sing when the head, neck, recommand straight toward the sky, level 3 flight feathers loose, and with the jitter. Sound is ringing loud, like ko ko - ko. 营巢于开阔的大片芦苇沼泽地上或水草地上，巢多置于有一定水深的芦苇丛中或高的水草丛中。巢较简陋，浮巢，主要由芦苇、乌拉草、三棱草和芦花构成，巢呈浅盘状。大小为外径104170厘米，内径4076厘米，深45厘米，巢周水深525厘米，水面上部分巢高1120厘米，巢间距最近的为300米。每窝产卵2枚，偶尔有产1枚的，卵为椭圆形，苍灰色或灰白色、钝端被有锈褐色或紫灰色斑，愈往尖端斑愈稀和愈淡，卵的大小为104115mm660720mm，重222282克。卵产齐后即开始孵卵，由雌雄亲鸟轮流坐巢孵化，孵化期3033天。雏鸟早成性，出壳后即能蹒跚行走，45天后即能随亲鸟离巢游泳于浅水中。2龄性成熟，寿命可达5060年。Nesting on the open vast reed marsh or aquatic plants on the ground, nest in a certain depth of reeds or high kelp. Nest is humble, floating nest, is mainly composed of reeds, wula sedge, triangular, grass and reed catkins, nest the pale disc. Size of outer diameter of 104 170 cm, diameter 40 76 centimeters, 4 5 cm deep, 5 25 cm, nest week depth on the surface part nest 11 20 cm tall, nest spacing recently for 300 meters. Spawn 2 pieces per litter, the occasional one, eggs for elliptic, colorless or gray, blunt tip is rust or violet and grey brown spot, to sophisticated spot more thin and pale, the size of the egg is 104 115 mm x 660 720 mm, 222 282 g. Eggs together started after brooding, bred by the male and female parent birds take turns sitting nest, incubation period 30 33 days. Chicks early initiative, namely tottering after hatching, 4 5 days later can along with the parent birds leave the nest to swim in the shallow water. 2 age of sexual maturity, life can be up to 50 60 years. 5亚种分化5 subspecies differentiation 单一物种，无亚种。A single species, subspecies. 6分布范围6 range 世界分布The world distribution 丹顶鹤分布图Red-crowned crane map 分布于中国、日本、韩国、朝鲜、蒙古、俄罗斯联邦。旅鸟：中国台湾省。丹顶鹤繁殖于俄罗斯远东地区、中国黑龙江、乌苏里江流域和日本北海道，越冬于日本、朝鲜。Distribution in China, Japan, South Korea, north Korea, Mongolia, the Russian federation. Summer: Taiwan province of China. Red-crowned cranes reproduce in Russias far east, Chinas heilongjiang province, ussuri river basin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido, wintering in Japan, north Korea. 中国分布Chinas distribution 内蒙古达来诺尔、乌拉盖、科尔沁、呼伦湖、辉河、嘟噜河下游、迎春、小兴凯湖、兴凯湖，吉林向海、莫莫格，辽宁辽河三角洲，河北北戴河，河南黄河故道，山东长山列岛、寿光、昌邑、潍坊、青岛、平邑、汶上、费县，江苏盐城、洪泽湖、高邮湖、邵伯湖、灌江、如东，上海，河南庞寨、山东日照、云南昭通、中甸。在中国繁殖于东北的黑龙江、吉林、辽宁和内蒙古达里诺尔湖等地。越冬于江苏、上海、山东等地的沿海滩涂，以及长江中、下游地区，偶尔也见于江西鄱阳湖和台湾。迁徙时经过东北南部、华北等地。Inner Mongolia dalai lama Noel, lid, khorchin ulla, called Aaron, lake, river, DuLu river downstream, winter jasmine, small xingkai lake, xingkai lake, jilin, momo to the sea, liaoning liaohe delta, beidaihe, hebei henan Yellow River communist-held, shandong long mountain island, shouguang, nearbu, weifang, Qingdao, pingyi, brunei, fei county, yancheng city, jiangsu province, the hongze lake and gaoyou lake, Shao Bohu, jiang, some, Shanghai, pang village, henan, shandong rizhao, zhaotong of yunnan, zhongdian. In China in the northeast of heilongjiang, jilin, liaoning and Inner Mongolia DaLiNuoEr lake, etc. Wintering in jiangsu, Shanghai, shandong and other places of coastal tidal flats, as well as in the Yangtze river, downstream areas, occasionally seen in poyang lake in jiangxi province and Taiwan. When migration through the northeast, north China and other places in the south. 7种群现状7 species status quo 丹顶鹤需要洁净而开阔的湿地环境作为栖息地，是对湿地环境变化最为敏感的指示生物。由于人口的不断增长，使丹顶鹤的栖息地不断变为农田或城市，例如吉林省西部的月亮泡曾是丹顶鹤的繁殖地，因为人为进行围湖筑堤，使堤内水位上涨，挺水植物带基本消失，堤外湖漫滩干涸，垦为农田，丹顶鹤也从此绝迹；又如江苏北部的邵伯湖与高邮湖之间的沼泽地带，曾是丹顶鹤的越冬地，由于每年到该地渔，牧和狩猎的人不断增多，增加了人为干扰，以及拣卵、偷猎等，使丹顶鹤的数量急剧减少。Red-crowned crane need clean and open wetland environment as habitat, is the most sensitive indicators of change in the wetland environment. Due to the increasing of population, the habitat of the red-crowned crane is into farmland and cities, such as the moon in the west of jilin province bubble was a breeding ground of the red-crowned crane, because people to carry out banking, make DiNa water level rise, a water plant with basic disappear, dike outside HuMan beach dries up, Ken for farmland, red-crowned cranes since then vanished; And as in the north of jiangsu between Shao Bohu and gaoyou lake marshes, was once a red-crowned cranes wintering grounds, as each year to the fishing and hunting to the rising number of people, increased the human disturbance, pick eggs, poaching, etc., and reduce the number of red-crowned cranes sharply. 全世界的丹顶鹤总数至2010年估计仅有1500只左右，其中在中国境内越冬的有1000只左右，保护好丹顶鹤以及它们的生存环境为越来越多的人们所关注。中国已经建立的以保护丹顶鹤为主的自然保护区已经超过18个，其中的吉林向海、湖南东洞庭湖、青海鸟岛和江西鄱阳湖等还被列入国际上的拉拇萨尔条约保护湿地目录之中，使保护工作取得了很大的进展。Red-crowned cranes all over the world to 2010 estimated total only 1500 or so, wintering in the territory of China has about 1000 only, protect red-crowned cranes and their living environment is more and more attention by people. China has been established in order to protect the red-crowned cranes nature reserve has more than 18, jilin, to the sea of east dongting lake in hunan, and jiangxi poyang lake bird island in qinghai has been