Unit 2 Lesson 4 England Before the Industrial Revolution.doc

Unit 2England before the industrial Revolution 工业革命前的英国状况The country was a place（乡村） where men worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness. 在乡村，人们从早到晚都在不停的干活，这些在田野间劳作的人们，并非沐浴在阳光之下，而是穷困潦倒，暗无天日。The country a place : 是表语 ， 表达主语的性质，功能，特点 Work : avoid ambiguity from dawn to dark :aliiteration 从早到晚the labourer : 在田间劳作的人们 lived in the sun : 沐浴在阳光下but in poverty and darkness. 穷困潦倒，暗无天日 What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial, like the mill, which There were what aids to lighten labour 整个句子主语（系表结构）was already ancient in Chaucers time.能够减轻人体力劳动力的机器早就有了 。例如：磨坊，早在乔叟的的年代就不是什么新鲜的事了(乔叟 13世纪中后期)。Definition 下定义法What aids: n. 什么帮助 lighten labour -lessen 减轻劳动 immemorial ：不知道从哪个年代都有了 The mill：磨坊 was already ancient in + 时间time ：在某个时代早就不是什么新鲜事了The industrial revolution began with such machines; the millrights were the engineers of the coming age. 这些机器都标志着工业革命的开始；这些最早搭建磨坊的工匠们，就成为工业革命时代的缔造者。With : 以什么作为开始的标志 millright s: 修磨坊的人 the engineer :缔造者 开创者The coming age : 即将到来的新时代 （工业革命）Jmaes brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, 主语 谓语at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village. (现在分词完成式突出动作的先后顺序）伴随状语Jmaes brindley詹姆斯布林德雷生于斯塔夫郡，一个贫困的农村家庭。在1733年，也就是他十七岁那一年，从改良磨坊里的车轮白手起家，开创事业。Jmaes brindley of Staffordshire =in a village Be born poor 生于一个贫穷的家庭。self-made career：自主创业，白手起家by working at mill wheels ： 改良磨坊的车轮Brindleys improvements were practical: to sharpen and step up the performance of the water （因为有了practical才会有sharpen and set up） 前后因果关系和目的的关系 ,名词决定动词意思wheel as a machine. （修饰的performances ） 因为实用性的加强，水车的机械效能大大加强 Improvement = working at 改良(pun) 推动了工业革命的发展 practical :使用的 To : 解释，说明 那就是 water will = mill wheel 车轮 the performance of the waterwheel 借喻 metonymy . 车轮的性能 sharpen and step up：同义词连用加强语气。大大加强，大大提高 Reiteration It was the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries.第一台多功能的机械就在新工业体系中诞生了Brindley worked, （for example）, to improve the grinding of flints, which were used in the rising pottery industry. 非限制性定于从句在翻译中一定要另起一句Brindley的改良过程可见一斑，他长期致力于燧石碾磨过程的改良。燧石用于新型的制陶业当中。Work to do sth Try to do sth Be dedicated to doing sth Grind : 打磨 grinding 碾磨过程 flints 燧石 rising pottery industry.新型的制陶业 行业领域Yet there was a bigger movement in the air by 1750. 然而到了1750年为止，一场比改良运动更为声势浩大的运动在酝酿之中。 in the air ： 酝酿 water had become the engineers element, and men like brindley were possessed by it. 工程师们纷纷开始用水做文章，像 brindley这样的人对水都着了迷。水成了工程师们大显身手的对象the engineers element,：某物是某人的囊中之物 were possessed by:be fascinated by 着迷Water was gushing and fanning out all over the countryside .水奔腾在英国的乡村各地 。 水在农村到处涌流漫溢。Gushing 湍流 涌流 fanning ou t 漫溢 It was （not simply） a source of power, it was a new wave of movement. James Brindley as a 不译，强调后者pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, navigation.（翻译时注意排比）水是一种能源， 它更为这场新的运动推波助澜， James Brindley 是开凿运河的先锋者，（在开凿运河中起到了领头羊的作用），当时人们开凿运河起导航的作用。Not only but alsoNot simply but alsoNot merely but also不仅而且 Not just but also James Brindley ：全名出现表示现在开始要对人进行赞扬。a source of power ：能源 a new wave of movement.： 为一场新的运动推波助澜Pioneer in：在哪方面起到了领头羊的作用 the art of building canals：赞扬的方式但不译出来：开凿运河 navigation ： 运河在当时被称为导航的作用 Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he traveled 1 2 3 4as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines. 在此之前，Brindley 曾经自发的，勘探国河道，这一切皆兴趣使然。在为自己的建磨坊和修矿山的建筑工程四处奔走之时曾偶尔涉足到这些河道。Begin on ones own account 出于自愿 ，自发的 out of interest 出于兴趣 Survey the waterways :excavate 勘探 勘察 对河道进行勘探Waterways= navigation 漕运 通泊 he traveled 涉足过Go about : pun 着手做某事 四处奔走 engineering projects 建筑工程 工程项目The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Duckes pits at Worsley to the rising town of Manchester布里奇瓦特公爵于是就责成Brindley 修建一条运河，以便把从公爵在乌斯利产的煤运到新兴城市曼彻斯特 The Duke of Bridgewater 布里奇瓦特公爵 then ：于是 接下来 got him to： 让某人做什么， 责成 carry ： Transport : 运输 carriage : 火车的车厢 Duckes pits 公爵的矿井 town =Manchester 同位语关系 the rising town 新兴城市Send coal to Newcastle 多此一举 Brindley went on to connect Marchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner, and in all laid out almost four hundred miles of canals in a network all over England.总共修建了大约四百公里的运河网遍布整个英国。Brindley还更为大胆创新还将运河曼彻斯特和利物浦（这两座工业城市）用运河连在一起。另外，Brindley 还修建了总长度约为400英里的运河网络，使其遍布英国各地。went on to :（ 如何巧妙的翻译另外的事） 还 in an even bolder manner 更为大胆的In all : totally 总共 （最好和后面的almost for hundred 连用 ） laid out ：lay：bulid 修建 Lie lay lain Lay laid laidin a network ： 运河网 all over England. ：through 遍布整个英国Tow things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the industrial revolution. 在开凿运河的过程中有两点不可不提，而这两点就成为整个工业革命的特点Outstanding ：Worthy of mention : 不可不提 Tow things are outstanding =and they characterize 有两点不可不提 they characterize A 是B的特点 system of canals 运河网 all the industrial revolution. : all the +N.in the creation of : bulid =lay out= creation 在开凿运河的过程中One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men. 工业革命的发起者皆为实干家 Make the revolution : (非正规表达) Launch the revolution : 工业革命的发起者 practical men. 实干家 Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. 就拿Brindley举例来说吧，这些实干家门虽然文化程度不高，事实上正规学校教育只能扼杀人的创造力。当时情况确实如此。Like Brindley, 就拿Brindley举例来说吧，这些实干家门 had little education ：文化程度不高 dull ones mind 束缚人的大脑 ，束缚人的创造力 school education 正规教育 could only : only could as it then was ：当时情况确实如此The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. 按照规定，文法学校只能去教陈词滥调的课程（类似于中国的八股文），而这些学校的办学宗旨历来如此。The grammar schools ：文法学校 重点中学second school legally : 按照规定Subject : 中小学的课程 course : 大学的课程 classical subject 古典课程（Ironical ）老套的课程 -类似于中国的八股文 for which ：明确的目的状语 ，就是为了 Be founded for : 办学宗旨 The universities also (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) took little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. （按指工业革命的好处）不仅中学如此，大学也是如此，当时只有两所大学（一所在牛津，一所在剑桥）他们对现代学科和科研丝毫不怎么感兴趣。凡是不信奉英国国家的人，皆与这两所名校无缘。The university Also :贬义所在： 不仅中学如此，大学也是如此：对现代学科和科研不怎么感兴趣 took little interest 不怎么感兴趣 modern or scientific studies ：Disciplines 现代学科 科研 were closed to 拒绝 they : two university 两所大学 conform to the Church of England：不信仰国教The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use. 另外一个特点就是：工业革命期间的发明要为日常生活服务。 new inventions ： 新发明 be for use : 为什么而服务 The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but barges. 运河成为交通动脉：运河的开槽并不是为了游艇 ，而是为了驳船。arteries of communication ：交通的动脉 make : 开凿 pleasure boats ：游艇 第一个名词是第一个名词的定于表明第二个名词的性质，功能和用途。barges. ：驳船 （开船）And the barges were not made to carry luxuries, bu