四六级作文.doc

四六级作文讲座1999年颁布的大学英语教学大纲对写的能力的四六级要求是：“能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题、写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的短文，能写短信和便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。”短文写作试题的命题原则是：写作要求明确，使考生能展开思想，有内容可写；不含背景知识方面的困难，避免设置构思方面的障碍，以便达到考核书面表达能力的目的。短文写作的测试形式可能是给出题目、规定情景、看图作文、给出段首句要求续写、给出关键词或提纲要求写成短文等等。 写作一直是考生的弱项。在历次的考试中，考生的写作试题的得分率始终是最低的，远远低于其它试题的得分率，与相应的及格标准(9分)有很大的差距。无论是四级考试还是六级考试，情况都是如此，考生的写作成绩并没有因为考试级别的不同而产生显著的成绩差异。对此，我们可参阅下面两组考生成绩统计表。第一组数据对我校学生英语四级考试中所取得成绩作了横纵向比较。表一 我校学生2004年两次四级考试中的单项平均成绩比较项目平均分考试时间听力阅读词汇+语法完形填空写作2004.19.8922.137.056.676.702004.68.2221.746.996.526.81注：我校参加2004年1月和6月四级的人数分别为1329人、1397人表二 我校学生与全国大学生在2004年6月四级考试中所取得的单项平均成绩比较项目平均分比较对象听力阅读词汇+语法完形填空写作中国地质大学（武汉）8.2221.746.996.526.81全国高校8.2221.747.565.876.21表三：2003年6月四级考试考生分项平均得分统计年份听力理解阅读理解词汇语法完形填空短文写作满分2040151015得分9.4620.348.144.825.66比率47%51%54%48%38%表四：2002-2003年四级考试考生写作平均得分率年份2002.12002.62003.12003.6满分15151515得分5.096.55.865.66比率34%43%39%38% 显而易见，考生的平均写作水平没有达到相应的及格要求，甚至可以说，写作成绩过低是许多考生没有通过考试的重要原因之一。众所周知，写作能力的提高是个循序渐进的过程，考生要想在写作上取得明显的质的进步，从根本上提高自己的写作能力，就必须在平时重视写作，加强日常的写作训练。把英语学习的重点放到了语法和词汇的学习的同时，也要具备必要的写作理论知识与技巧，对通过写作表达思想要有足够的重视，这样一旦拿起笔，在规定的考试时间内完成一篇作文，才不至于错误百出。四级作文考得比较多的是议论文和说明文，另外两种题型，也就是记叙文和描写性的文章涉及比较少。而议论文和说明文中又尤以议论文居多。议论文和说明文有相似之处， 解释某个事实或思想。但议论文侧重发表看法，说明文侧重客观陈述；议论文着重劝说，说明文着重解释。不管是议论文还是说明文，通常他们的文章结构都是分为三大块： 1. Introduction (介绍)-thesis statement (文章所要给大家讲述的主要问题) 告诉大家要讲的是什么。第一块是introduction,介绍这篇文章所要给大家讲述的主要问题，也就是 Thesis statement。2 Further Explanation (进一步解释这个问题，可以分为好几段，也可以知有一段),也就是我们常说的Body ,正文部分。正文部分的每个段落都应该由主题句、展开句构成。 Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence + Developing sentenceParagraph 2 Topic Sentence + Developing sentence . . 2.1主题句 (Topic sentence)每一段中都有具体告诉这段主要内容的的句子，这个句子就是主题句（Topic Sentence）。主题句高度集中了段落的中心思想，是段落发展的依据。它不仅有助于作者更好地围绕主题组织材料，更能使读者一目了然地找到段落的中心点和主线。它一般由主题和主导思想组成：主题是此段要论述的基本要素，如人物、事件、问题等；主导思想是用来确定主题的发展方向、限定主题的论述范围。特别要注意主题范围的选取，太大会使段落显得空洞无物，没有具体的思想和观点；太小则无法展开论述，缺乏指导性。主题句放在段首、段中或段尾，考试作文中主题句最好放在段首，让阅卷人一看就明白该段的中心。更重要是，放在段首能随时提醒自己本段的写作目的，不至于离题万里。 2.2展开句(Developing sentence) 展开句是用来更加详细充分地阐述论证主题句的句子，它的写作规则要恪守以下几点：紧扣主题 有些学生为了凑够字数，写出与主题不相关的句子，影响了段落的质量。清晰详实 展开句是主题句的血肉，因此不可含糊其辞或言之无物，一定要具有较强的说服力来论证观点。 意义连贯 各展开句之间要注意连贯：前句为后句铺平道路，后句是前句的自然延伸，层层深入地阐明问题。3.结尾 (Conclusion) 结尾句是总结归纳整段的句子，它有如下作用：概括段落大意；呼应并重申主题。四六级作文题材分析及套用格式以论文和说明文二者关系密切，又是一遍文章同时体现两种题材的特点。因此，此处根据历年的四级作文题把这两种题材又细分为以下几类：1 阐述两种不同的观点并点名自己的观点2支持/反对某种观点3. 阐明优缺点/利弊4回答解决问题以下具体介绍了各种体裁并就各种体裁提供了可套用的一些写作模式，谨供同学们参考。1阐述两种不同的观点并点名自己的观点套用格式一： When it comes to the question of , different people have different ideas.（在第一段中点明这篇文章所有讲述的问题。而针对这个问题，每个人又有不同的观点。） Some people think that .(用这句话来提出一种观点) However, some other people dont agree. (用这个转折句来引出另外不同的观点) For them. (指的是 for some other people，对另外一些人来说，他们为什么有不同意呢？对第二种不同的观点稍微细节性的加以解释) （第一段中开门见山，告诉大家关于什么有两种不同的观点。在接下来的进一步解释中，应该对两种不同的观点加以细节性的解释。） （接下来分两段，）The former group of people holds that . (前者认为).The latter group of people believe that. (对第二种观点进行详细地解释) 在介绍了两种不同的观点后，通常情况下文章的outline可能要求说：结合自己，谈谈你自己对这个问题的看法。 As for me, I think.总结这种格式如下：第一段中开门见山，告诉大家关于什么有两种不同的观点。第二，三段在接下来的进一步解释中，应该对两种不同的观点加以细节性的解释。最后一段结合自己，谈谈你自己对这个问题的看法。套用格式二：Some people believe that. They claim that. （第一段中详细地加以解释第一种人的观点是什么。通过they claim that 进行对他们的观点的详细介绍。） Other have the opposite opinion. They hold that. (第二段第一句话用于承上启下的作用。这段主要将第二种观点：用hold that对第二种人的观点进行详细的介绍) As far as I am concerned, I （最后一段总结自己,谈谈自己的观点）按照此种格式套用的四级作文原题：Reading Selectively or ExtensivelyWhen it comes to the question of how reading should be conducted, different people have different ideas. Some people think that there are more advantages to reading selectively. However, some other dont agree. For them, there are more benefits in reading extensively.The former group of people holds that one should read selectively, choosing the materials that are useful. They base their ground on the fact that the time and energy of person is limited while knowledge is infinite. We cant expect to absorb all kinds of knowledge in our lifetime. The limited tome and energy should be used in the most selective way. Reading selectively can help to achieve such a goal.The latter group of people holds that knowledge of all kinds will in one way or another benefit us. Thus we should try to take in as much knowledge as possible through reading extensively.As for me, there are advantages both to reading selectively and to reading extensively,. Whether we should read selectively or extensively depends on our purposes of reading and reading materials.经典句型库1 There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of . Some people think that. But others think otherwise. As far as I am concerned, I prefer/favor/am in favor of the former/latter to some extent.2 When asked about, most people say that. But many other people consider that I personally think that3 When it comes to., some people think that Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but.4 Each of us places weight on different factors. Some may valuce,while many others would probably choose5 As a proverb goes, “ one mans meat is another mans poison, everyone has his individual opinion/preference.6 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing They point out the fact that.they also argue that.However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do.They firmly point out thatAan example can give the details of this argument:There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects, it also may2. 阐明优缺点/利弊套用格式一： Nowadays many people prefer. There seems to be many obvious advantages to （讲出来这样一种状况，现象，这种现象是很多人喜欢什么东西。之所以喜欢是因为它有优点） （在这之后，展开对优点的介绍）First. Second. Third.（在介绍了优点之后，过渡到他的弊端的介绍） Good asis, it has its disadvantages , too. For example, it can (最后总结) To conclude, there are both advantages and disadvantages to What we should do is to .(在第一句总结之后，接下来是你对这个问题的正确的态度，正确看法)套用格式二（第一段对advantage进行介绍）.has become quite popular among people at present. There are some reasons for their choosing. First second third.(第一段中点名这种现象，以及出现这种现象的原因)（第二段用一个过渡句过渡到他的弊端）There are two sides to a coin.（用这句话过渡，之后展开对disadvantage的介绍）While .helps us in . , it also has its shortcomings.(一方面它可能会帮我们.但是它同样还是有它的缺陷的) (最后一段总结正确的态度应该是.) Therefore, the right attitude toward .should be例文: The Two-Day Weekend1 .双休日给他学生带来的好处2. 双休日给他学生带来的问题3. 我应该怎样过好双休日Nowadays students in China can enjoy two-day weekends. There seems to be many advantages to having two-day weekend instead of the one-day weekend we used to have. We have longer time for recreation. Hobbies, meeting friends, participating in various social activities, etc.Good as two-day weekend is, it has its disadvantages too. If we dont use it properly .During the two-day holiday, some students may waste their time watching tv, playing card games or computer games. Some other may spend a greater part of the holiday in outdoor activities that they dont have enough time to have a good rest, which would certainly interfere with their study in the next week.To conclude, there are both advantages and disadvantages to the two-day weekend. What I plan to do in the two-day weekend is to have a good rest first, and then spend some of the time on some healthy activities.经典句型库1 Like all things in the world, also has two-side effects. One is beneficial/positive effect, and the other is harmful/negative effect.2 Everthing including . has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of are too obvious to be ignored. Of course, the disadvantages are not to be neglected. . But as a whole, it has more advantages than disadvantages.3 On one hand, yields beneficial results, while on the other hand, it creates problems which threaten4 Opposition voices point to drawbacks such as . Supporters, on the other hand, contend that the disadvantages-5 But I should say that the pros outweigh the cons.6 According to what has been mentioned above, the disadvantages obviously offset the advantages. Therefore, it is not desirable to 3. 支持/反对某种观点给出一种观点，让你支持还是反对这种观点。套用格式：When talking about, some people are of the opinion that(首先在地一段中就指出来这种观点. 不管是让你反对还是支持它)。以 “Do lucky number really bring good luck?”这个四级题目为例，When talking about lucky numbers, some people are of the opinion that lucky number can really bring us good luck. (接下来直截了当的摆出自己的论点，进行支持/反驳。) There is some point in what these people say. But I have reasons to hold a different opinion. My reason for disagreeing / agreeing with these people are as following. 之句话清楚的表明这段话当中你要借是你为什么要支持这种观点或反对这种观点。之后进行一个总结。 （第二段中陈述你支持或是反对的理由）First(Topic sentence + details). Second. Third.(注意每一个理由都应该是由一个主题局再加上支撑这个主题局的细节)（最后一段总结，再一次强调自己的态度）To conclude, my personal view on this issue is/From what has been pointed out alone, it is clear that.(综上所述，我们可以很清楚地发现) Do lucky number really bring good luck?Many people say that lucky number can bring people good luck. They will always tell you their personal experience to confirm such a belief.However, I have a reasons to hold a different opinion. For me, there is no relationship between numbers and good luck. For example, according to believers in lucky number . the number 6 and 8 will awayls bring you good fortune. But in real life, businessmen having 6 or 8 in their telephone numbers or in their licence code sometimes do have the bad fortune of becoming bankrupt or having a road accident. For me, whether one can have the so-called good luck or not depends bot on lucky number but on some other facts, for example,hard work, shrewd judement etc.To conclude, I am absolutely agree the view that lucky numbers can bring good luck.经典句型库1. Many people argue that .By saying that, they mean. An example they have presented is that.2. There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that There are a number of reasons behind my belief.4. 回答解决问题问题的提出方式可以有两种：用How提问和用what提问。How 型讲述一个什么样的方法或方式的问题。What 型问题作为题目，主要是让大家介绍某一种具体事务。How 型套用格式： In recent years, .has aroused an increasing number of peoples attention.Statistics show/indicate that.（第一段提出问题）There are three factors that contribute to the phenomenon . First of all, second,. The last.( 第一段分析问题)Therefore, people should take effective measures to. on one hand, we can on the other hand. Only in this way can we gradually. （在分析完问题以后通常还会要求结合自己解决问题）经典句型库阐述问题1 The problem of has recently been in the limelight (引人注目的中心).2 Whether . or not has long been a debatable question./ a hot issue.3 There are a lot of problems people face, among which perhaps the most critical one is that of .4 .has become one of the major headaches that we have to cope with.5 Never before in history has the issue of been more evident than before.6 .has increasely become a common concern of the public. There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.7 .has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.解决问题1 Only in this way can we claim the ultimate victory over the battle.2 To solve this problem, many proposals have been made. Some people suggest that Others advise that Still others argue that3 We should take further steps to encourage/stimulate/prevent4 If effective measures are to be taken to.5 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent from bringing us more harm. How 型例文Generation gap1. 上大学的费用通过各种途径解决2. 那种途径适合我（说明理由）Nowadays, there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children, which is so-called generation gap. It is estimated that 75% of parents often complain their childrens unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned.Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children. Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first one is that the generation, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes, thus disagreement often rises between them. Besides, due to having little in common about they are not willing to sit face to face. The third reason is that of modern life becoming faster and faster, both of them are so busy with their work and study that they dont spare enough time to exchange ideas. To main cause of generation gap is due to lack of communication and understanding each other. It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing child respect their parents. On the other hand, parents should show solid their children. All these measure sill certainly bridge the generation gap.What 型格式What型问题作为题目，都是让大家介绍一种具体事务。是解释我的答案是什么，而不是如何怎么样。比如四级原题My Most Favorite Program 就相当于what is you favorite program? 是属于典型的what型作文类型。套用格式What is my most favorite program? If you ask me this question. My answer is (第一段具体提出这个问题，用what提问的句子来做作文题目的时候，在第一段通常要求把what 的答案给大家.What.? For me, the question to this question is) There are some reasons for why I choose such an answer. First secondthird(碟二段中列出我之所与选择这个大案的原因) To conclude, movie channel is my favorite program. It can provide me a lot of information about (最后一段总结)My most favorite programWhat is your most favorite program? For me, the answer to this question is “tell it as it is” on CCTVThere are some reasons for why I choose such an answer. First, topics in this program are closely related to our daily life. As we are familiar with what is being talked about, we can “participate in”it, if not as guests on the program, at least we can discuss with friends after watching. Second, the hose to the program always produce some penetrating and cunning remarks, which makes the program very lively. Third, guests invited t the program are common folks. It is to hear what people like you and me see things. To conclude, movie channel is my favorite program. It can provide me a lot of information about四六级作文开篇方法及句型一览 良好的开端是成功的一半。四级作文一个好的开篇不但能引人入胜，激起读者的阅读兴趣，而且还会给阅卷老师留下美好的第一印象。开篇是写好整篇作文的关键一环，同时也是最难的一环。下面介绍几种常见的开篇方法： 1.开门见山法 文章一开头就点明主题，把中心思想一目了然地呈现给读者。这是四级短文写作最常用的一种开篇方法。例如： Fake diplomas are the inevitable by-products of the diploma craze. The Market Economy has brought China headaches as well as benefits, and one of recent ones is the problem of finding new jobs for laid-off workers. The large scale development of West China is of profound significance.以上三例都是开门见山地点明文章的主旨，随后的句子就可以围绕着这个中心来写。2.交代背景法 开篇就把事件发生的时间、地点、人物及背景等交代得清清楚楚。这种方法多用于叙述文和描写文。It was a sultry mid-summer afternoon. As I was to leave for Beijing by brain at 6 p.m. and stay in the train the whole night, my experienced aunt stressed that the first thing for me to do was to get some sleep.It was cold and bleak in late winter. The night was dark; not a star was to be seen in the gloomy and dismal sky. The north wind was howling dreadfully outside the house, like the screams of some wounded wild beasts.3.提出问题法 用提出问题的方法引出文章的主题，以激起读者的阅读兴趣。然后可以针对这个问题进行解答，这样也就展开了段落。这种方法可用于各种文体。例如：What is the difference between the lecture system and the discussion system-the two teaching methods prevalent on campus both at home and abroad? As a sophomore, it is not very difficult for me to tell: they have both strengths and weakness.Can wealth buy happiness? Different people may have different opinions about this. Some people take it for granted that wealth is the source of happiness. Others do not agree. They claim that 4.名言警句法 所谓“名言警句”是指人们耳熟能详的谚语、习语、俗语、警句或伟人的论述等，它们常常具有权威性或其道理已为大家公认。由此开篇可以增强文章的说服力。但要注意所引述的名言警句一定要家喻户晓，人所共知，不可引述生僻的名言。另外，一般是用直接引语来引述，所以务必准确无误。例如： As a Chinese saying goes, “neighbors are dearer than distant relatives. “Practice makes perfect.” This self-evident proverb means doing something repeatedly is the way to become very good at it.5.数据统计法 就是引用一些具体的、已经证实的统计数字来引出文章的主题。然后以这些数据作为证据，来论述、解释、说明要表达的思想，这样开篇可信度高，说服力强。使用此法时，要注意所引述的数据或数字一定要准确，来源可靠，切不可为了说明某一问题而杜撰数据。此法主要用于说明文和议论文中，图表作文时用得最多。例如：According to a recent poll, 40 percent of Chinese college school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once.6.进行定义法 就是对文章要阐述的主题先下个定义，或者对文章题目所用的词汇、所持的观点或所提到的事物进行定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明或论述。这种方法的作用就是解释概念，限定范围，然后引入正文。应该说明的是，文章所下的定义总的来说应该简练，而且也有别于哲学意义上的定义。此法常用于说明文和议论文。 An “aged” country or region is one in which 10 percent of its population are 60 years of age or older, or 7 percent of its population are 65 years old or over.Self-confidence means the trust in ones own ability. As a very important psychological quality, it brings your creative power, arouses your enthusiasm and helps you overcome difficulties. 四六级作文结尾方法及句型一览 文章的开头很重要，因为精彩的开头可以吸引读者、抓住读者的注意力。同样，文章的结尾也很重要，好的结尾会使读者对全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷，起到画龙点睛的作用。确切地说，结尾的作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思的问题，给读者留下回味和思考的余地。 如何才能写好英文短文的结尾呢?下面就介绍几种写结尾段最常用的方法： 1.重复中心思想，回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。 In conclusion, we should know about the problem of fake commodities, and object to their being sold in the market. Only in this way can we eliminate them completely from the market. In short, my opinion on this theme is reading selectively. We should learn not only how to select books, but how to select better books. 2. 用反问结尾，虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。 Therefore, listening skills must be consciously improved. Since it is such an important means of learning and commu