词义的情感成分 文本文档.doc

词义的情感成分 文本文档The Emotive Component of Meaning 词义的情感成分英语写作 2010-06-27 20:37:44 阅读222 评论0 字号：大中小 订阅 Writing summary The best way of learning perfect English composition Steps of writing summary 1.Underline the key words 2.Reorganize the keywords in your own way 3.Check and make sure that it meets the requirement of Unity, coherence and variety 译文 如果人脑真的象计算机，是一个严密的逻辑运算器，那它就会把字词处理得象排序归类的名字；进而把排序归类当成基本工具，使以感官刺激来表现的无序宇宙有序化（并把归类作为基本方法，使整个宇宙的事物变得有秩序，否则整个宇宙看起来就是一片杂乱无章感官刺激因素）。但人对词语的反应，象许多人类的其他行为一样，都受非理性的冲动，如爱、恨、喜、忧、惧、畏等的影响；而当一种语言的使用者显示出划一的情感反应，这反应就成为词义内涵的一部分，成为这个词在那种语言中的标准词义。词汇的主要部分当然是由灯、书、读、减、过这样的只带一点或一点也不带“ 情感电荷” 的词汇组成的。但也有不少词汇却能产生不同感情色彩的反应，它们的“ 情感 电压” 有的弱，有的能把人“ 击倒” 。 译文 区分感情的反应是词汇造成的还是词汇所定义的东西造成的并不容易。玫瑰即使改个名，还是芳香宜（怡）人，百灵的鸣唱即使改个名，也仍旧悦耳；粪堆即使改个名，照样难闻，地铁轮子的磨擦声即使改个名，也还刺耳。 它们都和名字无关， 但好多词汇无疑是带上了说话人或听话人的情感。这情感是和这词 有关，而和这词 所定义的 能观察到的这个东西的属性 无关。如果有人说，“ 说话注意点！” 他不是说你没权说这些话，而是告诉你不要用定义和涵义都没问题，但他听起来不舒服的话。象早川教授所说的，有表示高兴的词，也有表示愤怒的词，当然这两者之间还可以划分好多等级。告密者和信息员都提供相同的秘密信息; 抓壮丁和征兵给男性公民提出了同样的要求；汗和汗腺分泌物都要除臭剂才能去掉臭味。不同的词有不同的味道。闻不出味道的鼻子，是揍扁了的鼻子；听不出声音和谐不和谐的耳朵，是打破了的开花耳朵。I译文 比如，在罗密欧与朱丽叶中，当容易冲动的替巴特遇到罗密欧的两个朋友莫扣休和本沃柳时，替巴特本应说，“ 你们认识罗密欧。” 或者可以说，“ 你们是罗密欧的朋友。” 或者也可以说，“ 你们结交罗密欧。” 但他却充满敌意地说，“ 莫扣休，你与罗密欧鬼混。” 莫扣休立刻为这“ 鬼混” 二字勃然大怒，因为“ 鬼混” 在当时的英文中指结交优伶，用于贵族就大为不敬。他立即回嘴说，“ 鬼混？你把我们和优伶相提并论？. 畜生！你敢说鬼混！” 这样，没多久替巴特就杀了莫扣休（给蚯蚓做了个大餐）。而罗密欧就杀了替巴特。这些由于选词而引起的一系列事件，导致后来两个年轻恋人的悲剧。今天，优伶（也即歌星）已经不带蔑视的味道了，但鬼混与结交相比，依然带着贬义（比如，我们说 与某个罪犯鬼混/ 勾结。 ），尽管二者的词义相同。 译文 有时同一词根的不同形式往往带有很强的感情色彩，例如前面讲过的告密者和信息员。如果你想称赞一个人精力充沛，就要用“ 男子的” 或“ 大丈夫的” ，而不能用有贬义的讲女人的“ 男性化的” 和中性词“ 男人般的” （如这雕塑中有几个是男人模样的塑象) 。同样，女人的，女性化的，女人般的，也是如此。英语中，没有childly 这个字。而幼稚和稚气的涵义则分别为贬和褒。 Main points argued by Prof. Salmon Words have denotation and connotation. The linguistic connotation crops up from words that have different colors and shades of meaning, and is accepted with emotions. Attention must be paid to the variant emotive charges of different word forms that are based on the same verbal symbol. Outlines Many words carry little or no emotion (perceptible emotional charge), and others produce various colors and shades. Different words have different odors. Words bear different flavors commendatory, derogatory, or neutral. Sometimes even slightly different forms of the same basic verbal symbols will carry widely variant emotive charges Topic sentence The first sentence of para. 2 is its topic sentence. Transition not that for example sometimes The internal coherence of para. 3 when immediately later today Examples 1st para. : love, have, joy, sorrow, fear, awe, lamp, book, read, subtract, through 2nd para. : rose, skylarks song, dung heap, wheel-screech, watch your words, informer and informant, selective service and draft, sweat and perspiration, a punched nose, a cauliflower ear 3rd para. : an episode from Romeo and Juliet 4th para. : manly, mannish, manlike; womanly, womanish, womanlike; childlike, childish Explicitly announced examples Such as in L7 As professor Hayakawa puts it For example in L39 For example in LL58, 59 Those that are not explicitly announced can be easily inferred. The revision of the first sentence in the second para. alters the stress of “I dont mean that it is always easy loses the transition on “that” The position of subordinate clause LL11-12, while the bulk . , there are nevertheless a good many that produce. L39, when hot-blooded . , the friends of the man he L59, if you want to you would speak of him Function of dash Further explanation Ellipsis “is apt to end up” are omitted Look up: categories, divisions of classification chaos, complete confusion evince, show concepts, thoughts or opinions attributed: qualities proper to a person or thing denotation: literal meaning of a word linguistic connotation: implication above what the word means or actually denotes irrevocably: in a way that something cannot be altered derogatory: unfavorable denigration: defaming or blackening Function of were The original version is more formal and traditional, rendering the conditions more clearly into the subjunctive mood Ex. 15 informer: one who secretly accuses another, often for a reward Informant: one who gives or serves as a source of information Metaphor and simile (ex. 16) Voltage: the volume/force of emotional charges Two more metaphors: a punched nose (1. 37), a cauliflower ear Simile: like a calculating machine We have learnt: The best way to English composition is to write summary. Start a new paragraph, no matter how slight your ideas change a way to unity Us