产业集群文献回顾外文翻译.doc

产业集群文献回顾外文翻译 外文翻译原文Industry Cluster Literature ReviewMaterial Source: Plan 261:? Urban and Regional Development ,March 1998 Author:Jessica LeVeen Industry Cluster Definition The majority of the literature on industry clusters is focused on the actual definition of a clusterThe very basic definition of an industry cluster is “geographical concentrations of industries that gain performance advantages through co-location Doeringer and Terkla 1995, pg.225.”? This definition of clusters is similar to that of agglomeration economies, but in fact, it is within industry clusters that agglomeration economies are likely to be observedBeyond the basic definition, however, there is little consensus on how to define an industry cluster? Michael Porter popularized the concept of industry clusters is his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations 1990Porter developed the “Diamond of Advantage,” which is four factors he determined create a competitive advantage for firmsThe four corners of the diamond include factor conditions, demand conditions, industry strategy/rivalry, and related and supporting industriesPorter used this diamond to determine which firms and industries had competitive advantages, and his emphasis of the importance of related and supporting industries encouraged interest in clustersWhile his original thesis was applied to nations as a whole, Porter recognized that the majority of economic activity takes place at the regional levelThus, his ideas are commonly applied to cities and regionsThe bulk of Porters thesis deals with the competitive advantages of clustering for industriesThis aspect of his work is discussed in the Section IIIPorter provides a simple definition of two types of clusters: vertical clusters, and horizontal clustersVertical clusters are made up of industries that are linked through buyer-seller relationshipsHorizontal clusters include industries which might share a common market for the end products, use a common technology or labor force skills, or require similar natural resources Porter 1990? Jacobs and DeMan 1996 and Rosenfeld 1996,1997 present more in-depth discussions of the different definitions of industry clusters, although these authors also use the definitions of vertical and horizontal clusters as the basis for their definitionsJacobs and DeMan 1996, pg.425 argue that “there is not one correct definition of the cluster conceptdifferent dimensions are of interest.”? They expand from the definitions of the vertical and horizontal industry clusters to identify key dimensions that may be used to define clustersThese include the geographic or spatial clustering of economic activity, horizontal and vertical relationships between industry sectors, use of common technology, the presence of a central actor i.e., a large firm, research center, etc., and the quality of the firm network, or firm cooperation Jacobs and DeMan 1996In addition to vertical and horizontal relationships, Rosenfeld 1997 includes criteria for defining a cluster, including the size of the cluster, the economic or strategic importance of the cluster, the range of products produced or services used, and the use of common inputsHe does not encourage defining clusters exclusively by the size of the constituent industries or the scale of employment, pointing out that many effective clusters are located in small inter-related industries which do not necessarily have pronounced employment concentrationsAccording to Rosenfeld 1997 pg.10, an industry cluster is:? “a geographically bounded concentration of similar, related or complementary businesses, with active channels for business transactions, communications and dialogue, that share specialized infrastructure, labor markets and services, and that are faced with common opportunities and threats.”? Rosenfelds definition clearly emphasizes the importance he places on the role of social interaction and firm cooperation in determining the dynamic nature of a cluster. Identification of Industry Clusters The varying definitions of industry clusters helps explain the differing arguments regarding the methodology to identify clustersOne of the common approaches to identifying clusters is based on quantitative techniques, including location quotients and input-output I-O analyses Rosenfeld 1997These tools help identify relative concentrations of industries in the region, as well as identify the buyer-seller linkages in different industry sectors. Michael Porter relied heavily on this type of analysis to form the basis of his international study of industry clustersI-O analyses and other quantitative tools were also the basis for identifying clusters in several other studies, including the Twin Cities Industry Cluster Project State and Local Policy Program 1998 and UNC-Chapel Hills study of North Carolinas industries Bergman, Feser and Sweeney 1996 ? The quantitative approach towards identifying industry clusters is generally regarded as a critical component of a cluster analysisThis type of analysis will provide an initial tool for identifying potential clusters and will indicate the relative presence of different industries in the local regionAn I-O analysis is especially useful in the analysis of a vertically-integrated cluster, when the buyer-seller linkages are more obviousHowever, the quantitative analysis does not address whether relationships really exist between the individual firms, and it does not account for other factors beyond the product-market relationships, such as industry collaboration and information flow Doeringer and Terkla 1995, Jacobs and DeMan 1996, Rosenfeld 1996,1997“Although inter-industry transactions incorporated within production channels can sometimes be detected in input-output tables, neither the character or relationships among firms nor the benefits of clustering can be discerned in this way Doeringer and Terkla 1995, pg.228.” There is a general consensus in the literature that in order to truly identify industry clusters it is necessary to conduct a qualitative analysis in addition to the quantitative analysis. Surveys and interviews of key industry representatives will help expand an understanding of the buyer-supplier relationships, as well as further identifying commonalties between industries i.e., workforce or infrastructure needs, or technologies usedThe use of the qualitative analysis will both confirm the findings of the quantitative analysis, as well as help identify potential industry clusters that may have been overlooked by the conventional data analysis Doeringer and Terkla 1995, Jacobs and DeMan 1996, Sternberg 1991, State and Local Policy Program 1998 Factors Driving Industry Cluster Growth and Development The factors which drive industry cluster development and growth are also the subject of debate in the literatureIn general, businesses locate where it makes the greatest economic sense, either in terms of accessing the market for their product, the labor pool, or required resourcesThe basic factors that drive industry clustering are very similar to the factors that encourage urban or locational agglomeration economiesAs stated by Doeringer and Terkla, “The presence of positive externalities explains the clustering process, whereas specific location sites for each cluster depend on either historical accident or the cost advantages provided by immobile factors that attracted the firms anchoring the cluster Doeringer and Terkla 1995, pg.226.”? While there is consensus among the researchers that firms will cluster because they receive some type of benefit, the factors that create those benefits are debated? Michael Porter 1990 argues competition is a driving force behind cluster developmentClustering is a dynamic process, and as one competitive firm grows, it generates demand for other related industriesAs the cluster develops it becomes a mutually reinforcing system where benefits flow backwards and forwards throughout the industries in the clusterPorter argues that it is the competition between rival firms in the cluster that drives growth because it forces firms to be innovative and to improve and create new technologyThis, in turn, leads to new business spin-offs, stimulates R&D, and forces the introduction of new skills and servicesBecause many of the industries within the cluster employ a similar labor force, the labor force can freely move to other related firms within the cluster, thus transferring knowledge to new firms, and continuing to promote competition and therefore growthThis growth can either lead to increasing the vertical integration of the cluster, or it can lead to the horizontal integration of the sector.?Increased vertical integration occurs as the division of labor gets more specialized, and new firms are able to fill the new niche marketsHorizontal clustering occurs as the new technology and labor skills are applied to related industries in different sectorsPorter points to Silicon Valley as an example of how competition has spurred the horizontal clustering process? There are several other key factors that are discussed in the literature that contribute to cluster development. Doeringer and Terkla 1995 cite the benefits of agglomeration economies observed in industry clusters as one factor leading to cluster developmentFirms locating in close spatial proximity benefit from lower transportation and transaction costs, as well as access to a skilled labor forceAgglomeration economies can also spur competition, which encourages information, knowledge, and technology transfer among related firmsThe transfer of knowledge and technology among firms can lead to new industry growth, and therefore helps drive the overall growth of the cluster? Face-to-face interaction is also cited in several of the sources as a critical factor in cluster development Doeringer and Terkla 1995, Rosenfeld 1997This interaction is most beneficial to small, specialized firms which have the flexibility to fill emerging niche markets as final demand or technology changes Doeringer and Terkla 1995Local proximity to firms in all aspects of the production process, such as the suppliers, machine builders, assemblers, distributors, and final customers allows the cooperating firms to adopt new technology and innovations rapidly, therefore increasing the overall efficiency of the production processThe firms collaborate to provide specialized services; through this collaboration, clusters develop Rosenfeld 1997The social infrastructure within the cluster helps facilitate technology and knowledge transfer, which strengthens the cluster and promotes future growthThe importance of face-to-face interaction is cited in Rosenfelds case studies of the furniture industry in Mississippi and the apparel/hosiery industry in Northern Italy Rosenfeld 1997Saxenian also discusses the importance of this interaction in the growth of Silicon Valley, and attributes much of the early success of the area to the social infrastructure Saxenian 1994? In summary, cluster development is attributable to several key factors, including technology transfer, knowledge transfer, development of a skilled labor force in related industries, the benefits of agglomeration economies, and social infrastructureHowever, researchers differ on how these factors promote cluster growthOn the one hand, Porter attributes cluster development and growth to competition, and focuses on how these key factors drive competition Porter 1990. On the other hand, the other authors cited above, say cluster development is promoted by collaboration among related firms that is encouraged by face to face contactThrough social interaction, technology and knowledge transfer occurs, therefore leading to the development and growth of clusters ReferenceJacobs, Dany and Ard-Pieter De Man1996Porter, Michael1990The Competitive Advantage of NationsNew York:? Basic Books Saxenian, AnnaLee1994Regional Advantage:? Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128Massachusetts:? Harvard University PressBergman, E., E. Feser, and S. Sweeny1996Targeting North Carolina Manufacturing:? Understanding the States Economy through Industrial Cluster AnalysisChapel Hill, NC:? UNC Institute for Economic DevelopmentBosworth, Brian and Daniel Broun1996“Connect the Dots:? Using Cluster-Based Strategies to Create Urban Employment.”? Firm Connections 42:? 1,6Boekholt, Patries1997“The public sector at arms length or in chargeTowards a typology of cluster policies.”? Paper for the OECD programme National Innovation Systems, presented in Amerstdam, October 1997Doeringer, P.B., and D.G. Terkla1995“Business strategy and cross-industry clusters.”? Economic Development Quarterly 9:? 225-3Rosenfeld, Stuart A1996Overachievers, Business Clusters that Work:? Prospects for Regional DevelopmentChapel Hill, NC:? Regional Technology Strategies 译文产业集群文献回顾资料来源: 261计划:? 城市与区域发展 1998年3月 作者:Jessica LeVeen 产业集群的定义 迈克尔?波特在国家竞争优势论(1990年)推广了产业集群这个概念。波特的“钻石理论”的四个要素,并决定为公司创造竞争优势。“钻石理论”的四要素包括要素条件,需求条件,企业战略、结构与竞争,相关产业与支持产业。波特用这套“钻石理论一确定哪些企业与行业有竞争优势,他的重点在于鼓励相关与支持产业的形成。虽然他的论文是以一个国家为原相的,但波特也认识到多数经济活动发生在一个区域。因此,他的理论也普遍适用于一个城市和地区。 波特论文的大部分是涉及产业集群竞争优势的。这一方面在本文第三节讨论。他简单讨论了集群的两种类型:纵向集群与横向集群。纵向集群的有关行业是通过买卖双方的关系联系起来的。横向集群包括最终产品的共同市场,使用共同技术和劳动技能,货需要类似天然资源的产业(波特,1990)。 雅各布斯和德曼,罗森菲尔德提出了更多关于产业集群定义不同层面的深入讨论。尽管他们还是以纵向集群与横向集群为基础来定义。雅各布斯和德曼(1996,pg425)认为,“没有一个正确的集群概念的定义定义不同层面。”他们扩大了纵向集群与横向集群的定义,以确定关键集群的关键因素。包括经济活动的地域或空间,产业分支机构的纵向与横向的关系,共型技术的应用,公司网络与公司合作(雅各布斯,德曼,1996)。 除了纵向与横向集群的关系,罗森菲德尔(1997)包括集群的界定标准,集群大小,经济与战略对集群的重要性,产品的生产与服务使用的范围和共同投入的使用。他不鼓励用产业的大小或雇佣规模来专门界定集群,并指出许多行之有效的集群浓度位于相互关联的小行业,不一定有明显的就业机会。根据罗森菲尔德(1997,pg10),一个产业集群是:“一个区域集中了相似,关联或者互补的商业,和现有的商业交易沟通与对话渠道,共享专门的基础设施,劳动力市场和服务,并且面临着相同的机遇和挑战。”罗森菲尔德的定义明确强调集群在一个地方的社会交往中的作用和企业合作性质决定的动态的重要性。 产业集群的确定 产业集群的不同定义,有助于解释关于不同论点的方法来识别集群。普遍采用的一种识别集群的方法是基于定量方法的基础上的,包括智商位置和输入输出的分析(罗森菲尔德,1997)。这些工具有利于确定该区域相对集中的行业,以及确定不同行业之间联系的买卖双方。波特的国际研究很大程度上依赖于形成产业集群的基础上的这一类型的分析。输入输出分析和其他定量分析工具是许多其他研究确定集群的基础,包括双城产业和UNC-查普尔?希尔的北卡罗莱纳州的研究(伯格曼,菲瑟和斯威尼,1996)。 产业集群定量方法被普遍认为是集群分析的重要组成部分。这种类型的分析为确定潜在集群提供了初步工具,并显示不同区域产业的相对存在性。输入输出分析尤其适用于当买方与卖方之间的联系更加明显,以分析公司纵向整合的产业集群。然而,定量分析并不涉及是否真正存在个人之间的关系,并且它不考虑产品是否超越市场关系渠道的其他因素,如产业合作与产业信息流(雅各布斯和德曼,1996,罗森菲尔德,1996,1997)。“虽然行业间的生产和交易可以在生产线的投入产出表被检测出来,不是公司间的特征与关系,也不是集群企业间的利益关系。(窦瑞格,特克拉 ,1995,