第二单元知识点总结2011-10.doc

第二单元知识点总结Unit 2： Grammar Summary （一般过去时，过去进行时，现在完成时）1. 一般过去时1) 构成： 主语+ 动词过去式 （V+ed 或特殊变化） He attended the wedding last Sunday. He didnt attend the wedding last Sunday. Did he attend the wedding last Sunday? (Yes, he did. / No, he didnt) 2) 常见时间状语： last week / year / summer 3 years ago / 2 hours ago in 1998 / in May, 1998 / on Feb. 23rd 3) 使用：A. 过去大背景下，表达习惯，状态等。比如： - When he was young, he had many friends and he liked hanging out with them. They often went to the lake for summer vacation. (可用于写人物传记：) - When my grandpa was a boy, he was poor and couldnt afford to go to school at all. (表过去的状态) 我爷爷是小孩子的时候，他很穷，根本上不起学。 - I went to the museum twice last year. （这个是去年的规律，有last year这个时间状语，所以用过去时） 【注意比较：He has been to the museum twice. 指到目前为止，他去过两次这个博物馆，所以用现在完成时。】 B 过去某一点时间发生的动作或事情。比如； - In 1939, the Second World War broke out. （过去某一点发生的事件）（历史书都是这么用滴）- He left two hours ago. (过去某一点发生的动作)- He dropped out of college in 1973. (传记) C表达过去一个阶段的状态。 - He worked as a journalist for 10 years. (过去一段时间内做的事情)（传记） - He was happily married for about 5 years. 他过了五年的美好婚姻生活。 D表达见面的一刻已经意识到，但是之前不知道。 - Oh, Mary, its you! I didnt know you were here in Beijing too. 2. 过去进行时 （past continuous） 1) 构成：was / were doing He was watching TV at 10 oclock last night. Was he watching TV ? (Yes, he was. / No, he wasnt) He wasnt watching 2) 使用：A. 表达过去某个时间点正在做的事情，比如：- What were you doing at about 6 oclock on Wednesday? - Let me see. I was drinking in a bar with my friend Tom. (周三晚上六点正在做的事)（上面对话在警察审问时常用哦）- When he came in, I was doing my homework. (时间点用从句形式表达，即他进来的时刻) B. 表达过去某段时间正在持续的动作，比如：- I was thinking about it for the whole week. (当时)我一周都在想这件事。- I was watching writing a paper on air pollution that week. 那周，我正在写一篇关于空气污染的论文。C. 过去进行时与always, never, forever 等词连用，表达感情色彩- When we were in high school, he was always coming late to school. 当我们在高中时，他总是上学迟到。- When she was alive, she was never helping others. 她活着的时候，她从来没帮过别人。D过去进行时用于描述故事发生背景，而过去时用于表达主要动作或事件。比如：- It was raining hard that day. And I was walking in the street when suddenly I heard a loud cry coming from a store. I rushed there. (was raining, was walking 用于描述故事发生背景, 而heard , rushed 用于描述主要动作)3. when, while, as 用法： 1) while 后面一般接可以持续一段时间的动作或状态，此时相当于when。 比如：- While he was doing his homework, someone knocked at the door. = When he was doing his homework, someone knocked at the door. 当他正在做作业时，有人敲门。- While I was six, I lost my father. = When I was six, I lost my father. 我六岁的时候，我失去了父亲。2) when 引导的从句中，还可以是瞬间动作，即某个点时间的动作。而while是不能用在这种状况里的。比如：- When he came in, he saw a great mess in the room. (本句里，came in 是个瞬间动词, 所以此处不能用while )- When I saw him, I waved to him immediately. (本句里，saw him 也是瞬间动词) 3) 位于句中，表达“转折”，只能用while，翻译成“而”。比如： - I was cooking while he was watching TV. 我在做饭而他在看电视。 - I was only 14 years old while he was already 18 years old. 我只有14岁而他已经18岁了。- I like classical music while he likes pop music. 我喜欢古典音乐而他喜欢流行音乐。4）位于句中，翻译成“这时”，只能用when。比如： - I was having a shower when I heard someone knock at the door. 我正洗澡呢，这时，我听到有人敲门。 - I was walking in the street when I saw someone stealing a ladys purse. 我正走在街上，这时，我看到一个人偷一位女士的挎包。 - I was just about to leave home when I heard the phone ringing in the living room. 我刚要出门，这时，我听到客厅的电话响了。5） 位于句首，翻译成“随着”时，只用as, 比如: - As times passed by, things got even worse. 随着时间的流逝，事情变得更糟了。 - As children grow old, they go through many changes. 随着孩子长大，他们会经历很多变化。 - As more and more people begin to use emails, writing letters has become a rare thing. 随着越来越多的人开始使用电子邮件，写信已经成了稀有的事。6） as 如果译成“当什么时候”，所引导的从句中既可以是持续性动词，也可以是瞬间动词。 - As I was looking out of the window, I heard a crash downstairs. = While I was looking out of window, = When I was looking out of window, 【注意：此时这三个连词都位于句首，后面都可以接持续性动作】 - As Yang Liwei returned into the earths atmosphere, helicopters were flying to where he would land, ready to collect him. = When Yang Liwei returned into the earths atmosphere, 【注意：此时as, when都位于句首，而且后面的returned into the earths atmosphere 是瞬间动作】4. 现在完成时1） 构成：主语 + have / has + 动词过去分词（V+ed 或特殊变化） I have seen that movie twice. I havent seen him yet. Have you seen Tom lately? 2) 常用时间状语：Since then, he has never looked back. Ive been to Hong Kong three times. I have known him for ten years. Ive already done my homework. Have you ever been abroad before? Ive seen 4 doctors so far, but no one knows whats wrong with me. He has made some progress recently / lately. I have always liked chocolate since I was a kid. People have often dreamed of traveling to outer space. In the last 10 years, the housing price has risen sharply. For many years, I have dreamed of having my own house. 3) 使用： A已经完成的动作，表达对现在的影响a. Would you like to see “Gongfu Panda” with me tonight? - Id love to, but Ive seen that movie. So I think Ill pass. You have fun. b. -What are you doing? - Im cleaning the floor. -But Ive already done it. - Oh, you did? It just doesnt look like its been cleaned. c. - Im going over to Marks place to tell him about this good news. - Ive told him. Save your trip. d. - Where is Alice? - Oh, she has gone to the bank. B. 从过去某一时刻开始的动作或状态持续到现在a. Ive worked here for 10 years. Now they want to fire me. That is not fair! b. Ive been very busy this week. c. Ive been sick since last year. d. Ive always loved traveling. e. For many years, Ive dreamed of having my own house one day. f. Ive known her since I was a kid. C. 用在条件或时间状语从句里, 表达假设某个动作已经完成a. If you have finished your work, could you go out to make a copy of this file for me? b. Well talk when you have finished your dinner. c. Ill take you to dinner when you have unpacked your things. d. If you have done being angry with me, now its time for you to listen to my side of the story. 现在完成时相关话题：AExperiences(谈论经历)1. Ive never been to France. 2. Ive been to Paris three times. 3. Hes never traveled by plane. 4. Have you ever met him? 5. Ive never seen someone like him before. 6. He is so funny. He is the most funny person Ive ever met. 7. Oh, Ive made mistakes. 8. Ive never talked to someone like her. She is so optimistic, always half-full. Im always a half-empty person. BChange over time (时间带来的改变）1. Youve grown since the last time I saw you. 2. People have become more and more interested in AI. 3. Becoming an astronaut has become the most popular career dream for children nowadays. 4. My English has improved a lot since last semester. 5. Believe it or not. In the last few years, he has become a better person. 6. My hometown has changed a lot. CAccomplishments (谈论成就）1. Man has walked on the Moon. 2. Scientists have split the atom. 3. Our son has learned how to read. 4. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. 5. Ive learned 1000 words in the past three days. 6. No one has ever done anything like that. 7. Ive lived a good life. 8. Ive done it! Ive hold my breath for 10 minutes! D预期中还未完成的动作1. Jane hasnt finished her homework yet. 2. Bill hasnt arrived yet. 3. I havent handed in my paper yet. 4. We havent talked about it yet. E近期重复动作，有可能还有更多次1. So far weve had 9 tests. 2. She has talked to 4 doctors about this. But no one knows whats wrong with her. 3. The army has attacked the city 5 times. 4. Ive done the dishes, cleaned the room, sent the kids to bed and prepared for the breakfast cooking. What else do I need to do before I go to bed? 现在完成时的误区：误区1：当句子中有确切的过去时间状语，不能用完成时1. Ive been to that place twice last week. （错）I went to that place twice last week. (对)2. Ive seen that movie yesterday. （错）I saw that movie yesterday. （对）误区2：“Have been to” 表达“去过”，用于谈论过去经历； “have gone to” 表达“去了”，用于表达某人不在说话现场1. Where is Alice? Oh, she has been to the bank. When she comes back, Ill let you know. （错）Where is Alice？oh, she has gone to the bank. (对)2. I have gone to Venice twice. Thats really a wonderful city. （错）Ive been to Venice twice. . (对)误区3： 瞬间动词后面不能接for 多长时间的结构。1. 他已经离开一个小时了。He has left for an hour. （错） He has been away for an hour. (对)2. 他已经来北京一周了。 He has come to Beijing for a week.（错） He has been in Beijing for a week. (对)3. 他已经去世三年了。He has died for three years.（错） He has been dead for 3 years. (对)误区4：Since 后面如果接延续性动作，则指已经不再做这件事多长时间了。1. Its been 3 years since I began to smoke. （began to smoke 是瞬间动作） 自从我开始抽烟已经三年了。Its been 3 years since I smoked. （smoked 是延续性动作）自从我戒烟已经三年了。2. Its been 5 years since I joined the army. （joined the army 是瞬间动作）自从我参军已经5年了。Its been 5 years since I was in the army. （was in the army是延续性动作）自从我退伍已经5年了。Warm-up1. 词汇及短语：1） be admired for his great sense of humor. 被人羡慕因为他的幽默感2) be famous for being brave 因为勇敢而闻名be famous as a successful writer 作为一位成功的作家而知名 3) the main character 主要角色4） a calm and brave character 一个镇定且勇敢的角色5） a dangerous and cruel character 一个危险且凶残的角色6） a humorous and generous character 一个幽默且慷慨大方的角色7） a pleasant and humorous character 一个可爱而又幽默的角色8） a smart but violent character 一个聪明但很暴力的角色2. 重点句1） He is often frightened but he never runs away from danger. 他总是被吓到/很胆小，但他从不会在危险的时候逃跑。2） He often finds himself in funny situations. 他经常会发现自己身处尴尬的境地、可笑的境地。3) She is a really nice person but is always doing funny things that cause her a lot of trouble and give people a lot of joy. 她是一个好人，但总是做些可笑的事，这些事给她自己带来很多麻烦，而却给别人带来很多快乐。Lesson 1: Modern heroes National Hero 1. 重点词汇及短语：1） lift off 火箭升空 give sb a lift 让某人搭车lift the table up 把桌子抬起来2) be chosen from 被从中选出来3） (the spaceship) separate from the rocket Separate sth (from sth) - I had to separate my dog from the other fighting dogs. 把我的狗从其他打架的狗当中分离出来- The ability to think separate humans from animals. 思考的能力把人类和动物分开。Separate adj. 不同的 - My wife and I have separate bank accounts. 我妻子和我有各自的银行帐户。- We need separate knives for raw and cooked meat. 我们需要不同的刀来切生肉和熟肉。4） launch v. 发射，（大声势的）推出、发行 - launch a rocket / satellite 发射火箭、卫星 - launch a film / a product / an album 发行电影，产品，专辑 Launch n. 发射，推行，发行，发布 - The launch of the rocket is very successful. 火箭的发射很成功。- the launch of the film 电影的发布5) complete v. 完成 - Yang had several tasks to complete 杨利伟有很多任务要完成- You must complete the test in 90 minutes. 你必须在90分钟内完成测试。- They completed the building in 2 years. 他们在两年内建起了这座楼。Complete adj. 完整的，完全的Completely adv. 完全地，全部地 - please give me a complete sentence. 请用一句完整的句子回答我。- this is a complete waste of time. 这完全是浪费时间。- I completely understand the trouble you are going through. 我完全理解你所经历的麻烦。6） let out 打开，释放，泄露，发出 Let out the parachute 打开降落伞 Let out a cry / a scream 发出喊声，发出尖叫 Let out a smell 散发出一种气味（一般指不好的气味） Let out the secret 泄露秘密7） explore v. 探索explorer n. 探险家，探索者 exploration n. 探险 探索- explore and use space 探索和利用太空 （注意space一词前面没有the）- explore new ways to solve the problem 探索解决这个问题的新途径- explore the possibility of doing sth. 探索做的可能性 8) wave to sb. 向某人挥手 wave goodbye to sb. 向某人挥手说再见2. 其他语言点：1) manned spaceship 载人宇宙飞船unmanned spaceship 非载人飞船2) space flight 太空飞行a direct flight a non-stop flight a connecting flight 直飞航班 直飞航班（中间不转机） 转机航班book a flight cancel a flight delay a flight 预定航班 取消航班 推迟航班3) the high gravity 高重力，高引力the zero gravity 零重力， 零引力4） soar v. 猛涨，向高空飞，翱翔 - soar into the sky 冲向填空 - the price is soaring 价格在飞涨5）circle the earth 绕地飞行 （circle v. 绕圈） Circle the correct answer 在正确答案上画圈 （circle v. 画圈） Stand in a circle 站成一圈 (circle n. 圈) 6） for the first / second time 第几次 - For the first time in my life, I cooked. 有生以来第一次，我做了饭。 7）peace n. 和平，安静 peaceful adj. 和平的，安静的 peacefully adv. 和平地，安静地8) glow v. 发光 - The surface of the spaceship was glowing red 飞船表面在发出红光（即温度太高烧红了） - you are glowing today. 今天你满面红光啊。9） return into the earths atmosphere 回到地球的大气层 10）land safely 安全着陆 11）hear a crash 听到碰撞声12）call an ambulance 打电话叫救护车 3. 重点句子 1) Yang，who was a pilot in the army, was chosen from 1500 other army pilots. 杨利伟是一位空军飞行员，他被从1500名其他的飞行员中选出来。（本句的精彩之处是中间的定语从句，这个从句使得句子的信息主次分明）【请将原句与下两句进行比较】- Yang was a pilot in the army. He was chosen from 1500 other army pilots. (本句是两个分句，中间缺乏联系) - Yang was a pilot in the army and he was chosen from 1500 other army pilots. (本句中间用了and，增加了两句之间的联系，但缺乏主次感) 例句：李华是一位普通的高中生，他因在一次大火中救出了三个孩子而出名。- Lihua, who is an ordinary high school student, is famous for having saved 3 children from a fire. 2) When the spaceship separated from the rocket, I suddenly got a feeling of soaring into the sky because of the zero gravity. 当飞船与火箭分离时，我突然有种冲向天空的感觉，因为零重力的缘故。I suddenly got a feeling of 或 I suddenly got a feeling that - I suddenly got a feeling of sleepiness / dizziness. 我突然感到一阵困倦 / 眩晕。- I suddenly got a feeling of being fooled. 我突然有种被骗了的感觉。-I suddenly got a feeling that I had been fooled. 我突然有种被骗了的感觉。-I suddenly got a feeling that something might be wrong with him. 我突然有种感觉，他可能出什么事了。3） When the spaceship was doing its seventh circle, Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and the United Nations, expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore and use space peacefully. 【句子解析：when the spaceship was doing its seventh circle, 这部分是时间状语从句，Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and the United States, 这部分是主句；expressing the wishes of . 最后这部分是现在分词，做伴随情况状语，表达杨利伟展示国旗的意义】主句，expressing ones wish(es) to do sth.- She wrote to Tom, expressing her wish to help him learn Chinese. - He invited me to dinner, expressing his wish to do business with my company. 他请我吃饭，表达了要和我们公司做生意的意愿。 3) As Yang Liwei returned into the earths atmosphere, helicopters were flying to where he would land, ready to collect him. 当杨利伟返回地球大气层的时候，直升机正在飞往他将降落的地点，准备好接他。【句子解析：where he would land 在此句中是地点状语从句，表达flying to 的地点】- Prince William and Kate Middleton returned to where they fell in love. 威廉王子与凯特回到他们相恋的地方。- The police were heading to where the two drug dealers would meet. 警察正在前往两个毒贩子将要会面的地方。 4） When Yang Liwei climbed out of the spaceship, he smiled and waved to the crowds waiting for him. 注意：连续的过去动作，都用过去时。- He saw me, waved and ran to me. 他看到我，向我挥手，并朝我跑过来。 - After supper, he went to the classroom quickly, took out his books and began to study. Lesson 2: history makers 1. 重点词汇及短语：1） fight for the rights of the black people 为黑人的权利而斗争fight against racism 与种族歧主义作斗争2） in ones opinion 在某人看来3） experience v. 经历什么- experience racism 经历种族歧视- experience hard life 经历艰苦的生活 experience n. 经验（不可数），经历（可数） - He has much experience in taking care of old people. 他在照顾老人方面很有经验。 - I had a terrible experience last night. 我昨晚有一个可怕的经历。4） equal adj. 平等的- equal rights / equal chance / equal treatment / equal pay 平等的权利/ 平等的机会/ 平等的对待/ 平等的工资 - Men are born equal. 人生来平等。 equally adv. 平等地 - Every student should be treated equally in the school. equality n. 平等 - We will not stop fighting until everyone in our country can enjoy true freedom and equality. 我们不会停止战斗，知道我们国家的每一个人能享受真正的自由和平等。5） influence v. 影响 - Can weather influence our mood? 天气能影响人的情绪吗？- Martin Luther King was influenced by Gandhis ideas about peaceful protests. 马丁路德金被甘地的和平抗议的思想所影响。have influence on sb./sth (influence n. 影响)- The gravity change of the moon has great influence on the ocean tides on earth. 月球引力的变化对地球上的潮汐影响很大。- The American economy has great influence on the world. 美国经济对世界有很大影响。6） struggle n. 挣扎，奋斗 - After a long struggle, the blacks were finally able to sit with the whites on buses. 在经历很长时间的斗争之后，黑人终于能够和白人一同坐在公共汽车上。struggle v. 挣扎，奋斗 - After he was shot, he struggled to stand up, but he failed. 在他中弹后，他挣扎着站起来，但是他没做到。 - I struggled through my English classes in the first year of college, since my English level is far behind my classmates. 大学第一年的英语课对于我来说非常艰苦，因为我的英语水平元落后于我的同学。7) organize peaceful protests 组织和平抗议活动organize a march to Washington DC 组织去华盛顿的示威游行 8）receive / win the Nobel Peace Prize 获得/ 赢得诺贝尔和平奖 receive a medical degree 获得医学学位9）agree with sb. 同意某人的观点或话。10）start with 以什么开始 end with 以什么结束2. 其他语言点：1） lead the 1911 revolution 领导了1911年革命2） founded the first Republic of China 成立了中华民国 （注意：found 是原形动词，founded 是过去式）3) invent the light bulb 发明了电灯 （invent v. 发明） inventor n. 发明家，发明者 invention n. 发明创造4） racism 种族主义 racist 种族主义者 5） fight for womens rights 为妇女的权利而斗争6） the first woman to receive a medical degree 第一个获得医学学位的女士7） retire v. 退休8) protect animals 保护动物9） change peoples opinions on the environment 改变人们对环境的观点3. 重点句型：1） Personally, I think he is right. 就我个人而言，我认为他是对的。 = In my opinion, he is right. 在我看来，他是对的。2）He now travels around the world, meeting leaders and talking about problems like AIDS. 他