左哈尔的Polysystem_Theory(多元系统理论).ppt

Chapter5 PolysystemTheory IntroductionofItamarEven Zohar ProfessorEmeritusofCultureResearch ofUniversityofTelAviv Culturaltheorist notatranslationtheorist Oneofforerunnersoftranslationstudies ItamarEven Zohar Picturetaken1993 SantiagodeCompostela Commandaworkingknowledgeof Hebrew mothertongue Arabic English French Swedish Spanish Norwegian Danish Italian Russian German Icelandic andafewotherlanguages SystemPolysystem System ThisconceptisintroducedbyTynjanov Elements Tynjanovargued donotexistinisolation butalwaysinaninterrelationshipwithotherelementsofothersystems systems LiterarystructureSemi literarystructureExtraliterarystructure interrelated deciding Specificelementfunction SystemPolysystem Even ZoharadoptedTynjanov sconceptofsystem HedevelopedthepolysystemhypothesiswhileworkingonamodelforIsraeliHebrewliterature Inaseriesofpaperswrittenfrom1970to1977andcollectedin1978as PapersinHistoricalPoetics 历史诗学论文集 hefirstintroducedtheterm polysystem torefertotheentirenetworkofcorrelatedsystemwithinsociety Thusitisaglobaltermcoveringalloftheliterarysystem bothmajorandminorexistinginagivenculture Polysystem LiterarySystem ExtraliterarySystem Canonizedform Non canonizedform esteemeddiscoursesandgenres Poetry lessworthy genres Children sliteraturePopularfiction PatronageSocialconditionsEconomicsInstitutionalmanipulation Heisnotspecificallyatranslationtheorist butaculturaltheorist Buthispioneeringworkcontinuestoexertconsiderableinfluenceontranslation particularlywhenstudyingtranslationinemergingculturesorculturesincrisis Histhinkingabouttranslationsledhimtosomeofthemostprovocativehypothesesaboutliterarysystem Polysytemwithtranslationtheories Itisnecessarytoincludetranslatedliteratureinthepolysystem Thisisrarelydone butnoobserverofthehistoryofanyliteraturecanavoidrecognizingasanimportantfacttheimpactoftranslationsandtheirroleinthesynchronyanddiachronyofacertainliterature Even Zohar 1978 JustasthephilosopherChomskyuseslinguisticstostudyhowthehumanbrainfunctioninhisphilosophy Even Zoharregardstranslatedliteratureasaneffectivewaytostudyhowthepolysystemposeeffectontranslatedliterature Hebelievesthroughtheanalysisoftherelationshipoftranslatedtooriginalliteraryworks hecouldarriveatabetterunderstandingofthenatureofpolysystem Polysytemwithtranslationtheories Polysystemtheory Even Zoharincorporatedthedatacollectedfromhisobservationsonhowtranslationsfunctioninvarioussocieties Hedevelopedanapproach Polysystemtheory toexplainthefunctionofallkindsofwritingwithinagivenculture Hisdatashowedthattranslatedliteraturefunctionsdifferentlydependingupontheage strength andstabilityoftheparticularliterarypolysystem Polysystemdeterminesthepolysystemtheory Even Zoharexploredtherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextsandtheliterarypolysysteminthreeaspects Reclassificationsofthepositionoftranslationwithinvaryingculturalsystems Howtextstobetranslatedareselectedbythereceivingculture Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystem Reclassification Previousclassification Allthetranslationswereinvariablyclassifiedassecondarysystem Theliterarytranslationwasconsideredsecondaryactivity mechanical ratherthancreative neitherworthyofseriouscriticalattention Even Zoharargued Itdepends Notallpolysystemsarethesame Suchclassificationwasinaccurate Polysystemsoflarger oldercultures Anglo American French Lengthandself sufficiencyoftheirtraditions Relegatetranslatedliteraturetothemarginsofsociety Secondarysystem Reason HaveAll Well developedliterarytraditionsManydifferentkindsofwritingOriginalwritingproducesinnovationsinideasandformsindependentoftranslation Inthishistoricalsituation translationoften butnotnecessarilyalways assumesformsalreadyestablishedasadominanttypewithinaparticulargenre andthetranslatedliteraturetendstoremainfairlyconservative adheringtonormswhichthe higher formshavealreadyrejected Interestingly despiteplayingasecondaryrole translationsproducedunderthesecircumstancesmayparadoxicallyintroducenewideasintoaculturewhileatthesametimepreservingtraditionalforms Polysytemofyoungerorsmallernations Israel theLowCountries Thetranslatedliteratureplayedamorecentralrole Reason TolearnAll 拿来主义 Threecircumstances Maintainingaprimaryposition Whenaliteratureisyoung orintheprocessofbeingestablished i e Israel Czechin19th 我国清末明初Translationfulfillstheneedofayoungliteraturetouseitsnewlanguageforasmanydifferentkindsofwritingaspossible Sinceitcannotcreateallformsandgenres translatedtextsmayserveasthemostimportantforacertainamounttime Threecircumstances Maintainingaprimaryposition 2 Whenaliteratureis peropheral or weak orboth i e Israel theLowCountries 我国文革期间Theycannotproduceallthekindsofwritingastronger largersystemcan thusitsinabilitytoproduceinnovationsandsubsequentdependencyupontranslationtointroduceprecedent settingtexts Insuchcircumstances translatedtextsservenotonlyasamediumthroughwhichnewideascanbeimported butalsoastheformofwritingmostfrequentlyimitatedby creative writersinthenativelanguage Threecircumstances Maintainingaprimaryposition 3 Whenaliteratureisexperiencinga crisis orturningpoint i e NorthAmericaninthe60s 五四前后 文革后Establishedliterarymodelsnolongerstimulatethenewgenerationofwriterswhothenturnelsewhereforideasandforms WhyIsraelattachessomuchimportancetotranslatedliterature Geographicalcrossroad Israel Intellectualcontacts Socialforce multilingualism religion economy Westernculture Diplomaticforce Majorliterature exiles ThirdWorld culture Canonliterary Socialcrossroad Historicalforce Globalizationof Israeli ssituation TheabovesituationisnotonlytheIsraelwasin butalsoallthenationsontheeartharein Astheglobalizationsincommerce cultureandotheraspects nonationisanisland Allthecountriesareatthecrossroads allarethecenter andallareexposedtothepoly interactions Sohighlighttheimportanceoftranslationiscrucial Thefutureoftheworldmaydependupontheaccuratetranslationofoneword PallEngleTounderstandone spast one sidentity anunderstandingoftranslationinandofitselfiscrucial translationceasestobeaneliteintellectual game afootnotetoliteraryscholarship butbecomesfundamentaltothelivesandlivelihoodofeveryoneintheentireregion andmaybetheworld EdwinGentzler 我国学者张南峰先生对 多元系统理论 在翻译学的建立方面所产生的影响也给予了极高的评价 认为 在西方 令翻译研究取得学科地位并走到学术研究系统中心的 是多元系统理论以及其他文化学派的翻译理论和研究模式 Insummary Even Zoharrecognizedboththe primary creatingnewitemsandmodels aswell secondary reinforcingitemsandmodels importanceoftranslatedliteratureinliteraryhistory Classificationofthepositionoftranslationwithincaringculturalsystems Howtranslatedtextsadoptcertainnormsandfunctionsasaresultoftheirrelationtoothertargetlanguagesystems 翻译规范行为策略都是如何受其他相关系统影响的 translatedliteratureisitselfasystemwithprimaryandsecondarypositionsoccupiedbydifferenttexts Translationstrategiesdependonthepositionoftranslatedliteraturewithinthepolysystem Translatedliteratureresumes Aprimaryposition Function Tointroduce new tothereceivingcultureResults 1 translatorsfeelfreertobreaktheliteratureconventionsofthereceivinglanguage 2 Translatedtextscloselyreproducetheoriginaltext sformsandtextualrelations Translatedtextisoftenamore adequate matchofthesourcetextwhichmayinturnleadtoinnovationstotherecievingculture 译本更接近原著 Translatedliteratureresumes Asecondposition Function Tofindready mademodelsinthereceivingculture Results 1 translatorswillsticktoreceivingculture sconventionalmodelsandtheywillconfromtheoriginalforminthesourcetextstopre establishednormsinthereceivingculture 2 Translatedtextsmayreviseorchangetheoriginaltext sformsandtextualrelations Translatedtextwillshowlowerdegreeof adequacy ofthesourcetext 译本与原著差异较大 Thepositionoftranslationinfluenceontranslationnorms CommentsonPolysystem Advantages Even Zohar spolysystemtheorydemonstratesanadvanceinthedevelopmentoftranslationstudiesspecificallyandtranslationtheoryingeneral Itistheintegrationthestudyofliteraturewiththestudyofsocialandeconomicforcesofhistory CommentsonPolysystem Advantages 1 Hisattentionandthoughtgiventotheroleoftranslationwithinaliterarysystem istraditionallyignoredbyliterarytheorists 2 Byexpandingfrequentlyonlinguisticmodelsorundevelopedliterarytheories andembeddingtranslatedliteratureintoalargerculturalcontext 3 Even Zoharopenedthewayfortranslationtheorytoadvancebeyondprescriptiveaesthetics CommentsonPolysystem Problems 1 Hisworkandhypnosesfocusedprimarilyupontheliterary theextraliterarywassignificantlyabsentfromhisanalysis 2 Histendencytoovergeneralizeandestablishuni