非谓语动词--动词不定式(精编).doc

非谓语动词在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做非谓语动词，非谓语动词通常有三种形式：1.由“to+动词原形”而成的不定式2.由“动词原形+ing”而成的现在分词或动名词；3.由“动词原形+ed”而成的（包括动词的不规则变化）过去分词。动词不定式不定式的形式主动形式被动形式一般形式 进行形式 完成形式 不定式的时态不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生， to do,例如：I saw him go out She wanted to be a doctor when she grew up. 如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。 to be doing 例如：I am very glad to be working with you Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in. 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。 to have done ,例如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not加上不定式构成，即：not to do sth, not to be doing sth, not to have done sth例如:Mother told the children not to play football in the street. In order not to miss the train they got up early. He pretended not to have seen his friend 不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。to be done / to have been done, 例如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside It is impossible for our hopes to be realized The book is said to have been translated into English. 不定式主动形式表示被动意义: 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式I havent got a chair to sit on .(I sit on a chair )He needs a room to live in( He lives in a room) 注意：当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，常用被动形式.Manager, do you have anything to be typed?Im going to tbe market. Do you have anything to be bought?在“be +adj.+to do”结构中. 常见的形容词有：easy,hard ,difficult,interesting, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。The water is not fit to drink.The book is difficult to understand. 不定式与疑问代词连用时。We can never know what to expect from him.某些动词的不定式与be连用时。常见的有 to blame, to let 等。In the accident, the car driver was to blame.不定式的用法作主语不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。例如：To do that is very easy.= It is very easy to do that. .What fun it is to read such a detective story! 作宾语不定式短语作宾语时，位于及物动词之后。可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, ask, decide, demand, desire, expect, fail, happen,hope, learn, intend, long, manage, mean, offer, plan, promise, pretend,refuse, tend, want, wish等。例如：I offered to help her, but she refused. He pretended not to hear me. 如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it作形式宾语。常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。即“主语+find (feel,think, believe, consider,make)+ it+ adj./n+ to do ”句型 例如：I find it interesting to work with him. We feel it our duty to help others. Science and technology has made it possible for man to fly in space. 动词不定式也可以和疑问词who, what, which, whether, when, how, where等连用，在句中起名词作用，可以充当主语，表语，宾语等。 How to get the tickets is a question. (作主语)I wonder which to choose. (作宾语)The question is who to send the letter. (作表语)注意：在与why连用时，只用于why/why not 开头的问句中, 后面的不定式不带to .Why not have a rest ?不定式动词在介词 but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带 to，否则要带 to 即：前有do, 后无to.can not (help/choose)but+动词原形“.不能不”have no choice but to do “只有做”I could not but admit that he was right and I was wrong.I cannot choose but tell him the truth.I cannot help but wait for him.I can do nothing but follow your advice.What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go.作宾语补足语下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语：即“动词+sb+to do”ask, allow, beg, cause, tell, advise, allow, expect, forbid, force, get, order, teach, want, invite, wish,persuade等。例如：He asked me to do the work with him. You should get more people to help you. The teacher expected everyone to study hard.注意：a. 下列动词在主动语态中用不带to的动词不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to,可用下句巧计这些动词：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at,see,watch,notice,observe）; 3使（make,let,have）;2听（listen to ,hear）;1感觉（feel）.I often hear him sing the song He is often heard to sing the songThe teacher usually made the students recite the text. The students were usually made to recite the text. 作定语不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词之后。例如：He was always the first to come.注意：a.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with b.下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last等。He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件不定式表示目的时，常可用in order (not) to, so as (not) to用来引导目的状语,so as to 不放在句首。He got up early so as to catch the first bus.不定式作状语，其逻辑主语和句子的主语必须一致。To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary.(而不能说:To learn English well, a good dictionary is needed .)有些不定式短语可以作独立成分，通常位于句首，有时位于句中或句尾，需要用逗号同其他句子成分隔开。To be honest, I know nothing about it.常见的这类短语有: to tell the truth, to be frank (坦率的说)，to begin with , to make the matter worse (更糟糕的是)不定式作结构状语时，常表示一种意外的结果，尤其是和only 连用。He ran to the station only to find the train had left. 作表语: 位于连系动词之后。My job is to help the patient Our most important task now is to make a plan. 注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。The only thing we can do now is wait and see. What we must do is to reduce the use of energy.不定式的复合结构动词不定式复合结构中的逻辑主语用for或of 引导，在It is +adj+for/of +n/pron+to do 的结构中，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, possible, impossible等。如果该形容词是指行为人的性质和特征，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。It is necessary for me to learn English well. Its difficult for us to master a foreign language. Its very kind of you to come to see me. Its careless of the boy to make the same mistake again. 【限时训练】Iamsorryto _ yousomuchtrouble.（2008 江苏）A. havegiven B. havebeengivenC. giveD. giving2. The promising young man is said to _ two novels.A. havewritten B. havebeenwrittenC. writeD. writing 3.Timcannotbut _ hissupervisortohelphimsolvethedifficultyhehasindoinghis project. (2009安徽) A.toask B.ask C.asking D.asked4.The question asked by the teacher is very difficult _. （2008 江苏）A. to be answeredB. answeringC. to answerD. to answering5. Dont you think the picture on the wall pleasant _ ?A. to be looked atB. looking atC. to look atD. to looking at 6. Iforgot _herthatmycoatbuttonsneedtobesewnon.（2008 安徽）A.reminding B. remindedC.toremindD.tohavereminded7.Dont you remember_?A. seeing the man before B. to see the man beforeC. saw the man before D. to be seen the man before 8.Ididntknow_himornot.（2009浙江）A.whethertohelpB.iftohelpC.tohelpD.thatifIshouldhelp【基础巩固】1. - What s the matter with Della? - Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _. (09江苏) A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for2. The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. (09全国)A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at3. We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday. (09山东)A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding4.I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there . (09陕西) A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken 5. He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion. (09四川)A. to have B. havingC. have D. had6. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _. A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out7. Tom is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make9. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects10. _ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm clock. (09常州二模)A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept11. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (09杭州二模)A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen12. It is said in Australia theres more land than the government knows _.A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it13. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday. A. robbed B. to have been robbed C. being robbed D. having been robbed14. The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass. A. blamed B. would blame C. to blame D. be blamed15. The project, _ by the end of 2008, will expand the citys telephone network to over 1,000,000 users. (09上海二模)A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished16. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct17. Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance【能力提升】1. She pretended _ me when I passed by. (2009重庆)A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 2. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. (2009上海)A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 3. It seems that he has no pen _. (2009北京)A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with 4.Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? _ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (2009上海)A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting 5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. (2008 四川)A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 6. Hurry up, he is sure _ for us. (2009陕西)A. to wait B. to be waiting C. waiting D. being waited 7. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving _ their products more competitive. ( 2009上海)A. to make B. making C. to have make D. having make 8. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (2009北京)A. to see B. to be seen C. seeingD. seen9. - Its a long time since I saw my sister. (2008全国I)- _ her this week?A. Why not visitB. Why not to visitC. Why not visitingD. Why dont visit10. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _talking while she works. (2009江西)A. working stopping B. to work stopping C. working to stop D. to work