第09讲 被动语态的翻译（下）.doc

第九讲：被动语态（下）上次我们讲了被动语态翻译中的两种方式，一种是译成汉语的主动句，一种是译成汉语的被动句。现在，我想给大家讲解的是另两种情况， it引起的被动语态惯用语的翻译和其他被动语态结构翻译的问题。这种结构中，一般it作为句子的形式主语，谓语为被动语态，他的后面接有由that引起的主语从句。一般情况下，我们需要把他们译为汉语的主动结构。很多情况下，译文主语需要这样来确定：要么删去不说，要么需要根据上下文，补充“据”字的结构，要么需要补充“人们”、“我们”、“大家”、“有人”等泛指代词。这就是it引起的被动语态翻译的一般方法，其实还是比较简单的。举例如下：Formerly it was believed from experimental evidence that the introduction of gall stone into the gall bladder of an animal would result in carcinoma. This is a mistake.根据实验资料，过去曾认为将胆石置于东如胆囊中可造成胆囊癌。这实属误解。It is known that left bentricular end-diastolic pressure and volume are reduced after treatment with nitroglycerin.据悉在患者接受硝酸甘油治疗后，舒张末期左心室内压及容积都会降低。类似于这样被动语态作谓语，以形式主语为前导的结构很多很多。现在总结如下，我这里是精挑的一些，太简单的就不影响大家视线了哈：It is generally accepted that普遍认为，大家公认It should be added that还得指出It must be admitted that必须承认It is alleged that据说It can be argued that人们可能这样辩解It can be asserted that可以断言It is assumed that假设，设想It has been calculated that据计算It is considered that人们认为，据估计It is demonstrated that据证实It is enumerated that据统计It is felt that人们认为，有人感到It is hypothesized that假设It has been illustrated that据说明It is inferred that据推断It must be kept in mind that必须记住It is mentioned that据说It has been observed that已观察到It is outlined that概括地讲It must be pointed out that必须指出It is postulated that假定It is generally recognized that一般普遍认为It is recommended that有人推荐It is reported that据报告说It is refuted that人们反驳说It may be safely said that可以有把握地说It need not be said that不用说It is stressed that人们强调说It is weighed that已经考虑到下面再讲讲被动语态结构翻译方法的一些其他问题。有以下几种类型的翻译法：1. have (get) + 宾语（名词或者代词）+过去分词这种结构往往表达出一种被动的意味，在英译汉中可以按照以下两种处理方式来翻译：1.1 宾语对主语有隶属关系这里所谓的隶属关系可能是具体的实物，如人与人体的器官，也可能不是具体的实物。翻译时采取主动句式，或者采用含有“给”、“让”、“被”等字样的被动结构。All patients had their serological determinations done prior to admission.所有的病人在入院前都曾做了血清学测定。如果按照主动句式翻译的话，应该是：都给做了血清学测定。但是，如果加给宾语的动作不是出于主语的意愿，就应该翻译为带有“被”字结构的被动语态。The patient had his right leg broken when an automobile ran over him.这个病人被汽车轧断了右腿。被汽车轧断右腿肯定不是出于病人的意愿呢！1.2 宾语对主语无隶属关系此时英译汉就需要采取主动语态。有时可采用带有“把”、“将”等词的结构。The surgeon had several faceted calculi of the infectious type taken out from the patients gall bladder.外科医师从病人的胆囊里取出了几枚感染型多面体结石。2. be +过去分词be +过去分词这一结构，有的是被动语态，此时表示动作；有的是“连系动词+表语”，此时表示状态。在翻译时，可以当作完成时态的动词处理，也含有被动的意味。Very little is known about the diet as a carcinogen, yet it deserves mention.关于饮食条件作为辅助致癌因素方面的问题还知道的很少，但仍值得一提。对于形容词性质非常强烈的过去分词，有时还需要采取一种 “是的” 结构来翻译。The medical students are well trained both in theory and practice.这些医学生在理论和实践方面都是训练有素的。3. 形式是主动语态，但在意义上是被动的英语中不少这样的句子，在形式上看是主动语态结构，但是在意义上确实被动的。The patient looks sleepy and tired.病人看起来困倦疲乏。（被看来）It was found that the new type of operating suit not only reduced dispersal of bacteria considerably but also washed better than the conventional one.已发现新型手术服不但使细菌的播散大为减少，而且比常规手术服耐洗。另外补充一点其他的东西：It引起的被动语态的翻译我们刚刚已经讨论了，现在我在补充一点it作形式主语的习惯于的翻译，也都是一些书上的总结，我从中精挑细选了一些，打字出来，分享给丁香园的战友吧！算是本次讲座奉献给大家的一点东西吧！基本上与被动语态的翻译无关，但是对大家的翻译有很好的帮助It is a mercy that 幸而It is appropriate that 适当的是It is at once apparent that 一目了然的是It is advisable that最好、可取的是It is common knowledeg that众所周之It is conceivable that可以想象的是It is desirable that需要的是It is disturbing that 混乱的是It is no good that无济于事的是It is hardly too much to say that可以毫不夸张的说It is not too much to say that说得不过分的是It is now quite clear that现在很清楚It is preferable that最好是It is probably significant that大概重要的是It is satisfactory that令人满意的是It is seldom the case that很少见的是It is self-evident that不言而喻的是It worth nothing that值得注意的是It follows that由此可见It goes without saying that不言而喻It makes all the difference that事关重要的是It makes no matter that无关紧要的是It so fell out that结果是It so happened that碰巧的是It stands to reason that毫无疑问的是There can be little doubt that毋庸置疑的是There seems apparent that现在似乎明显的是本期作业： 翻译下列被动语态句子：Every case is not treated in the same way.High blood pressure cant be cured. However, it can be brought under control, so that it may not cause damage to the heart and other body systems.Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter and that matter, in turn, may be created from energy.It was ordered that the patients blood pressure should be taken regularly.Great efforts are being made to perfect surgical techniques and solve the problems of rejection with a view to raising the surv