IBT强化班写作Lesson.ppt

扩展段之推理1 扩展段之推理2 推理的一致性 coherence推理的句意与段落主题句保持内容上的一致 即不能随意增减需要推理的论据 也不能偷换主题句中的概念进行推理 主题句 Firstly forsomeeconomicandpoliticalreason theendangeredanimalsmayhavespecialsignificance 扩展段之推理3 举例 推理 Forexample thepandainourcountryrepresentsfriendshipandpeace soitisusuallyusedasagiftsenttoothercountriestoshowourfriendlinessandpeacefulness whichareveryimportanttohelpustobuildfameamongothercountries Therefore weshouldprovideagoodlivingenvironmentforthepandaaswellasotherendangeredspecies 推理的一致性 coherence 一致吗 扩展段之推理4 主题句 Firstly forsomepoliticalandeconomicreasons theendangeredanimalsmayhavespecialsignificance 主题句之后的推理必须从economic和political两方面来进行 缺一不可 推理的一致性 coherence 扩展段之推理5 举例 推理 Forexample thepandainourcountryrepresentsfriendshipandpeace soitisusuallyusedasagiftsenttoothercountriestoshowourfriendlinessandpeacefulness whichareveryimportanttohelpustobuildfameamongothercountries Therefore weshouldprovideagoodlivingenvironmentforthepandaaswellasotherendangeredspecies 扩展段之推理6 推理的一致性 coherence 调整后的结果 Forexample thepanda afamousendangeredanimaloriginatingfromChina isbeingsenttodifferentcountries 扩展段之推理7 推理的一致性 coherence 调整后的结果 Forexample thepanda afamousendangeredanimaloriginatingfromChina isbeingsenttodifferentcountries Foronething relevantdepartmentsgainhandsomeprofitsfortherentpaidbyforeigncountries 扩展段之推理8 推理的一致性 coherence 调整后的结果 Forexample thepanda afamousendangeredanimaloriginatingfromChina isbeingsenttodifferentcountries Foronething relevantdepartmentscangainhandsomeprofitsfortherentpaidbyforeigncountries Foranother tosendthepandatodifferentcountriesshowsourfriendshipandattitudetowardpeace therebymaintainingthebetterpoliticalrelationshipwiththosecountries 扩展段之推理9 推理的一致性 coherence 调整后的结果 Forexample thepanda afamousendangeredanimaloriginatingfromChina isbeingsenttodifferentcountries Foronething relevantdepartmentscangainhandsomeprofitsfortherentpaidbyforeigncountries Foranother tosendthepandatodifferentcountriesshowsourfriendshipandattitudetowardpeace therebymaintainingthebetterpoliticalrelationshipwiththosecountries Therefore inordertoobtainboththeeconomicandpoliticalbenefits endangeredspecieslikepandasmustbeprotected 扩展段之推理10 Foronething和Foranother用于并列展开 Ononehand和Ontheotherhand用于对立展开 Tostartwith和Moreimportantly用于递进展开 主题句 Firstly forsomeeconomicandevenpoliticalreason theendangeredanimalsmayhavespecialsignificance 扩展段之推理11 Forexample thepanda afamousendangeredanimaloriginatingfromChina isbeingsenttodifferentcountries Tostartwith relevantdepartmentscangainhandsomeprofitsfortherentpaidbyforeigncountries Moreimportantly tosendthepandatodifferentcountriesshowsourfriendshipandattitudetowardpeace therebymaintainingthebetterpoliticalrelationshipwiththosecountries Therefore inordertoobtainboththeeconomicandpoliticalbenefits endangeredspecieslikepandasmustbeprotected 扩展段之推理12 主题句 Takingsomescienceclassesnotonlycanmakestudentsbecomeknowledgeablepersonsbutalsocanhelpthemfindgoodjobs 推理的一致性 coherence 扩展段之推理13 举例推理 Afittingexampleismymother sfriendmajoringinlawduringhiscollege butwhohadreadmanybooksaboutengineering Thisacademicbackgroundmakeshimbecomeanexcellentlawyerinmycity because inmostengineeringsuits hefindsiteasiertogainrelevantinformationbasedonhisengineeringknowledgethanotherlawyerswhoaremerelyspecializedinlaw Thatiswhysomepeoplethinkthatsciencecourseswillhelpstudentsfindgoodjobs 推理的一致性 coherence 一致吗 扩展段之推理14 主题句 Takingsomescienceclassesnotonlycanmakestudentsbecomeknowledgeablepersonsbutalsocanhelpthemfindgoodjobs 推理的一致性 coherence 概念偷换 Takingclasses readbooks概念偷换 science engineering推理部分没有直接提到knowledgeablepersons 扩展段之推理15 推理的一致性 coherence Afittingexampleismymother sfriendmajoringinlawduringhiscollege butwhohadtakenseveralclassesaboutmedicalscience 扩展段之推理16 推理的一致性 coherence Afittingexampleismymother sfriendmajoringinlawduringhiscollege butwhohadtakenseveralclassesaboutmedicalscience Thenhebecameaquiteknowledgeableperson familiarwithamyriadofmedicalissues 扩展段之推理17 推理的一致性 coherence Afittingexampleismymother sfriendmajoringinlawduringhiscollege butwhohadtakenseveralclassesaboutmedicalscience Thenhebecameaquiteknowledgeableperson familiarwithamyriadofmedicalissues Later hebecameanexcellentlawyerinmycity because inmostmedicalsuits hefindsiteasiertogainrelevantinformationbasedonhismedicalknowledgethanotherlawyerswhoaremerelyspecializedinlaw 扩展段之推理18 推理的一致性 coherence Afittingexampleismymother sfriendmajoringinlawduringhiscollege butwhohadtakenseveralclassesaboutmedicalscience Thenhebecameaquiteknowledgeableperson familiarwithamyriadofmedicalissues Later hebecameanexcellentlawyerinmycity because inmostmedicalsuits hefindsiteasiertogainrelevantinformationbasedonhismedicalknowledgethanotherlawyerswhoaremerelyspecializedinlaw Thatiswhysomepeoplethinkthatsciencecourseswillhelpstudentsfindgoodjobs 扩展段之推理19 Inaddition manyyoungpeoplelikegoingoutwiththeirfriends suchaswatchingmovieorhavingatrip Therefore theseactivitieswillhelpthemenjoytheirlife 推理的渐进性 progression 扩展段之推理20 Inaddition manyyoungpeoplelikegoingoutwiththeirfriends suchaswatchingamovieortakeatrip Therefore theseactivitieswillhelpthemenjoytheirlife 推理的渐进性 progression 扩展段之推理21 Inaddition manyyoungpeoplelikegoingoutwiththeirfriends suchaswatchingamovieortakingatrip Therefore theseactivitieswillhelpthemenjoytheirlives 推理的渐进性 progression 两句话并无直接逻辑关系 扩展段之推理22 调整方案一 Inaddition manyyoungpeopleliketoparticipateinvariousrecreationalactivities suchaswatchingmovieinthecinemaorgohikinginthenearbyhill Theybelievethattheseactivitieshelpthemenjoytheirlives 后面再写理由 推理的渐进性 progression 扩展段之推理23 调整方案二 Inaddition manyyoungpeopleliketoparticipateinvariousrecreationalactivities suchaswatchingmoviesinthecinemaorgoinghikinginthenearbyhill Apparently bothwatchingmoviesandgoinghikinghelpthemgetridofthepressurefromworkorstudy Asaresult theywillbeinthemood indicatingthattheyenjoytheirlives 推理的渐进性 progression 参与活动 释放压力 心情舒畅 享受生活 扩展段之推理24 推理的渐进性 progression Limitingtheuseofplasticbagscanimprovethenation sgeneralhealth 限制塑料袋的使用 改善国民健康 扩展段之推理25 推理的渐进性 progression 塑料袋中含有有毒物质 人们通常用塑料袋包装食物 有毒物质粘附食物 人们摄入有毒食物 人们健康受损 如果限制使用塑料袋 减少有毒物质进入人体的可能性 国民健康得到改善 扩展段之推理26 Therearepoisonoussubstances ingredientsinplasticbags Peopleuseplasticbagstostorefood Thepoisonoussubstances ingredientsadhere cling sticktotheplasticbags Peopleareinbadstateofhealth Theuseofplasticbagsislimited Thechancesthatpeopleabsorbthosepoisonoussubstancesarereduced People shealthimprove 扩展段之推理27 Infact peopleareinbadstateofhealthbecausetheyhaveeatenagreatmultitudeoffoodinadhesionofpoisonoussubstancesfromplasticbagsinwhichthefoodisstored Iftheuseofplasticbagsislimited thechanceswillbereducedthatpeopleabsorbthosepoisonousingredients therefore people shealtharelikelytoimprove 推理的渐进性 progression 扩展段之推理28 备注 短语归到副词类 扩展段之段内比较1 两大类比较法 和自己或自己的对立面比 Aisgood 和同类事物或概念比 AisbetterthanB Aisthebest 扩展段之段内比较2 和自己比Theuniversitystudentsshouldberequiredtotakeatleastacoursethatteachesthemthecultureofacountryotherthantheirown Totakethecourse好处1 Enlargeknowledge2 Enrichexperience3 Broadenhorizon Nottotakethecourse坏处1 poorknowledge2 Lackofexperiences3 narrow minded 扩展段之段内比较2 和自己的对立面比Thebestwaytotravelisinagroupledbyaguide Grouptravelledbyaguide的好处1 Nevergetlost2 Acquiringmoreknowledge3 Morecommunication Independenttravelwithoutaguide的坏处1 Mightgetlost2 Acquirelessknowledge3 Lesscommunication 扩展段之段内比较3 和同类事物或概念比Doyouagreeordisagreethatvisitingmuseumsisthebestwaytoknowacountry Museumsletpeopleknowthehistoryofacountry Historicalbooksletpeopleknowmorehistoryofacountry Historicaldocumentationsletpeopleknowmorehistoryofacountry Placesofinterestsletpeopleknowmorehistoryofacountry 扩展段之段内比较4 和同类事物或概念比Doyouagreeordisagreethatvisitingmuseumsisthebestwaytoknowacountry Museumsletpeopleknowthecultureofacountry Classicsletpeopleknowmorecultureofacountry Literaryfilmsletpeopleknowmorecultureofacountry souvenirsletpeopleknowmorecultureofacountry 扩展段之段内比较5 和同类事物或概念比Doyouagreeordisagreethatvisitingmuseumsisthebestwaytoknowacountry Museumsletpeopleknowthelanguageofacountry novelsletpeopleknowmorelanguageofacountry filmsletpeopleknowmorelanguageofacountry Musicletpeopleknowmorelanguageofacountry 扩展段之让步段1 让步段结构 主题句 让步 让步的理由1 让步的理由2 反驳或削弱句 备注 如果让步段位于支撑段之后 则不需要反驳句或削弱句 扩展段之让步段2 反驳或虚弱让步段主题句的四种方法 1 解决措施2 更好的代替办法3 让步的内容是次要方面3 让步的内容是少数情况 扩展段之让步段3 2007年08月25日Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Schoolsshouldnotpaysomuchattentiontogeneralobjectsbutshouldhelpstudentsprepareforspecificcareersandjobs 引入段主题句 Schoolsshouldnotplacetoomuchemphasesongeneralobject instead theyshouldhelpstudentsprepareforspecificcareersandjobs 扩展段之让步段4 主题句 让步 Wecannotdenythatgeneralobjectslikebasicsciencecoursesandartlessonsmightbeimportanttostudents 让步理由一 Foronething studentsinmathcoursesarelikelytoacquireknowledgeabouthowtoreckonandcalculatethelargestnumberamongagroup 让步理由二 Foranother ifthestudentstakethelessonsaboutthecomparisonbetweentraditionalmusicandmodernmusic theymayfindoutthatboththetraditionalmusicandthemodernmusicstrivestoexpressthecomposers ideasandemotions butmerelyindifferentways 反驳 However thosegeneralobjectsstillcannotcompetewithspecificskillsnecessaryforstudentstopreparefortheirjobsandcareers 扩展段之让步段5 主题句 让步 Wecannotdenythatgeneralobjectslikebasicsciencecoursesandartlessonsmightbeimportanttostudents 让步理由一 Foronething studentsinmathcoursesarelikelytoacquireknowledgeabouthowtoreckonandcalculatethelargestnumberamongagroup 让步理由二 Foranother ifthestudentstakethelessonsaboutthecomparisonbetweentraditionalmusicandmodernmusic theymayfindoutthatboththetraditionalmusicandthemodernmusicstrivestoexpressthecomposers ideasandemotions butmerelyindifferentways 反驳 However thosegeneralobjectsstillcannotcompetewithspecificskillsnecessaryforstudentstopreparefortheirjobsandcareers 扩展段之让步段6 主题句 让步 Wecannotdenythatgeneralobjectslikebasicsciencecoursesandartlessonsmightbeimportanttostudents 让步理由一 Foronething studentsinmathcoursesarelikelytoacquireknowledgeabouthowtoreckonandcalculatethelargestnumberamongagroup 让步理由二 Foranother ifthestudentstakethelessonsaboutthecomparisonbetweentraditionalmusicandmodernmusic theymayfindoutthatboththetraditionalmusicandthemodernmusicstrivestoexpressthecomposers ideasandemotions butmerelyindifferentways 反驳 However thosegeneralobjectsstill 次要方面 cannotcompetewithspecificskillsnecessaryforstudentstopreparefortheirjobsandcareers 扩展段之让步段7 2007年10月17日Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Theuniversitystudentsshouldberequiredtotakeatleastacoursethatteachesthemthecultureofacountryotherthantheirown 引入段主题句Iagreethattheinsteadoftakingcoursesteachingthenationalculture collegestudentsshouldalsotakethecoursesconcerningtheforeignculture 扩展段之让步段8 更好的替代办法 However weshouldnotforcethemtotaketherequiredculturalcourses sincetherearebetterwaysthatcouldhelpthestudentslearnthecultureofaforeigncountry 扩展段之让步段9 反驳或削弱句常用词汇表达 Amight maybebeneficialtoB ThereareacoupleofbenefitsofA OneortwoadvantagesofAcanbelisted SomeminordisadvantagesofAinclude 扩展段之让步段10 让步段主题句常用结构 Wecannotdenythat Wehavetoadmitthat Admittedly Undoubtedly Itistemptingtoagreethat 独立写作之结论段1 结论段写作三不要 不要超过两句话 不要否认引入段的观点 不要引入新话题 独立写作之结论段2 失败的结论段 过长 Basedonwhathavebeendiscussed analyzed Itotallyagreewiththeviewpointthatitisnecessaryforustosavelivingspaceforendangeredanimalsratherthantodosoforhumanbeings Andwehadbetterappealeveryonearoundus beitourparents ourspouses ourchildren andourfriends tofighttogethertowardcreatingasustainablelivingenvironmentfortheendangeredspeciesonthisplanet Onlyinthiswaycanthoseextinguishinganimalslivelongerandgivebirthtotheiroffspringandevendescendants 独立写作之结论段3 失败的结论段 否认引入段观点 引入段 Iagreewiththatwhenstayingathome childrenshoulddosomehouseholdchoresfortheirparents 结论段 AsfarasIamconcerned childrenstayingathomeneedtohelptheirparentswiththehouseholdchores buttheyalsoneedtospendcertainhourstostudyandplayeitherforgainingknowledgeorforreleasingpressure 独立写作之结论段4 失败的结论段 引入新话题 Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Thebestwayforparentstoteachtheirchildrenaboutresponsibilityistohavethemcareforananimal 结论段 Aboveall itiscertainthatchildrencanlearnfromcaringforananimalnumerousthings beitresponsibility charityordevotion Onethingisforsure wehavetoprotectanimals especiallythosecutepuppiesandkittieswhichareperfectcompanionsforbothchildrenandtheirparents 独立写作之结论段5 合理的结论段 简洁明了 重述观点 Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Inordertosucceed youshouldbemorelikeothersthanbedifferentfromeveryoneelse Inconclusion althoughitistemptingtoagreethatactingmorelikeothersisimportanttoone ssuccess Iinsistthattobedifferentfromeveryoneelseisfarmoreimportantinthelongrun 独立写作之结论段6 Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement Tosolvetheproblemspresentandfuture isitnecessarytounderstandthepast Judgingfromallthediscussionsabove itisabsolutelynecessaryforustosolvethecurrentproblemsandpreventthefutureonesbyunderstandingthepast IBT综合写作 IBT综合写作 综合写作概要回顾 Readingpassage 3Mins ListeningPassage 2 3Mins Writing 20Mins Letters 150 225words IBT综合写作 读 迅速了解文章大意 把握主题和三个分论点以及支持分论点的理由听 做笔记 重点记录lecturer反驳reading中观点的理由和分析写 将reading中的观点和listening中的反驳结合 详细说明听力段落中的lecturer是如何反驳阅读文章中观点的 IBT综合写作 需要注意的地方 读文章的时候不要做太多笔记 只需对主题 分论点和细节支撑做到心中有数 听文章的时候做笔记要多而精 听力放完后立刻还原 尽量回忆起更多的细节 写文章的时候不能加入个人观点 只能就reading和Listening中的观点和反驳进行重述 综合写作之ReadingPassage1 ReadingPassage的结构 Overallstatement全文观点 Supportingmeaninggroup意群1 Supportingmeaninggroup意群2 Supportingmeaninggroup意群3 综合写作之ReadingPassage2 首段 Overallstatement 经典结构 背景句 一到多句话 全文观点 一句话或半句话 综合写作之ReadingPassage3 Example1 SoontherewillbesomethingnewforthetouristwhohasbeeneverywhereandseeneverythingonEarth Spacecraftbeingdevelopedbyprivatecommercialcompanieswillsoonenableprivatecitizenstobuytheirownticketstotravelintospace therebycreatingaspacetourismindustry Sofar spacetravelhasbeenundertakenonlybygovernments butthenew privatizedspaceflightindustrywillbringgreatbenefitstobothscienceandthepublic 综合写作之ReadingPassage4 Example1 背景 SoontherewillbesomethingnewforthetouristwhohasbeeneverywhereandseeneverythingonEarth 背景 Spacecraftbeingdevelopedbyprivatecommercialcompanieswillsoonenableprivatecitizenstobuytheirownticketstotravelintospace therebycreatingaspacetourismindustry 背景 Sofar spacetravelhasbeenundertakenonlybygovernments 全文观点 butthenew privatizedspaceflightindustrywillbringgreatbenefitstobothscienceandthepublic 综合写作之ReadingPassage5 每一个supportingmeaninggroup内部结构 EvidenceorStatement证据或观点 一句话 Supportingreasonsand oranalyses推理和 或 分析 零到多句话 Draworrestatethestatementinthismeaninggroup restatetheoverallstatement提出或重述本意群观点 或者重述全文观点 零到一句话 综合写作之ReadingPassage6 Example1 First privatespacetravelwillbenefitseriousspaceexplorationbymakingspaceflightcheaper Privatizationofspacetechnologywillbringtechnologicalcostsdownveryfastbecauseitwillallowcompetition andcompetitionisoneofthestrongestmotivatorstocutcosts Thus loweringthecostofspacetravelwillbenefitnotonlyspacetouristsbutalsoscientists whowillbeabletouseprivatespaceflightsforresearchpurposes 综合写作之ReadingPassage7 Example1 观点 First privatespacetravelwillbenefitseriousspaceexplorationbymakingspaceflightcheaper 推理 Privatizationofspacetechnologywillbringtechnologicalcostsdownveryfastbecauseitwillallowcompetition andcompetitionisoneofthestrongestmotivatorstocutcosts 重述观点 Thus loweringthecostofspacetravelwillbenefitnotonlyspacetouristsbutalsoscientists whowillbeabletouseprivatespaceflightsforresearchpurposes 综合写作之ReadingPassage8 Example1 Furthermore privatizationofspacetravelwillacceleratetherateatwhichimportantscientificdiscoveriesoccur Theaerospaceindustryalreadysponsorsalotofgroundbreakingscientificresearch andaddingprivatespaceflightcompaniestoitwillmaketheindustryasawholegrowinsize therebyemployingmorescientiststhanitdoesnow Thatincreasednumberofworkingscientistsmeansnotonlythatmorediscoveriesarelikelytobemadebutalsothatthosediscoveriesarelikelytobemademorequicklythaninthepast 综合写作之ReadingPassage9 Example1 观点 Furthermore privatizationofspacetravelwillacceleratetherateatwhichimportantscientificdiscoveriesoccur 推理 Theaerospaceindustryalreadysponsorsalotofgroundbreakingscientificresearch andaddingprivatespaceflightcompaniestoitwillmaketheindustryasawholegrowinsize therebyemployingmorescientiststhanitdoesnow 重述本意群观点 Thatincreasednumberofworkingscientistsmeansnotonlythatmorediscoveriesarelikelytobemadebutalsothatthosediscoveriesarelikelytobemademorequicklythaninthepast 综合写作之ReadingPassage10 Finally whengovernmentsarethesoleprovidersofspacetravel thecostsarepaidforbythewholetaxpayingpublic butwithprivatization theexpensesofspacetravelwillbebornebythecustomersoftheindustry Thefactthatprivatespaceflightoperatorswillbeabletoraisefundsthroughticketsalesmeansthefinancialburdenontaxpayerswillbeeasedsignificantly 综合写作之ReadingPassage11 证据 Finally whengovernmentsarethesoleprovidersofspacetravel thecostsarepaidforbythewholetaxpayingpublic 推理 butwithprivatization theexpensesofspacetravelwillbebornebythecustomersoftheindustry 推理 Thefactthatprivatespaceflightoperatorswillbeabletoraisefundsthroughticketsales 得出本意群观点 meansthefinancialburdenontaxpayerswillbeeasedsignificantly 综合写作之ReadingPassage12 在读文章的3分钟内不需要记忆的部分 首段背景句部分 重述本意群观点或全文观点的句子 在读文章的3分钟内需要记忆的部分 全文观点 每个意群的观点 支持每个意群的直接理由 综合写作之ReadingPassage13 提示观点的动词或动词短语 bring cause offer list display mean indicate show demonstrate benefit提示观点的名词或名词短语 benefit s drawback s advantage s disadvantage s 提示观点的结构 Therearethree several kindsof Thekeyfeatureis Themainroleis Onefunctionis First Second Finally Atlast 提示因果的结构 By through via Because Since As For So Thus Consequently Therefore Hence 综合写作之ReadingPassage14 Example1 背景 SoontherewillbesomethingnewforthetouristwhohasbeeneverywhereandseeneverythingonEarth 背景 Spacecraftbeingdevelopedbyprivatecommercialcompanieswillsoonenableprivatecitizenstobuytheirownticketstotravelintospace therebycreatingaspacetourismindustry 背景 Sofar spacetravelhasbeenundertakenonlybygovernments 全文观点 butthenew privatizedspaceflightindustrywillbringgreatbenefitstobothscienceandthepublic 综合写作之ReadingPassage15 Example1 背景 SoontherewillbesomethingnewforthetouristwhohasbeeneverywhereandseeneverythingonEarth 背景 Spacecraftbeingdevelopedbyprivatecommercialcompanieswillsoonenableprivatecitizenstobuytheirownticketstotravelintospace therebycrea