unit Three Chemical Reactions.ppt

UnitFourChemicalReactions TeachingAim 1 Understandwhatischemicalreactions 2 Knowsomebasicchemicalreactionssuchasthereactionsbetweeninert惰性 ornoble gasesandthereactionsbetweenNonmetals 3 DescribeinEnglishhowchemicalsreactwitheachother TeachingDifficultandImportantPoints GraspsomebasicchemicaltermsonchemicalreactionsinEnglish Inaddition knowabouttheprocessandresultofchemicalreactions CONTENTS 1 Questionsonmainchemicalreactions 2 IntensivereadingoftheadaptedpassageChemicalReactions 3 Explainandtranslatethetext 4 Extensivereadingofmaterialsonchemicalreactions TeachingProcedure Part1Pre activitiesPart2While activitiesPart3After activities Spotdictation Asummaryofthephysicaland 1 natureoflifemustbegin notontheEarth butintheSun infact attheSun sverycenter ItisherethatistobefoundthesourceoftheenergythattheSunconstantlypoursoutintospaceaslightandheat Thisenergyis 2 atthecenteroftheSunasbillionsuponbillionsofnucleiofhydrogenatoms 3 witheachotherandfusetogethertoformnucleiofhelium andindoingso releasesomeoftheenergythatisstoredinthenucleiofatoms TheoutputoflightandheatoftheSunrequiresthatsome600milliontonsofhydrogenbe 4 intoheliumintheSuneverysecond ThistheSunhasbeendoingforseveral 5 ofmillionsofyears Thenuclearenergyis 6 attheSun scenterashigh energygammaradiation aformof 7 radiationlikelightandradiowaves onlyofverymuchshorter 8 1 chemical2 liberated3 collide4 converted5 thousands6 released7electromagnetic8 wavelength Thisgammaradiationis 9 Thisradiation initsturnisabsorbedandreemitted Astheenergyfiltersthroughthelayersofthesolarinterior itpassesthroughtheX raypartofthespectrumeventuallybecominglight Atthisstage 10 andcanescapeintospacewithoutbeingabsorbedfurtherbytheatoms 11 ithitstheEarth 9 absorbedbyatomsinsidetheSuntobereemittedatslightlylongerwavelengths 10 ithasreachedwhatwecallthesolarsurface 11 AverysmallfractionoftheSun slightandheatisemittedinsuchdirectionsthatafterpassingunhinderedthroughinterplanetaryspace Introduction Chemicalreactionsarethebasisoflifeonearth Ashumanbeings wearelittlemorethanthenaturallyabundantelementsofwhichwearecomposedandthereactionsbetweenthecompoundsthattheyform Takeforinstanceeverydayhouseholdcleaning Ifyou relikeme youliketoeatoffofcleandishes preparefoodonacleansurface andusecleanrestroomfacilities Discussion 1 Whatischemicalreaction 2 whatchemicalreactionsdoyouoftenencountereveryday Readthefollowingpassageandfindkeystothetwoquestions TextOrganization Part1 Para 1 2 Whydochemicalsreactwitheachother Part2 Para 3 5 Thereactionofsodiumwithchlorine Part3 Para 6 7 ThereactionofnonmetalsPart4 Para 8 9 Thecategoryofchemicalreactions Part2While reading ReadPara 1 2andanswerthefollowingquestions 1 Whatcanleadtotheformationofachemicalbondbetweenatoms 2 Whydochemicalsreacttogether 3 Whatdoesinert noblegasesinclude Whichgrouparetheyplacedintheperiodictable Thereactionoftwoormoreelementstogetherresultsintheformationofachemicalbondbetweenatomsandtheformationofachemicalcompound Thereasonhastodowiththeparticipatingatoms electronconfigurations helium氦 neon argon krypton氪 Xenon疝 radon groupVIIIAoftheperiodictableandnicknamedinert ornoble gases 1 Thereactionoftwoormoreelementstogetherresultsintheformationofachemicalbondbetweenatomsandtheformationofachemicalcompound Butwhydochemicalsreacttogether Thereasonhastodowiththeparticipatingatoms electronconfigurations 化合物 两个或多个化学元素之间的反应导致原子间化学键的形成和产生新的化学物质 但是为什么这些化学物之间会相互发生反应呢 其间的原因是跟原子的电子结构相关联的 chemicalbond化学键 chemicaln producedbyorusedinareactioninvolvingchangesinatomsormolecules药品 化学物同义词 chemicalsubstance TheWaterhasbeensaturated饱和withaspecialchemical adj relatingtoorusedinchemistry化学的同义词 chemic 火是一种被称为氧化的快速化学反应 Fireisarapidchemicalreactionknownasoxidation chemicalplants化工厂 havetodowith 与 有关Hepretendsasthoughhehasnothingtodowiththecase 他装作好像与本案无关 这与我何干 Whatdoesithavetodowithme Wordbuilding on组成 微粒 构成非金属元素词尾proton 质子neutron 中子ion离子electron电子argon氩neon氖气krypton氪气xenon氙气radon氡气 helium hi li m n agasthatislighterthanair willnotburn isanelementandisusedinballoons airshipsandsometypesoflights 化 氦 第2号元素 符号为He Airisacolorless odorless tasteless gaseousmixture mainlynitrogen approximately78percent andoxygen approximately21percent withlesseramountsofargon carbondioxide hydrogen neon helium andothergases 空气是一种无色 无嗅 无味的气体混合物 主要由氮气 约占78 和氧气 约占21 组成 还有少量的氩 二氧化碳 氢 氖 氦及其它气体 neon ni n n acolourlessgaswhichhasnosmell doesnotreactwithotherchemicals andshinesredwhenanelectriccurrentgoesthroughit 化 氖 氖气 第10号元素 符号Ne 霓虹灯间歇闪烁 十分美丽 Theneonlightsgoinandoutverybeautifully argon n n agaswhichisfoundintheairandissometimesusedtomakeelectriclights 化 氩 第18号元素 符号Ar 氦和氩都是单原子气体 Heliumandargonaremonatomicgases radon re d n n aradioactivegasthatisformedwhenradiumdecaysandisfoundnaturallyinrockandsoil 化 氡 Radonisthedaughterofradium 第86号元素 符号Rn Thehazardandcontrolmeasuresofindoorradon 室内氡的危害及控制措施 地下室的氡含量超标 Theradonlevelinthebasementwasimpermissibly不许可地 不允许地high Thetendencyofthenoblegasestonotreactwithotherelementshastodowiththeirelectronconfigurations Allofthenoblegaseshavefullvalenceshells thisconfigurationisastableconfigurationandonethatotherelementstrytoachievebyreactingtogether Inotherwords thereasonatomsreactwitheachotheristoreachastateinwhichtheirvalenceshellisfilled 化 价 原子价 惰性气体这种与其它元素不反应的趋向和它们的电子构型有关 所有的惰性气体的价电子层是充满的 这种构型很稳定 同时也是别的元素通过反应努力想达到的状态 换句话说 原子互相反应是为了达到价电子层充满的状态 valenceshell valenceshellreferstotheoutermostelectronshellofanatomthatcontainselectrons 价电子层 卤原子在它们的价电子层含有七个电子 Halogenatomscontainsevenelectronsintheirvalenceshell stable steibl adj afarmbuildingforhousinghorsesorotherlivestockadj afarmbuildingforhousinghorsesorotherlivestock稳定的 安定的 可靠的 Itistoolatetoshutthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen 谚 失马锁慨 为时已晚 稳定的政府对经济成长是重要的 Astablegovernmentisessentialtoeconomicgrowth 市场繁荣 物价稳定 Marketsareflourishingandpricesarestable ate酸盐chlorate氯酸盐acetate醋酸盐sodiumacetate乙酸钠diacetate双醋酸盐citrate 柠檬酸盐 Wordbuilding 4 Chlorine withsevenvalenceelectrons needsoneadditionalelectrontocompleteitsvalenceshellwitheightelectrons Sodiumisalittlebittrickier Atfirstitappearsthatsodiumneedssevenadditionalelectronstocompleteitsvalenceshell Butthiswouldgivesodiuma 7electricalchargeandmakeithighlyimbalancedintermsofthenumberofelectrons negativecharges relativetothenumberofprotons positivecharges 质子 氯原子有7个价电子 只需要多一个价电子就可以达到8电子的稳定构型 钠原子有一点变形 起初它看起来需要7个多余的电子才能充满价电子层 但是钠原子得到7个负电荷后 相对质子数量 正电荷 而言 会使得电子数量 负电荷 变得高度不平衡 imbalanced adj beingorthrownoutofequilibrium失衡的 不均的Intheindustrychain theinternationalizeddevelopmentofthevariouslinkstakesonanimbalancedlook 产业链中各个环节国际化发展呈现出不均衡的态势 Manywomenwerepeddledwhichresultedinimbalancedsexualdistinctionandmanymenofmarriageagehadnowives 更严重的是 大量妇女被贩卖 造成男女性别比例的失调与大量适婚男子失婚 negative 1 havinganegativecharge负的2 characterizedbyordisplayingnegationordenialoroppositionorresistance havingnopositivefeatures否定的 消极的 负面的Ihaveanegativeopiniononthevalueofthisidea 中子不带电荷 既不带正电荷 也不带负电荷 Neutronhasnocharge eitherpositiveornegative berelativeto 和 成比例 和 有关系 以 为基准Thedetectivethoughtthestickwasrelativetothemurdercase 侦探认为这根木棒和谋杀案有牵连 Iftheycutthemselvesofffromtrade manpowerwillbecheaprelativetocapital 这些国家如果脱离了自由贸易 那么相对资本而言人力资源将会更加低廉 proton pr t n atypeofelementaryparticle verysmallpieceofmatter whichhasapositiveelectricalchargeandisfoundinthenucleusofallatoms质子Neutronisneutralandslightlyheavierthantheproton 中子是中性的 比质子略重 一个质子几乎与整个氢原子的重量相等 Oneprotonisalmostasheavyasanentireatomofhydrogen positive 1 havingapositivecharge正的 阳性的Thischargeisapositivecharge 2 characterizedbyordisplayingaffirmationoracceptanceorcertaintyetc 积极的 肯定的 明确的 正面的 正数的 Therehavebeenpositivedevelopmentsininternationalrelations 国际关系已逐步改善 Asitturnsout itismucheasierforsodiumtogiveupitsonevalenceelectronandbecomea 1ion Indoingso thesodiumatomemptiesitsthirdelectronshellandnowtheoutermostshellthatcontainselectrons itssecondshell isfilled agreeingwithourearlierstatementthatatomsreactbecausetheyaretryingtofilltheirvalenceshell 结果显示 对钠原子来说失去一个价电子变成一个钠正离子会更容易 通过这样做 钠原子失去了第三层电子层的价电子 同时含有价电子的第二层电子层作为最外层电子层达到饱和状态 这个结果和我们早先的说明 原子互相反应是为了使价电子层达到充满的状态相一致 turnout 结果是 原来是Hesaidhewasadoctor butlaterheturnedouttobeacheat 他自称是个医生 结果证明他是个骗子 结果证明朱莉是我们班上最棒的学生 Juliehasturnedouttobethebeststudentinourclass 5 Thistrait thetendencytoloseelectronswhenenteringintochemicalreactions iscommontoallmetals Thenumberofelectronsmetalatomswilllose andthechargetheywilltakeon isequaltothenumberofelectronsintheatom svalenceshell ForalloftheelementsingroupAoftheperiodictable thenumberofvalenceelectronsisequaltothegroupnumber seeourPeriodicTablepage 这种参与化学反应时失去电子的趋势是所有金属都共有的特点 金属原子失去的电子数 和它们将要带的电荷 和原子价电子层的电子数目一样 对于周期表A族所有的元素而言 价电子数等于元素所在的周期数 参考周期表 takeon 接受 包含 领会 呈现Thewholeschemebegantotakeonamorepracticalaspect 整个计划开始具有更切合实际的性质 takeonanentirelynewlook面目一新 beequalto 胜任 相等 合适Thoughinthegreen hemaynotbeequaltothetask 尽管他年富力强 却仍可能胜任不了这项工作 你所付出的一切将会得到上帝的报答 上帝是公平的 YourhardworkingwillberewardedbyGodoneday Godisequaltoeveryone Questions ReadPara 6 7andanswerthefollowingquestions 1 Howdononmetalscompletetheirvalenceshells 2 Howmanyelectronsdononmetalshaveintheirvalenceshellexcepthydrogenandhelium 3 Whohaveelectronsintheirfirstelectronshell Nonmetals bycomparison tendtogainelectrons orsharethem tocompletetheirvalenceshells Forallofthenonmetals excepthydrogenandhelium theirvalenceshelliscompletewitheightelectrons Hydrogenandheliumonlyhaveelectronsintheirfirstelectronshell 6 Nonmetals bycomparison tendtogainelectrons orsharethem tocompletetheirvalenceshells Forallofthenonmetals excepthydrogenandhelium theirvalenceshelliscompletewitheightelectrons Therefore nonmetalsgainelectronscorrespondingtotheformula 8 group Chlorine ingroup7 willgain8 7 1electronandforma 1ion 非金属物质 非金属 相比之下 倾向于获得电子 或是共用电子 来充满价电子层 对于所有的非金属 除了氢和氦 它们的价电子层都是充满8电子 因此 非金属根据公式 获得的电子数 8 族序数 获得相应的电子 氯 在第7族 将得到8 7 1个电子并形成 1价的离子 tendto 倾向 朝某方向Woolenstendtoshrink 毛织品易於缩水 有些人容易冲动购物 Somepeopletendtoimpulsebuying correspondto 相当于Hisexpensesdonotcorrespondtohisincome他入不付出 Consciousnessistheindividual sexperienceofthebrain andascientistcanobservebrainprocessesthatcorrespondtoconsciousexperience 意识就是大脑的个体经验 并且科学家能够观察到大脑的运行和意识经验是一致的 formula 1 somethingregardedasanormativeexample准则 原则 配方 此药的配方仍是秘密 Theformulaofthemedicineisstillasecret 2 公式 方程式水的分子式是什么 Whatistheformulaforwater 7 Hydrogenandheliumonlyhaveelectronsintheirfirstelectronshell Thecapacityofthisshellistwo Thushelium withtwoelectrons alreadyhasafullvalenceshellandfallsintothegroupofelementsthattendnottoreactwithothers thenoblegases Whatdoesinert noblegasesinclude 氢和氦只有在第一层电子层才有电子 而它只能容纳2个电子 所以氦拥有2个电子就已经使价电子层充满 并且成为了不倾向与其它元素反应的惰性气体 Hydrogen withonevalenceelectron willgainoneelectronwhenforminganegativeion However hydrogenandtheelementsontheperiodictablelabeledmetalloids canactuallyformeitherpositiveornegativeionscorrespondingtothenumberofvalenceelectronstheyhave Thushydrogenwillforma 1ionwhenitlosesitsoneelectronanda 1ionwhenitgainsoneelectron 离子 氢只有一个价电子 只有去获得一个电子才能当形成负离子 然而 氢和周期表上标记的非金属元素可以根据他它们拥有的价电子数成为正离子或负离子 因此 当氢失去一个电子时刻形成 1价离子 得到一个电子时形成 1价离子 ReadPara 8 9andanswerthefollowingquestions1 Whatisexothermicreactionandendothermicreaction 2 Whatisspontaneousreactions Couldyouciteanexample 1 Whatisexothermicreactionandendothermicreaction Key Somereactionsreleaseenergytotheirsurroundings usuallyintheformofheat andarecalledexothermicreaction somereactionsneedtoabsorbheatfromtheirsurroundingstoproceed Thesereactionsarecalledendothermicreaction 2 Whatisspontaneousreactions Couldyouciteanexample Key Reactionsthatproceedimmediatelywhentwosubstancesaremixedtogether suchasthereactionofsodiumwithchlorineorureawithammoniumchloride arecalledspontaneousreactions Reactionenergy8 Allchemicalreactionsareaccompaniedbyachangeinenergy Somereactionsreleaseenergytotheirsurroundings usuallyintheformofheat andarecalledexothermic Forexample sodiumandchlorinereactsoviolentlythatflamescanbeseenastheexothermicreactiongivesoffheat Ontheotherhand somereactionsneedtoabsorbheatfromtheirsurroundingstoproceed Thesereactionsarecalledendothermic 所有的化学反应都伴随着一个能量的改变 一些反应释放能量到环境中 通常以热的形式 这种反应被称为放热反应 例如 钠和氯反应如此激烈 产生的火焰可以被视作放热反应散发出热量 另一方面 有些反应需要从周围环境中吸收热量才能进行 这些反应被称为吸热反应 accompany k mp ni vt goortravelalongwith performanaccompanimentto陪伴 伴随 发生谁将陪你去机场 Whowillaccompanyyoutotheairport Happinessseemsmeteor Whocanaccompanytomeclenchit 幸福就像流星 谁是那个陪我抓住流星的人 Bigwordseldomaccompanygreatdeed 雷声大 雨点小 intheformof 用 的形式assetsintheformofmaterialpossessions 以实物形式存在的财产 Sincetheoriginalchemicalmoleculeshadmoreenergythanthenewlycreatedmolecules duringthereactiontheextraenergyisdisposedofintheformoflight 由于原始的化学分子比新的分子有更多的能量 所以在反应的过程中 多余的能量会以光的形式释放 Agoodexampleofanendothermicreactionisthatwhichtakesplaceinsideofaninstant coldpack Commercialcoldpacksusuallyconsistoftwocompounds ureaandammoniumchlorideinseparatecontainerswithinaplasticbag Whenthebagisbentandtheinsidecontainersarebroken thetwocompoundsmixtogetherandbegintoreact Becausethereactionisendothermic itabsorbsheatfromthesurroundingenvironmentandthebaggetscold 一个很好的吸热反应的例子就是发生在即使冰袋的内部 商业冰袋通常由为两种化合物组成 尿素和氯化铵 两者保存在分开的塑胶袋中 当袋子被弄皱里面的容器弄破之后 两种化合物混合在一起 并开始反应 因为反应是吸热的 所以它从周边环境吸收热量 袋子就变冷了 coldpack 冷毛巾 冰袋等coldpackcheese冷装乳酪HotColdPack冷热袋请用冷毛巾敷被咬处以消肿 Pleaseapplyacoldpackoverthebitestoreduceswelling 9 Reactionsthatproceedimmediatelywhentwosubstancesaremixedtogether suchasthereactionofsodiumwithchlorineorureawithammoniumchloride arecalledspontaneousreactions Notallreactionsproceedspontaneously Forexample thinkofamatch Whenyoustrikeamatchyouarecausingareactionbetweenthechemicalsinthematchheadandoxygenintheair 当两种物质混合在一起后立刻发生反应的 如钠和氯或尿素与氯化铵的反应 被称为自发反应 并不是所有的反应都是自发进行的 例如 一根火柴 当你擦火柴时 你是在引发火柴头里的化学物质和空气中的氧气发生反应 spontaneous sp nteini s adj happeningordoneinanatural oftensuddenway withoutanyplanningorwithoutbeingforced自发的 无意识的 spontaneouscombustion ignition自燃spontaneousemission 电磁学 自发发射Mostoftheirmusicwasspontaneousimprovisation 他们的大部分音乐作品都是即兴创作的 Thematchwon tlightspontaneously though Youfirstneedtoinputenergy whichiscalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction Inthecaseofthematch yousupplyactivationenergyintheformofheatbystrikingthematchonthematchbook aftertheactivationenergyisabsorbedandthereactionbegins thereactioncontinuesuntilyoueitherextinguishtheflameoryourunoutofmaterialtoreact 纸板火 不过 火柴是还不会自动燃烧的 你必须先输入能量 这种能量称为反应的活化能 在火柴的例子中 你通过火柴和火柴盒的摩擦提供热的形式活化能 在活化能被吸收之后 反应就开始了 除非你将火苗熄灭或是耗尽了反应的材料 则反应将继续进行 inthecaseof 至于 在 的情况下 就 来说Inthecaseoftaxdodging theresultswereevenmorestriking 对于偷税漏税的问题 测试结果甚至更为突显 而由于市场干预和政治因素 欧洲的情况很复杂 InthecaseofEurope theissueiscomplicatedbymarketinterventionsandpolitics runoutof 用完haverunoutofammunitionandprovisions弹尽粮绝Heisgoingthepaceandhispropertywillsoonrunout 他生活奢侈 财富很快就会花光 我们的汽油用完了 真麻烦 We verunoutofpetrol Whatabore Part3After reading I Fillinthefollowingblankswithappropriatewordsfromthebox 11 absorb12 chemical13 negative14 statement15 proceeded reactionelementchemicalelectronconfigurationnoblenegativepositivestatementcommonmetalformulaabsorbproceedureaspontaneousactivationenergy 1 Attachment1tothisSoftwareLicenseidentifiestheSoftwareandtheprocessororequipment onwhichtheSoftwaremaybeexecuted执行 2 Theenzyme酵mayexistintwointerconvertible activeformswhichpossessdifferent energies 3 ForsomeyearstheLiberalshadflirtedwith不认真考虑theideaofformingaunitedfrontwiththemoremoderate amongsttheSocialists 4 Completesinceritycanaffecteven andstone 5 WewillacceptnothinglessthanfullvictoryGoodluckandletusallbeseech祈求theblessingofalmightyGoduponthisgreatand undertaking事业 configuration2 activation3 element4 metal5 noble 6 Educatingthepublicaboutnewbiotechnologymaybeascriticalasthetechnologyandmayhavethegreatestimpactinpromoting attitudes 7 HakkinenofFinlandhadhisfirsttestinthe1996Mclaren OneCarattheEstoriltrackinPortugal0nThursday 8 Theabilityoftheionospheretoreflectthesewavesisdependentuponnormalvariationsinthe densityatdifferentlevels 9 Equallyobjectionable令人反感的isthefactthatsaturationby emissionreducesthegainexercisedbyanincomingsignal 10 Factorsaffectingthepreparationarestudiedandthebest conditionsarefoundbytheoptimization最佳化experiments 6 positive7 formula8 electron9 spontaneous10 reaction 11 EvenwhensubjectedtomilitaryconquesttheChinesealwaysmanagedintheendtosubdue征服and theinvader 12 Theprimarypurposeofanalyticalchemistryinvolvesfindingouttheamountandtypesof speciespresentinasystem 13 Somustwetakethesameattitudetowards phenomenathatgiverisetoideological观念confusionandmentalpollution 14 Afterreceivingthecomments theagencycanissueafinalrule alongwithageneral describingtherule sauthorityandpurpose 15 Wemustreplaceandmodernizeourforces andthatiswhyIhave withtheproductionanddeploymentofthenewICBMknownastheMX 11 absorb12 chemical13 negative14 statement15 proceeded II Fillintheblankswithproperphrases havetodowithintermsofturnoutgiveuptakeonbeequaltocorrespondtointheformoftakeplacegiveoffinthecaseofrunoutof 16 Thesuppliedassembly集会toolsshallbereinspected重新检查atthisendtoensurethatthey thestandards 17 Ifyou suchaschemeyou llendangeryougoodnameandprobablyloseyourmoneyintothebargain 18 Stayinguplatemakeshimathisworst physicalsituation 19 Asarulewedeliverthegoodswithinsevenday but urgentorder wecandeliverthemwithinfourday 20 Thechimneyisnolonger volumesofwastegasintotheatmosphere asprotectivefiltersarebeingused 16 correspondto17 haveanythingtodowith18 intermsof19 inthecaseof20 givingoff 21 I drathertakecareofthestomachsofthelivingthan takecareof thegloryofthedead stonememorials 22 Theseniorcivilservanttheyarrestedforspying tobeaTrojanhorse plantedbyenemyintelligencetwentyyearspreviously 23 Godsavedthefool anddidnotletthem forifitbenotforthem wisemencannotgetaliving 24 Thechemicalpropertyofformationwaterinoillayermight tothatofadjacentwaterlayer 25 Hewas forathree monthtrialperiodbeforebeingacceptedasapermanentmemberofstaff 21 intheformof22 turnedout23 runout24 beequalto25 takenon III TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese Forachemicalreactiontobebalanced alloftheatomspresentinmoleculesorformulaunitsormolesofreactantstotheleftoftheequationarrowmustbepresentinthemolecules formulaunitsandmolesofproducttotherightoftheequationarrow Thecombinationsoftheatomsmaychange indeed thisiswhatchemicalreactionsdo butthenumberofatomspresentinreactantsmustequalthenumberofatomspres