国际标准化组织简介.doc

国际标准化组织国际标准化组织（International Organization for Standardization）简称ISO，是世界上最大的非政府性标准化专门机构，是国际标准化领域中一个十分重要的组织。ISO的任务是促进全球范围内的标准化及其有关活动，以利于国际间产品与服务的交流，以及在知识、科学、技术和经济活动中发展国际间的相互合作。它显示了强大的生命力，吸引了越来越多的国家参与其活动。 ISO的含义国际标准化组织（International Organization for Standardization）简称ISO，是一个全球性的非政府组织，是国际标准化领域中一个十分重要的组织。许多人会注意到，“ISO”与国际标准化组织全称（International Organization for Standardization）的缩写并不相同，为什么不是“IOS”呢？其实，“ISO”并不是其全称首字母的缩写，而是一个词，它来源于希腊语，意为“相等”，现在有一系列用它作前缀的词，诸如“isometric”（意为“尺寸相等”）“isonomy”（意为“法律平等”）。从“相等”到“标准”，内涵上的联系使“ISO”成为组织的名称。 ISO是一个国际标准化组织，其成员由来自世界上100多个国家的国家标准化团体组成，代表中国参加ISO的国家机构是中国国家技术监督局（CSBTS）。ISO与国际电工委员会（IEC）有密切的联系，中国参加IEC的国家机构也是国家技术监督局。ISO和IEC作为一个整体担负着制订全球协商一致的国际标准的任务，ISO和IEC都是非政府机构，它们制订的标准实质上是自愿性的，这就意味着这些标准必须是优秀的标准，它们会给工业和服务业带来收益，所以他们自觉使用这些标准。ISO和IEC不是联合国机构，但它们与联合国的许多专门机构保持技术联络关系。ISO和IEC有约1000个专业技术委员会和分委员会，各会员国以国家为单位参加这些技术委员会和分委员会的活动。ISO和IEC还有约3000个工作组，ISO、IEC每年制订和修订1000个国际标准。 标准的内容涉及广泛，从基础的紧固件、轴承各种原材料到半成品和成品，其技术领域涉及信息技术、交通运输、农业、保健和环境等。每个工作机构都有自己的工作计划，该计划列出需要制订的标准项目（试验方法、术语、规格、性能要求等）。 ISO的主要功能是为人们制订国际标准达成一致意见提供一种机制。其主要机构及运作规则都在一本名为ISO/IEC技术工作导则的文件中予以规定，其技术结构在ISO是有800个技术委员会和分委员会，它们各有一个主席和一个秘书处，秘书处是由各成员国分别担任，目前承担秘书国工作的成员团体有30个，各秘书处与位于日内瓦的ISO中央秘书处保持直接联系。 通过这些工作机构，ISO已经发布了17000多个国际标准，如ISO公制螺纹、ISO的A4纸张尺寸、ISO的集装箱系列（目前世界上95%的海运集装箱都符合ISO标准）、ISO的胶片速度代码、ISO的开放系统互联（OS2）系列（广泛用于信息技术领域）和有名的ISO9000质量管理系列标准。 此外，ISO还与450个国际和区域的组织在标准方面有联络关系，特别与国际电信联盟（ITU）有密切联系。在ISO/IEC系统之外的国际标准机构共有28个。每个机构都在某一领域制订一些国际标准，通常它们在联合国控制之下。一个典型的例子就是世界卫生组织（WHO）。ISO/IEC 制订的85%的国际标准，剩下的15%由这28个其他国际标准机构制订。 ISO的由来国际标准化活动最早开始于电子领域，于1906年成立了世界上最早的国际标准化机构国际电工委员会（IEC）。其他技术领域的工作原先有成立于1926年的国家标准化协会的国际联盟（International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations，简称ISA）承担，重点在于机械工程方面。ISA的工作由于二次大战在1942年终止。1946年，来自25个国家的代表在伦敦召开会议，决定成立一个新的国际组织，其目的是促进国际间的合作和工业标准的统一。于是，ISO这一新组织于1947年2月23日正式成立，总部设在瑞士的日内瓦。ISO于1951年发布了第一个标准工业长度测量用标准参考温度。 ISO的宗旨其宗旨是：在世界范围内促进标准化工作的发展，以利于国际物资交流和互助，并扩大知识、科学、技术和经济方面的合作。其主要任务是：制定国际标准，协调世界范围内的标准化工作，与其他国际性组织合作研究有关标准化问题。 ISO的组织结构ISO的组织机构如下：合格评定委员会（CASCO）消费者政策委员会（COPOLCO）发展中国家事务委员会（DEVCO）信息系统和服务委员会（INFCO）特别咨询小组技术管理局技术委员会TC理事会中央秘书处ISO全体大会合格评定委员会（CASCO）消费者政策委员会（COPOLCO）发展中国家事务委员会（DEVCO）信息系统和服务委员会（INFCO）ISO的组织机构分为非常设机构和常设机构。ISO的最高权力机构是ISO全体大会（General Assembly），是ISO的非常设机构。1994年以前，全体大会每3年召开一次。全体大会召开时，所有ISO团体成员、通信成员、与ISO有联络关系的国际组织均派代表与会，每个成员有3个正式代表的席位，多于3位以的代表以观察员的身份与会；全体大会的规模大约200260人。大会的主要议程包括年度报告中涉及的有关项目的活动情况、ISO的战略计划以及财政情况等。ISO中央秘书处承担全体大会、全体大会设立的4个政策制定委员会、理事会、技术管理局和通用标准化原理委员会的秘书处的工作。自1994年开始根据ISO新章程，ISO全体大会改为一年一次。ISO的主要官员有5位，他们是：ISO主席（President）；ISO副主席（政策）（Vice President，Policy），ISO副主席（技术）（Vice President，Technical Management）；ISO司库（Treasurer）；ISO秘书长（SecretaryGeneral），所有主要官员由理事会任命，享有终身任期；ISO秘书长负责主持ISO的日常工作。 国际标准的形成过程国际标准由技术委员会(TC)和分技术委员会(SC)经过六个阶段形成： 第一阶段：申请阶段；第二阶段：预备阶段； 第三阶段：委员会阶段； 第四阶段：审查阶段； 第五阶段：批准阶段； 第六阶段：发布阶段。 若在开始阶段得到的文件比较成熟，则可省略其中的一些阶段。ISO成员国ISO Members by Country Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body BS BHS 044 Bahamas - 1 BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body BZ BLZ 084 Belize - 1 BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body CV CPV 132 Cape Verde - 1 CF CAF 140 Central African Republic - 1 TD TCD 148 Chad - 1 CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body KM COM 174 Comoros - 1 CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the - 1 CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body CI CIV 384 Côte dIvoire CODINORM Member Body HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body DJ DJI 262 Djibouti - 1 DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea - 1 ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member GM GMB 270 Gambia, The - 1 GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body GD GRD 308 Grenada - 1 GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member HT HTI 332 Haiti - 1 HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body KI KIR 296 Kiribati - 1 KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic CSK Member Body KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao Peoples Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member LR LBR 430 Liberia - 1 LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein - 1 LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body MV MDV 462 Maldives - 1 ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands - 1 MR MRT 478 Mauritania - 1 MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of - 1 MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member MC MCO 492 Monaco - 1 MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body (YS)2 - - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member NR NRU 520 Nauru - 1 NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body PW PLW 585 Palau - 1 PS PSE 275 Palestinian State3 PSI Correspondent Member PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis - 1 LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member WS WSM 882 Samoa - 1 SM SMR 674 San Marino - 1 ST STP 678 São Tom & Prncipe - 1 SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone - 1 SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands - 1 SO SOM 706 Somalia - 1 ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR 1. Member Body LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body TW TWN 158 Taiwan - 1 TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) - 1 TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member TO TON 776 Tonga - 1 TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member TV TUV 798 Tuvalu - 1 UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body 45 US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body VU VUT 548 Vanuatu - 1 VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) - 1 VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body EH ESH 732 Western Sahara - 1 YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body 1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008. 2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro. 3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was. 4.Although technically the official country name for the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland it is referred to as Great Britain by the ISO. 5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation. 外部连接国际标准化组织的正式网站（英文及法文）/ ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the worlds largest developer and publisher of International Standards.ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society.ISO forms a bridge between the public and private sectors.ISO质量体系标准包括ISO9000、10000及14000三种系列。ISO9000标准明确了质量管理和质量保证体系，适用于生产型及服务型企业。ISO10000标准为从事和审核质量管理和质量保证体系提供了指导方针。ISO14000标准明确了环境质量管理体系。ISO9000质量体系标准包括了3个体系标准和8条指导方针。3个体系标准分别是ISO9001、9002和9003；8个指导方针是ISO9000-1至4和ISO9004-1至4。其中首要标准是ISO9001，它为设计、制造产品及提供服务的组织，明确指出了一套完整质量体系中的20条要素。ISO900