examination of readers choice读者的选择.doc

Culture shockParaphrasing1. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues ,most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.(Para 2)l In every day, we are support by these cues which we use at unconsciousness/automatically for our peaceful mood and everything effectively.2. He or she is like a fish out of water.(para3)l When a individual enters a strange culture, all or most of the familiar cues guiding his or her behavior, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are removed. He or she will feel frustration and anxiety.3. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. (Para3)All of sudden, the homeland begins to have very great value and significance for visitors.l Individuals fifer greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.l People are unlike each other in the way that they are influenced by culture shock disease.4. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experience in the process of adjustment.(Para 6)l The unfriendly attitude to host people for their country results from the real troubles which the visitors encounter while he is trying to adapt himself to the new environment.5. You take refuge in the colony of others from your country which often becomes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels known as stereotypes. This is a peculiar kind of offensive shorthand which caricatures the host country and its people in a negative manner.(Para 7)l Because you are hostile to the host culture, you have to seek the comforter in your nationals living in host country, and it is the source that you use some nicknames to criticize and make fun of the native and their country.OR:l You turn to the group of people with you nationality who live in host country, in which you and your fellows may often get together to grouse about the host country and its people and usually draw unjust conclusion about the host country and its people.OR:l You turn to the group of people with your nationality who live in host country. You and your fellows may often get together to criticize and make fun of the natives and their country by using some nicknames.6. Usually in this stage visitors take a superior attitude to people of the host country.(Para 8)l Generally, in third stage, visitors think that they are better than the local people and look down upon them.Questions and answer1. What is culture shock? What cause culture shock/why do people have culture shock?l Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.OR:l Culture shock is a kind of mental disease which is caused by the anxiety resulting from losing the familiar signs and signals of everyday life. The people who move to the foreign country easily suffer from the culture shock.2. Outlines four steps and describe each stage and its characteristic respectively.l The first stage is honeymoon stage/excited stage. Visitors are fascinated by the new culture. They enjoy nationals who can speak their language.l The second stage is rejection stage/shock stage. Visitors become hostile to the host culture. During this stage visitors tend to band together with others from the home culture and criticize the host country with stereotypes.l The third stage is negotiation stage. Getting some knowledge of the language begins to open the way go the new culture. Visitors take a superior attitude toward the host culture, but aggression is replaced by humor.l The fourth stage is acceptance stage. Visitors now accept the customs of the new culture. They can operate without anxiety although they still experience moments of social strain.3. What are the symptoms of culture shock?l Lack of sense of safety; feeling of very angry, extreme homesick; withdraw from people who differ from you; boredom; headache; exaggerated cleanliness; feeling sick much of the time; depression; sudden intense feeling of loyalty to own culture; unexplainable crying; loss of ability to work or study efficiently; upset stomach; over eating or loss of appetite; a need for excessive sleep;OR:l Some people reject the environment and dislike the host country and its people. Some people feel quite homesick. Some people wash too much their hand, concern too much over drinking water, food dishes and bedding etc.4. What do you think are the factors contributing to the duration and effects of culture shock?l State of mental health; type of personality; previous experience; social and economic conditions; familiar with language; family and social support system; level of education;5. What advice do you have for people who suffer from culture shock?/How can people avoid culture shock?l Develop hobby; dont forget the good things you already have; remember there are always resource that you can use ; dont try too hard; learn to contractive; if you encounter an unfavorable environment, dont put yourself in that position; learn to include a regular form physical captivity in your routine; this will help combat the sadness and loneliness in a constructive manner; maintain contact with your hometown mate group; allow yourself to feel sad about things that you have left behind: your family, friends; establish simple goal and evaluate your progress.6. What positive things are there about culture shock?l Increase experience; develop the ability adapting to new settings; know different cultures;7. Why are foreigners in strange land compared to fish out of water?l Because they move to a new environment, and lose the familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse, they feel very ill and anxious like a fish out of water.8. What are characteristics of “regression phase”?l In regression phase, the homeland suddenly becomes very value for visitors, and everything in homeland becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.9. Why the second stage is called a crisis in the disease?l Because in the second stage, if visitor comes out of culture shock, the can stay and adapts himself to the new environment; if not, he has to leave before he reaches the stage of a nervous breakdown.10. Did all visitors have to experience all steps of culture shock?l No. Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.Your Actions Speak Louder Paraphrasing1. Your actions speak louder(Title)l Something done is more important than something said./what a person has done actually show his real attitude. In this text, nonverbal communication plays an important role in social communications.2. We assume that our way of talking and gesturing is “natural” and that those who do things differently are somehow playing with nature. This assumption leads to blindness about intercultural behavior. (Para 8)l We suppose that the way by which we talk and gesture is reasonable and that those people who do things in different way are somehow unnatural.Thus it makes us ignore the differences of behaviors between different cultures when we socialize with others.3. An additional handicap is that the visitors have not entered the new settings as free agents, able to detected and adopt new ways of communicating without words.(para 9)l There is an extra barrier that the visitors have not joined in the new circumstances to become a new participant and they also cant find and use the new methods of socializing with others with nonverbal language.OR:l An other barrier is that the visitors have not become familiar with the new cultures, and have no ability to do something freely in the new culture, and cant find and use new method of nonverbal communication.OR:l People who have no ability to do something freely in the new culture have difficulty in adapting to the new culture and cant find and use the new nonverbal communication.4. They are prisoners of their own culture and interact within their own framework.(Para 9)l Visitors are trapped by their own culture, and only communicate with people from their own culture.5. Now that language has achieved its proper recognition as being essential of success, the area of nonverbal behavior should be taught people who will live in another country in a systematic way.(Par 10)l People have widely accepted that the grasping of a foreign language is necessary for individual success. The fact proves that nonverbal communication of that culture should also be taught according to the same approach.OR:l People have widely accepted that people who will live in another country should learn foreign language, but nonverbal behavior should also be taught in a systematic way.OR:l Since people have widely accepted that the grasping of a foreign language is necessary for individual success, the subject of nonlinguistic behavior should be taught systematically to people who will go abroad, giving them practical experience, consciousness, and susceptivity.OR:l People acknowledged the importance of language for success, and the subject of communication without words should be taught to people who will go abroad systematically, giving them practical experiences, consciousness, and susceptivity.6. Indeed, it is the rise in linguistic fluency which now makes nonverbal fluency even more critical.(Para 10)l The better you speak the local language, the better you are expected to use the nonverbal communication by local people.7. A linguistically fluent visitors may tend to offend even more than those who dont speak as well if that visitor shows ignorance about interface etiquette; The national may perceive this disparity between linguistic and nonlinguistic performance as disregard for the more subtle aspects of intercultural communication.(Para 10)l If a visitor speaks fluently, but cant communicate correctly through his nonverbal behavior, he is likely to upset local people more than a visitor who is not able to speak local language fluently. The national can feel the imbalance between his verbal and nonverbal performance. They will feel that the visitor dont have regard for their culture. By contrast, local people are more gracious to visitors having difficulty in speaking local language, when they make mistake due to wrong nonverbal behavior.l OR: If a visitor speaks local language fluently, but without knowing how to do according to the local nonverbal cues, he is likely to upset local people more than a visitor who is not able to speak local language fluently. Local people may think the noticeable differences between his verbal and nonverbal ability as the ignorance of the more delicate aspects of cross-cultural intercourse. By the contrast, local people are more gracious to visitors having difficulty in speaking local language, when they make social mistake due to wrong nonverbal behaviors.8. We give their unusual closeness the social interpretation of aggressiveness and intimacy, causing us to have feelings of hostility, discomfort, or intimidation.(Para 3)l South Americans prefer to take close distance while they are communicating. But North Americans think this close distance can make them feel discomfort or aggressive, unusual intimate.9. The timing of verbal exchanges during conversation.l Time:the skill of judge a arrival moment of doing something;Choose/measure the moment /right time exchanges to leave silence/pause between dialogues.10. The patterns and forms are completely arbitrary, and it is arguable as to what is universal and what is culturally defined.(Para 19)l These channels of nonverbal communication are conventional, and it is questionable as to what is related to everywhere and what is only shown in certain culture.11. Of course, there is no guarantee that heightened awareness will change behavior. (Para 20)l Though visitors act with heightened awareness, that cant ensure they will not conduct mistake of nonverbal language.OR:l Though visitors strengthen awareness of nonverbal communication, they cant ensure that they will not make mistake of nonverbal behavior.12. Indeed, there may be situations where visitors should not alter their behavior, depending on the status, personalities, and values in the social context.(Para 20)l Not everyone who goes abroad must change his behavior on all occasions. A visitor changes his behavior or not that depends on the status, personalities, and values of nonverbal behavior in the local society.“values in the social context”l Different country has different principles, standards, and values, they have different attitude towards the nonverbal language, and some pay more attention to nonverbal language than others.13. But the approach seeks to make people aware of a area of interpersonal activity, which for too long has been left to chance or to the assumption that the visitors to others countries will be sensitive to it because they are surrounded by it.(Para 20)l The article intends to make people familiar with the subject of interpersonal nonverbal communication. This subject has been ignored for a long time, and has been taken it for granted that the foreign visitors should detect the nonverbal behavior because they are in the new culture.Questions and Answers1. What are nonverbal communications?l Nonverbal communication, compared with verbal communication, is meaning of some gestures, positions, and some symbols of social intercourse.OR:l Nonverbal communication, compared with verbal communication, is a method to communication with body, eye, gestures etc.OR:l Nonverbal communication, compared with verbal communication, is a method to exchange thoughts, messages, or information, by means of the body, gesture eye-to-eye contact or avoidance, touching and so on.2. How many channels ?What are they respectively?l Kinesics-movement of body(head, arms, legs, etc.)l Proxemics-the use of interpersonal spacel Chronemics-the timing of verbal exchange during conversation.l Oculesics-eye to eye contact or avoidancel Haptics-the tactile form of communication3. What do we learn from the article?l Nonverbal communication is very important in your social intercourse. the bad nonverbal communication probably cause more terrible trouble than verbal communication. When we emphasize linguistic fluency, at the same time, we should attach importance/pay more attention to nonverbal fluency. The author also makes us aware of the existence and importance of five nonverbal channels.l OR:language is important, but the nonverbal behaviors are more important in our social intercourse. Because nonverbal communication cues reflect emotional states, both visitors and host nationals might not be able to articulate whats going on .We should pay attention to nonverbal communication more easily results in misunderstanding than verbal communication. The author also makes us aware of the existence and importance of five nonverbal channels.4. What meaning is the “free agent”?l People who have the ability to do something freely in the new culture.5. What could the volunteer be doing to communicate that she is treating Ethiopians like dogs?l The volunteer called for the next patient by pointing with her finger to the next patient and beckoning him to come. It is acceptable in the United States, but in Ethiopia her pointing gesture is for children and her beckoning signal is for dogs. In Ethiopia one points to a person by extending the arm and hand and beckons by holding the hand out ,palm down, and closing it repeatedly.6. How has a volunteer in Nigeria shown that he has no self-respect?l The volunteer insisted that students look him in the eye to show attentiveness, in Nigeria where prolonged eye contact is considered disrespectful.7. Why a linguistically fluent visitor may tend to offend even more than those who dont speak as well if that visitor shows ignorance about interface etiquette?l The better a visitor speak the local language, the better he is expected to use the nonverbal communication by local people. If a visitor speaks local language fluently, but without knowing how to do according to the local nonverbal cues, the local people may think the noticeable difference between his verbal and nonverbal ability as the ignorance of the more delicate aspects of cross-cultural intercourse. By contrast, local people are more gracious to visitors having difficulty in speaking local language, when they make social mistake due to wrong nonverbal behavior.8. Why silence between dialogues makes American uneasy?l Americans expect people whom they talk with respond to our statement immediately, and Americans think that it may mean that the person is shy, inattentive, bored, or nervous.9. Why will visitors not be sensitive to nonverbal communication, although they are surrounded by it?l Because the hosts will seldom tell them they have committed a social blunder. It is rued to tell people they are rude; thus the hosts grant visitors a “forewings license”, allowing them to make mistakes of social etiquette.Toledo: A Problem of MenusParaphrasing1. Madrid had laid down the law, but Toledo was interpreting it.(Para 6)l In order to improve the environment of tourism and protect the tourists, the Spanish government has established the law to require restaurants to offer a special tourist menu, but in Toledo, the law is given a meaning and carried out by restaurants according to their own standard. The author felt that this understanding differed completely from that of the restaurant. He thought that he did not obtained as much as the requirement of the law. This is the complaint of the author.2. As a tra