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Chapter2PidginandCreoleLanguage Presenter Tory BackgroundInformationLinguaFrancasPidginsandCreoles DefinitionsGeographicalDistributionLinguisticCharacteristics BackgroundInformation Pidgnandcreoleshavegenerallybeenviewedasuninterestinglinguisticphenomena beingnotablemainlyforlinguistcfeaturestheyhavebeensaidto lack e g ariticles thecopula andgrammaticalinflections ratherthanthosetheypossess andthosewhospeakthemhaveoftenbeentreatedwithdisdain evencontempt BackgroundInformation Hymeshaspointedoutthatbeforethe1930spidginsandcreoleswerelargelyignoredbylinguistis whoregardedthemas marginallanguages atbest BackgroundInformation Fortunately inrecentyearssuchattitudedhavechangedand asseriousattetionhasbeengiventopidginsandcreoled linguistshavediscoveredmanyinterestingcharacteristicsaboutthem characteristicsthatappeartobearonfundamentalissuestodowithalllanguages fullyfledged and marginal alike BackgroundInformation Thestudyofpidginsandcreoleshasbecomeanimportantpartofsociolinguiticstudy withitsownliteratureand ofcourse itsowncontroversies Tosomeextent too thespeakersofsuchlanguageshavebenefitedasmoreandmoreofthemhavecometorecognizethatwhattheyspeakismotjusta bad varietyofthislanguageorthat butalanguageoravarietyofalanguagewithitsownlegitimacy LinguaFrancas Peoplewhospeakdifferentlanguageswhoareforcedintocontactwitheachothermustfindsomewayofcommunicating alinguafranca LinguaFrancas UNESCOdefinedalinguafrancaas alanguagewhichisusedhabituallybypeoplewhosemothertonguesaredifferentinordertofacilitatecommunicationbetweenthem FourLinguaFrancas atradelanguageacontactlanguageaninternationallanguageanauxiliarylanguage PidginsandCreoles Definitions APidginisalanguagewithnonativespeakers itisnoone slanguagebutisacontantlanguage Thatis itistheproductofamultilingualsituationinwhichthosewhowishtocommunicatemustfindorimproviseasimplelanguagesystemthatwillenablethemtodoso Apidginisthereforesometimesregardedasa reduced varietyofa normal language i e oneoftheaforementioneddominantlanguages withsimplificationofthegrammarandvocabularyofthatlanguage considerablephonologicalvariation andanadmixtureoflocalvocabularytomeetthespecialneedsofthecontactgroup Theprocessofpidginizationprobablyrequiresasituationthatinvolvesatleastthreelanguages oneofwhichisclearlydominantovertheothers Incontrasttoapidgin acreoleisoftendefinedasapidginthathasbecomethefirstlanguageofanewgenerationofspeakers AsHolmessays Acreoleisapidginwhichhasexpandedinstructureandvocabularytoexpresstherangeofmeaningsandservetherangeoffunctionsrequiredofafirstlanguage GeographicalDistribution Pidginandcreolelanguagesaredistributedmainly thoughnotexclusively intheequatorialbeltaroundtheworld usuallyinplaceswithdirectoreasyaccesstotheoceans Consequently theyarefoundmainlyintheCaribbeanandaroundthenorthandeastcoastsofSouthAmerica aroundthecoastsofAfrica particularlythewestcoast andacrosstheIndianandPacificOceans Theirdistributionappearstobefairlycloselyrelatedtolong standingpatternstrade includingtradeinslaves Hancock s127pidginsandcreoles 35areEnglish based 15areFrench based 7areSpanish based 3areItalian based 6areGerman based SeveralshowlittleornocontactwithaEuropeanlanguage LinguisticCharacteristics Indescribingthelinguisticcharacteristicsofapidginorcreoleitisdifficulttoresistthetemptationtocompareitwiththestandardlanguagewithwhichitisassociated LinguisticCharacteristics SoundsInflectionSyntaxVocabulary Sounds Thesoundsofapidginorcreolearelikelytobefewerandlesscomplicatedintheirpossiblearrangementsthanthoseofthecorrespondingstandardlanguage Inflection Inpidginsandcreolesthereislikelytobeacompletelackofinflectioninnouns pronouns verbs andadjectives Weshouldnotbesurprisedthatthereissuchacompletereductionofinflectioninpidgins Syntax Sytactically sentencesarelikelytobeuncomplicatedinclausalstructure Creolesassosiatedwithquitedifferentstadardlanguagesapparentlyuseidenticalsyntacticdevices Vocabulary Thevocabu
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