人机交互论文中英对照.doc

An Agenda for Human-Computer Interaction Research: 交互方式和输入/输出设备 Interaction Styles罗伯特jk的雅各布简介 INTRODUCTION 日益改善的瓶颈交互系统的有用性 The bottleneck in improving the usefulness of interactive systems increasingly 在于在执行请求不予处理任务本身，而是在沟lies not in performing the processing task itself but in communicating requests and结果之间的系统和它的用户。 results between the system and its user. 在这方面取得进展的最好的杠杆 The best leverage for progress in this area因此，现在就是在用户界面，而不是系统内部。 therefore now lies at the user interface, rather than the system internals. 更快，更 Faster, more便捷的方式为用户和计算机自然，更多的交流信息 natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information是必要的。 are needed. 在用户的身边，互动系统技术是受制于 On the users side, interactive system technology is constrained by the人际交往能力的性质，机关和;在电脑旁，这是浓度， nature of human communication organs and abilities; on the computer side, it is con- 紧张只有输入/输出设备和方法，我们可以发明。 strained only by input/output devices and methods that we can invent. 我们面临的挑战 The challenge我们面前的是设计新的设备和对话，更好地适合种和利用 before us is to design new devices and types of dialogues that better fit and exploit the有关特点人类通讯的。 communication-relevant characteristics of humans. The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful信息处理器（人机）企图相互沟通 information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each其他通过一个窄带宽，高约束接口（Tufte着，1989）。 other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface . 研究Research in这方面的尝试，以增加在该接口的有用带宽。 this area attempts to increase the useful bandwidth across that interface. 更快，更 Faster, more自然-特别少的顺序，更多的并行-计算机模式的用户 naturaland particularly less sequential, more parallelmodes of user-computer通信将有助于消除这个瓶颈。 communication will help remove this bottleneck. 一项研究议程人机交互： Interaction Styles and Input/Output Devices 交互方式Robert JK Jacob INTRODUCTION 简介 The bottleneck in improving the usefulness of interactive systems increasingly 日益改善的障碍交互系统的有用性lies not in performing the processing task itself but in communicating requests and 在于在执行请求不予处理任务本身，而是在沟通和results between the system and its user. 结果之间的系统和它的用户。 The best leverage for progress in this area 在这方面取得进展的最好的杠杆therefore now lies at the user interface, rather than the system internals. 因此，现在就是在用户界面，而不是系统内部。 Faster, more 更快，更natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information便捷的方式为用户和计算机自然，更多的交流信息are needed. 是必要的。 On the users side, interactive system technology is constrained by the 在用户的身边，互动系统技术是受制于nature of human communication organs and abilities; on the computer side, it is con-人际交往能力的性质，机关和;在电脑旁，这是浓度, strained only by input/output devices and methods that we can invent. 紧张只有输入/输出设备和方法，我们可以发明。 The challenge 我们面临的挑战before us is to design new devices and types of dialogues that better fit and exploit the 我们面前的是设计新的设备和对话，更好地适合种和利用communication-relevant characteristics of humans. 有关特点人类通讯的。 The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful 这种相互作用问题人机可以被看作是两个强大的information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each信息处理器（人机）企图相互沟通other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface (Tufte, 1989).其他通过一个窄带宽，高约束接口。 Research in 研究this area attempts to increase the useful bandwidth across that interface.这方面的尝试，以增加在该接口的有用带宽。Faster, mo更快，更naturaland particularly less sequential, more parallelmodes of user-computer自然-特别少的顺序，更多的并行-计算机模式的用户communication will help remove this bottleneck. 通信将有助于消除这个瓶颈。Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction ( output Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction ( output在计算机科学方面的设备，我们将用以下，但在输入设备 devices in computer science terms, which we will use hereinafter, but input devices in心理方面的电脑），比用户到，因此用户电脑的对话通常是 psychological terms) than user-to-computer, so user-computer dialogues are typically片面的，与计算机带宽到用户远远大于从该 one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from用户的计算机。 user to computer. 我们特别感兴趣的输入媒介，可以帮助纠正 We are especially interested in input media that can help redress这个快速的不平衡从用户方便地获取数据和。 this imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly. 输入是一个 Input is a被忽视的领域相对于输出，特别是考虑作出的巨大进步 neglected field relative to output, particularly considering the great strides made in计算机图形，但由于这个原因，也是一个地区，提供了最大的 computer graphics, but for that reason it is also an area that provides the greatest机会的研究和进展。 opportunity for research and progress. 然而有趣的是，输入的数据的来源 Interestingly, however, input is the source of也许是一个最大的成功故事为基础的研究理论，在盐酸-的 perhaps the single biggest success story for theoretically-based research in HCIthe 鼠标（卡，1978）mouse. A basic research program in interactive systems provides the opportunity to go除了为每个特定的用户界面的直接关注发展中国家 beyond the immediate concerns of developing the user interface for each particular新的系统，并允许人机交互系统的研究普遍存在的问题，许多未来， new system and allows the study of HCI problems that pervade many future systems,因此这种研究可以有更大的影响力远长期研究。 and thus such research can have far greater leverage in the long run. 的关系 The relationship基础研究和应用开发的理想在这方面形成一个环流， between basic research and application development in this area ideally forms a circu摩尔链：在特定接口的应用推广和遇到lar chain: specific interface problems encountered in applications are generalized and然后在基础研究解决的新的互动模式，通过发明或技术;及 then solved in basic research by inventing new interaction modes or techniques; and这些一般的方法可以适用于除制订具体的用户 these general approaches can then be applied to the development of specific user inter面孔。faces. 最后，重要的是要记住，修改一个系统的用户界面， Finally, it is important to remember that modifying 目前的技术已在计算机强大到用户的方向（ 输出devices in computer science terms, which we will use hereinafter, but input devices in在计算机科学方面的设备，我们将用以下，但在输入设备psychological terms) than user-to-computer, so user-computer dialogues are typically 心理方面的电脑），比用户到，因此用户电脑的对话通常是one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from片面的，与计算机带宽到用户远远大于从该user to computer.用户的计算机。 We are especially interested in input media that can help redress 我们特别感兴趣的输入媒介，可以帮助纠正this imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly.这个快速的不平衡从用户方便地获取数据和。Input i输入是一个neglected field relative to output, particularly considering the great strides made in被忽视的领域相对于输出，特别是考虑作出的巨大进步computer graphics, but for that reason it is also an area that provides the greatest计算机图形，但由于这个原因，也是一个地区，提供了最大的opportunity for research and progress.机会的研究和进展。 Interestingly, however, input is the source of 然而有趣的是，输入的数据的来源perhaps the single biggest success story for theoretically-based research in HCIthe也许是一个最大的成功故事为基础的研究理论HCI-mouse (Card, 19鼠标。 A basic research program in interactive systems provides the opportunity to go一个交互系统的基础研究项目提供了机会去beyond the immediate concerns of developing the user interface for each particular除了为每个特定的用户界面的直接关注发展中国家new system and allows the study of HCI problems that pervade many future systems新的系统，并允许人机交互系统的研究普遍存在的问题，许多未来,and thus such research can have far greater leverage in the long因此这种研究可以有更大的影响力远长期研究。 The relationship 的关系between basic research and application development in this area ideally forms a circu-基础研究和应用开发的理想在这方面形成一个环流，lar chain: specific interface problems encountered in applications are generalized 摩尔链：在特定接口的应用推广和遇到的问题then solved in basic research by inventing new interaction modes or techniques; and然后在基础研究解决的新的互动模式，通过发明或技术;及these general approaches can then be applied to the development of specific user inter-这些一般的方法可以适用于除制订具体的用户faces.面孔。 Finally, it is important to remember that modifying the user interface of a sys- 最后，重要的是要记住，修改一个系统的用户界面，tem, particularly the characteristics of its input/output media is not simply tinke透射电子显微镜，特别是媒体的特点，其输入/输出不只是修修补补with the superficial appearance of the system.该系统与表面外观。 It changes the users fundamental per- 它改变了用户的基本每ception of a system (Ledgard, 1980).按照一个系统。 Interaction research goes to the heart of how 去互动研究如何对心脏。the user interface of a sys透射电子显微镜，特别是媒体的特点，其输入/输出不只是修修补补tem, particularly the characteristics of its input/output media is not simply tinkering该系统与表面外观。 with the superficial appearance of the system. 它改变了用户的基本每 It changes the users fundamental perception一个系统（莱德加德，1980）。ception of a system .Interaction research goes to the heart of how.人民的理解和使用计算机系统，而不是简单的表面。 people comprehend and work with computer systems, not simply the surface. 下一个交互风格 Interaction Style 除了这个总的框架，超越设备的改善，特别是 Beyond this general framework, and beyond improvements in particular device技术，计算机类的趋势是一个新的输入/输出设备和人力 technologies, a trend toward a new class of input/output device and human-computer交互风格正在形成。 interaction style is emerging. 其设备对输入外地特别是 Its effect on the field of input devices specifically is to用户提供移动的对象为促动 ，通过具体的命令 move from providing objects for the user to actuate through specific commands to简单地 感应使用者的身体。 simply sensing the users body. 尼尔森介绍了这种新一代互动 Nielsen describes this next generation interaction作风非命令为基础： style as non-command-based: people comprehend and work with computer systems, not simply the surface“第五代用户界面模式似乎是围绕着 The fifth generation user interface paradigm seems to be centered around非基于命令的对话。 non-command-based dialogues. 这个词是有点消极的方式 This term is a somewhat negative way of描述一个新的互动形式，但到目前为止，统一概念 characterizing a new form of interaction but so far, the unifying concept似乎是完全放弃所有的耳朵的基本原则， does seem to be exactly the abandonment of the principle underlying all ear肝范例：这是一个对话的具体和精确控制lier paradigms: That a dialogue has to be controlled by specific and precise和由用户发出的命令作出答复和处理由计算机。 commands issued by the user and processed and replied to by the computer.新接口往往甚至没有传统意义上的对话 The new interfaces are often not even dialogues in the traditional meaning of这个词，尽管他们显然有一些分析 the word, even though they obviously can be analyzed as having some dialogue content at some level since they do involve the exchange of infor-mation之间的用户和计算机。 mation between a user and a computer.人民的理解和使用计算机系统，而不是简单的表面。 The Next Interaction Style 交互风格 Beyond this general framework, and beyond improvements in particular device 除了这个总的框架，超越设备的改善，特别是technologies, a trend toward a new class of input/output device and human-computer技术，计算机类的趋势是一个新的输入/输出设备和人力interaction style is emerging.交互风格正在形成。 Its effect on the field of input devices specifically is to 其设备对输入外地特别是move from providing objects for the user to actuate through specific commands to用户提供移动的对象为促动 ，通过具体的命令simply sensing the users body.简单地感应使用者的身体。 Nielsen describes this next generation interaction尼尔森介绍了这种新一代互动 style as non-command-based: 作风非命令为基础：“第五代用户界面模式似乎是围绕着non-command-based dialogues. 非基于命令的对话。This term is a somewhat negative way of这个词是有点消极的方式characterizing a new form of interaction but so far, the unifying concept描述一个新的互动形式，但到目前为止，统一概念does seem to be exactly the abandonment of the principle underlying all ear-似乎是完全放弃所有的耳朵的基本原则lier paradigms: That a dialogue has to be controlled by specific and precise，肝范例：这是一个对话的具体和精确控制commands issued by the user and processed and replied to by the computer.和由用户发出的命令作出答复和处理由计算机。The new interfaces are often not even dialogues in the traditional meaning of新接口往往甚至没有传统意义上的对话the word, even though they obviously can be analyzed as having some这个词，尽管他们显然有一些分析dialogue content at some level since they do involve the exchange of infor-对话层次的内容，因为他们做一些涉及Infor的交流， mation between a user and a computermation之间的用户和计算机。 The principles shown at CHI90 在CHI90所示的原则which I am summarizing as being non-command-based interaction are eye我所总结的是非基于命令的交互的眼睛tracking interfaces, artificial realities, play-along music accompaniment, and跟踪接口，人工现实，发挥沿音乐伴奏， agents. (Nielsen, 1990)和代理商。The principles shown at CHI90我所总结的是非基于命令的交互的眼睛 which I am summarizing as being non-command-based interaction are eye跟踪接口，人工现实，发挥沿音乐伴奏， tracking interfaces, artificial realities, play-along music accompaniment, and代理商。“（尼尔森，1990） agents. This new style of input will require new devices, new types of interaction tech-niques，新的软件方法来对付他们。 niques, and new software approaches to deal with them. 不同于传统的投入， Unlike traditional inputs,如键盘和鼠标，代表的新的投入故意少一个驱动的 such as keyboards and mice, the new inputs represent less intentional actuation of a设备或发出的命令，但更喜欢用户被动监测。 device or issuance of a command, but are more like passive monitoring of the user.出于这个原因，往往会出现投入同时又与一，因为不同 For that reason the inputs tend to occur concurrently with one another, as different用户方面的进行监测。 aspects of the user are monitored. 从dev的观点研究点对输入 From the point of view of research in input dev冰，这种风格需要改变传统设备被动设备ices, this style requires a change from conventional devices to passive equipment that感官的用户。 senses the user. 这种设备的例子是不显眼的三维跟踪器， Examples of such devices are unobtrusive three-dimensional trackers,手工测量装置，识别）遥控摄影机（加上适当的方式，范围 hand-measuring devices, remote cameras (plus appropriate pattern recognition), range照相机，眼球运动监测，甚至生理监视器。 cameras, eye movement monitors, and even physiological monitors. “自然” The natural这些输入设备的素质都非常匹配新的输出技术，如 qualities of these input devices are well matched to new output technologies such as立体显示，头加上显示器，方向性，非语音音频。 stereoscopic displays, head-coupled displays, and directional, non-speech audio.Common Characteristics of the Emerging Interaction Styles 在讨论研究的具体领域，我们会考虑整体环境， Before discussing specific areas of research, we will consider the overall environ彪是在地平线上。ment that is on the horizon. 新的非命令式的特点可以基于 The new non-command-based style can be characterized作为观察的基础上的用户而不是用户驱动。 as based on observation of the user rather than user actuated. 本节列举 This section enumerates和一些新的接口的共同特点，他们要求这些 some of the common characteristics of these new 这种输入新的样式将需要新设备，新类型的互动技术， niques, and new software approaches to deal with them. niques，新的软件方法来对付他们。 Unlike traditional inputs, 不同于传统的投入， such as keyboards and mice, the new inputs represent less intentional actuation of如键盘和鼠标，代表的新的投入故意少一个驱动的device or issuance of a command, but are more like passive monitoring of the user.设备或发出的命令，但更喜欢用户被动监测。For that reason the inputs tend to occur concurrently with one another, as different出于这个原因，往往会出现投入同时又与一，因为不同aspects of the user are monitored.用户方面的进行监测。 From the point of view of research in input d从dev的观点研究点对输入ices, this style requires a change from conventional devices to passive equipment that，这种风格需要改变传统设备被动设备senses the user.感官的用户。 Examples of such devices are unobtrusive three-dimensional trackers,这种设备的例子是不显眼的三维跟踪器， hand-measuring devices, remote cameras (plus appropriate pattern recognition), range（手工测量装置，识别）遥控摄影机加上适当的方式，范围cameras, eye movement monitors, and even physiological monitors.照相机，眼球运动监测，甚至生理监视器。 The natural “自然” qualities of these input devices are well matched to new output technologies such as 这些输入设备的素质都非常匹配新的输出技术，如stereoscopic displays, head-coupled displays, and directional, non-speech audio.立体显示，头加上显示器，方向性，非语音音频。Common Characteristics of the Emerging Interaction Styles 互动形式共同特点的新兴 Before discussing specific areas of research, we will consider the overall environ- 在讨论研究的具体领域，我们会考虑整体环境ment that is on the horizon.是在地平线上。 The new non-command-based style can be characterized 新的非命令式的特点可以基于as based on observation of the user rather than user actuated.作为观察的基础上的用户而不是用户驱动。This section enumerates 本节列举some of the common characteristics of these new interfaces and the requirements they和一些新的接口的共同特点，他们要求这些impose on their software, hardware, and input/output devices (Green, 1991).强加给他们的软件，硬件和输入/输出设备。 interfaces and the requirements they强加给他们的软件，硬件和输入/输出设备（绿，1991）。 impose on their software, hardware, and input/output devices. These interfaces are more highly interactive than their predecessors. 也就是说，他们 That is, they为了避免限制用户的输入设置有效的，无论什么状态 attempt to avoid restricting the users set of valid inputs, no matter what state the申请所在，这是更重要的，仅仅移动到一个不太moded互动 application is in. This is more significant that just moving to a less mode interaction风格：一指挥基地的词汇什么可以被认为是增加剧作家， style: the base vocabulary of what can be considered a command increased dramati和Cally。cally. 他们还通常有两个基本appli许多自由度的， They also typically have many degrees of freedom in both the underlying appli-阳离子和交互设备。 cation and the interaction devices. 例如，一个标准的数据手套有16度 For example a standard DataGlove has 16 degrees自由，每一个都可以进行采样多达60次的市盈率。 of freedom, each of which can be sampled up to 60 times per second. 此外， In addition, the用户可以一般工作几个输入或输出设备的同时。 user may typically operate several input or output devices simultaneously. 这些 These接口，因此需要一个大量的输入和输出的带宽，从而导致 interfaces thus require large amounts of input and output bandwidth, which leads to a资源需要投入大量的硬件来处理高比特率数据作为 need for devoting significant hardware resources to processing high bit rates of data as以及数据压缩与识别算法，需要处理大量的，但 well as to data reduction and recognition algorithms needed to handle voluminous, but不精确的投入。 imprecise inputs. 新的界面风格特点也将更加密切设备 New interface styles will also be characterized by devices that are more closely匹配比计算机的用户的特性。 matched to the users characteristics than the computers. 而不是一个用户培训 Rather than training a user操作键盘，他可能被允许使用他现有的，自然的交际 to operate a keyboard, he might be allowed to use his existing, natural communicative技能（比如手势，语音，手写，甚至眼球运动），而 abilities (such as gesture, speech, handwriting, or even eye movements), while the计算机将被编程来感知用户的操作和解释他们在 computer will be programmed to perceive the users actions and interpret them in a这样有意义的对话。 way meaningful to the dialogue. 这个解释将需要越来越多 This interpretation will require an increasing amount致力于互动的处理能力以及技术处理用户 of processing power devoted to user interaction as well as techniques for 这些接口更高度的互动比他们的前辈。 That is, they 也就是说，他们attempt to avoid restricting the users set of valid inputs, no matter what state the为了避免限制用户的输入设置有效的，无论什么状态application is in. This is more significant that just moving to a less moded interaction申请所在，这是更重要的，仅仅移动到一个不太方式互动style: the base vocabulary of what can be considered a command increased dramati-风格：一指挥基地的词汇什么可以被认为是增加明显性cally.They also typically have many degrees of freedom in both the underlying appli-他们还通常有两个基本应用cation and the