3园艺科学Anotomy.ppt

HorticulturalScience YAOQingyaoqscau 020 85286902 O BILINGUALCOURSE Contents IntroductiontoHorticulture 2h ClassificationofHorticulturalCrops 4h AnatomyofHorticulturalCrops 6h GrowthEnvironmentofHorticulturalCrops 6h PlantPhysiologyofHorticulturalCrops 4h PropagationofHorticulturalCrops 2h MineralNutrientsandFertilizationofHorticulturalCrops 4h OrganicHorticulturalPractice 4h HOMEWORK 1st Chooseoneofyourfavoritehorticulturalcropsanddescribeitsclassificationaccordingtoitsscientificname seasonalgrowthcycle kindofstem stemgrowthform Pleasealsoincludepicturesforillustration Seetheexampleonthenextslide Emailtoyaoqscau 荔枝 litchi lychee Thelitchi alsoknownaslychee isthesolememberofthegenusLitchiinthesoapberry 无患子 family Sapindaceae 无患子科 ItisatropicalandsubtropicalfruittreenativetosouthernChina Taiwan BangladeshandSoutheastAsia andnowcultivatedinmanypartsoftheworld scientificname Litchichinensisseasonalgrowthcycle perennialkindofstem treestemgrowthform erect Questions TranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish 界门纲目科属种 KingdomDivisionClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies Chapter3 AnatomyofHorticulturalCrops Glossary Wholeplant Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Macromolecules LevelsoforganizationofplantsThestudyofplantsbelowtheleveloforgansusuallyrequirestheaidofspecialequipmentsuchasmicroscopestoobserveandmanipulate Thecellisthebasicunitoforganizationoflivingthings Cell Thebasicstructuralandphysiologicalunitofplantsandanimals Plantanatomy Thestudyofthestructureofcells tissues andtissuesystemsofplants Cellstructure 针晶 簇晶 核糖体 细胞核 核仁 大中央液泡 淀粉粒 细胞壁 细胞膜 高尔基体 叶绿体 液泡膜 线粒体 细胞质 粗面型内质网 滑面型内质网 高尔基小泡 Typesofplantcellsandtissues SimpletissuesParenchyma characterizedbythinwall Collenchyma havingathickprimarywall Sclerenchyma havingtwowalls primaryandsecondary Primaryandsecondarywallscontaincellulose hemicelluloseandpectin albeitindifferentproportions Approximatelyequalamountsofpectinandhemicellulosearepresentindicotprimarywallswhereashemicelluloseismoreabundantingrasses Thesecondarywallsofwoodytissueandgrassesarecomposedpredominantlyofcellulose lignin andhemicellulose Thecellulosefibrilsareembeddedinanetworkofhemicelluloseandlignin Cross linkingofthisnetworkisbelievedtoresultintheeliminationofwaterfromthewallandtheformationofahydrophobiccompositethatlimitsaccessibilityofhydrolyticenzymesandisamajorcontributortothestructuralcharacterisiticsofsecondarywalls FunctionsThemostimportantfunctionoftheparenchymacellsofrootsandstemisthestorageoffood e g starch andwater Theintercellularairspacespermitgaseousexchange 薄壁组织 FunctionsThecollenchymaserveassupportingandstrengtheningtissue Incollenchymawithchloroplasts photosynthesistakesplace 厚角组织 FunctionsAnimportantsupportingtissueinplants sclereidsareresponsibleforthehardnessofdateseedsandtheshellofwalnut Fibresprobablyplayaroleinthetransportofwaterintheplant Starchgranulesarestoredintheyoung livingfibres 厚壁组织 ComplextissuesEpidermis theoutmostlayeroftheplants Secretorytissues tissuessecretingmaterial eitheroutsideorinside Conductingtissues anelaboratesystemofvesselsusedinconductingorganicandinorganicsolutesfromplacetoplaceintheplant Apicalmeristems areasofactivegrowthlocatedatthetips wherecellsaredividingrapidly FunctionsTheepidermalcellsprotecttheunderlyingcells Thewaxycuticlepreventsthelossofmoisturefromtheleavesandstems Thetransparentepidermalcellsallowsunlight forphotosynthesis topassthroughtothechloroplastsinthemesophylltissue Thestomataofleavesandstemsallowgaseousexchangetotakeplacewhichisnecessaryforphotosynthesisandrespiration Watervapourmaybegivenoffthroughthestomataduringtranspiration Theroot hairsabsorbwateranddissolvedionsfromthesoil 气孔 Functionsxylemisanimportantstrengtheningtissue Xylemvesselsandtracheidstransportwaterandmineralsalts Starchissometimesstoredinthexylemfibresandxylemparenchyma 木质部 管胞 导管分子 FunctionsSievetubestransportorganiccompounds Companioncellshelpstoregulatethemetabolicactivitiesofthesievetubeelements Thephloemfibresgivetheplantmechanicalstrength Thephloemparenchymastorescompoundssuchasstarch 韧皮部 筛管分子 伴胞 代谢 Cellstructure 针晶 簇晶 核糖体 细胞核 核仁 大中央液泡 淀粉粒 细胞壁 细胞膜 高尔基体 叶绿体 液泡膜 线粒体 细胞膜 粗面型内质网 滑面型内质网 高尔基小泡 1 2 3 4 5 6 边缘嵌合体 周缘嵌合体 扇形嵌合体 Stem DicotstemIndicotstems vascularbundles 维管束 arearrangedinacircleneartheoutside Thephloemarefoundontheoutsideofthevascularbundleandthexylemareontheinside Thereisapith 髓 locatedinthecentermadeupofmostlyparenchymalcells MonocotstemInmostmonocotsthevascularbundlesarearrangedthroughoutthegroundtissue 基本组织 ratherthaninaring thusitisnotpossibletodistinguishpithandcortex 皮层 regions 根状茎rhizome 匍匐茎runner 刺状叶 匍匐茎stolon 卷须 块茎potato Modifiedstems 球茎corm Therearesomeadventitiousrootsonthestrawberryruuner however noadventitiousrootsispresentonthecloverstolon AnatomyofHorticulturalCrops LeafRootFlower Leaf ExternalAnatomyoftheLeaf Phyllotaxy 叶序 Phyllotaxyisarrangementofleavesalongthelengthofthestematthenodes TheLeaf SiteofPhotosynthesis Transpiration 互生 对生 轮生 叶序 alternate oneleafpernode offsetinoppositedirections alternating Typicalofgrasses opposite twoleavespernode setinoppositedirections whorled multipleleavespernode setinaspiral 角质层 栅栏叶肉细胞 海绵叶肉细胞 Internalanatomyoftheleaf Arealcrosssectionofleaf Thefunctionsofleaf 1 Foodmanufacture2 Protection budscales 芽鳞 floralbracts 花苞片 sepals 花萼片 3 Storage Fordetails seethetextbook P69 Tips Normally budscalesarepresentinthewinterbuds therefore theplantagecanbeestimatedaccordingtothenumberoftheringofbudscalescars a Cuticle Waxylayer waterproofing upperleaves b Upperepidermis Upperlayerofcells Nochloroplasts Protection c PalisadeMesophyll Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells d SpongyMesophyll Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells Airspacesaroundthem e LowerEpidermis hypodermis Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf f VascularBundle Bundleofmanyvessels 导管 xylemandphloem fortransport g Xylem Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater mineralsthroughoutplant h Phloem Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganiccompoundsthroughoutplant i GuardCells 2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas waterexchange j Stomata Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas waterexchange a Waxylayer waterproofing upperleaves b Upperlayerofcells Nochloroplasts Protection c Tightlypackedupperlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells d Lowerlayerofchloroplastcontainingcells Airspacesaroundthem e Lowerexternallayerofcellsinleaf f Bundleofmanyvessels 导管 xylemandphloem fortransport g Livingvascularsystemcarryingwater mineralsthroughoutplant h Livingvascularsystemcarryingdissolvedsugarsandorganiccompoundsthroughoutplant i 2cellssurroundingstomatathatcontrolrateofgas waterexchange j Openingbetweenguardcellsforgas waterexchange 角质层上表皮栅栏叶肉组织海绵叶肉组织下表皮维管束木质部韧皮部保卫细胞气孔 cuticleupperepidermispalisademesophyllspongymesophylllowerepidermisvascularbundlexylemphloemguardcellstoma Factorswhichcausestomatatoopenorclose1 Lightgenerallycausesstomatatoopenanddarknesstoclose Insomesucculentplants however thistrendisreversedandtheplantsopentheirstomataatnightwhentheycantakeadvantageofthecoolereveningtemperaturesforgaseousexchange thusreducingwaterloss 2 Wiltingorwaterdeficit 水分亏缺 causesthestomataofaplanttoclose thuspreventingfurtherwaterlossfromtheleaves 3 AnincreaseinCO2 carbondioxide causesstomatalclosure 4 Increaseintemperaturecausesstomatatoopen stoma stomata stomas LeafBlade Wideflattenedareaofleafforconcentratingsunlightonphotosyntheticcells Petiole Shortstemthatattachesleaftomainstemorbranch Veins Vascularbundleswithinleaffortransport Node Growthregionofstemwhereleavesornewbranchesarise Axillarybud Babyleaforstem nextyearsgrowth SimpleLeaf OneBlade 无托叶 有托叶 无叶柄 抱茎 单叶 复叶 CompoundLeaf BladeDividedIntoLeaflets PalmatelyCompound Digitate Norachis reikis 叶轴 PinnatelyCompound Pinnate Witharachis 掌状复叶 羽状复叶 PinnatelyandPalmatelyTrifoliate 羽状三出复叶 掌状三出复叶 TwicePinnatelyCompound Bipinnate 二回羽状复叶 Pinnatifid Pinnatelydissectednearlytothemidrib 羽状半裂叶片 叶脉 vein 的排列方式 羽状 网状 掌状 三出 平行 TheVascularSystemThevascularsystemisdistributedthroughoutthemesophyll andisvisibleonthesurfaceoftheleafasthevenationpattern 弧形叶脉 掌状叶脉 平行叶脉 羽状叶脉 网状叶脉 Acrosssectionofthepetiolerevealsthatthephloemisonthebottomofeachvein andthexylemisontop pictureitaspeelingawayfromthestemasitgrowsoutwardfromthestem Bothareprimary anddonotdevelopfromthevascularcambium hydrophyte plantevolvedtothriveinverywetconditionsxerophyte xeriphyte plantevolvedtothriveinverydryconditionsmesophyte plantevolvedtothriveinmoderateconditions withrespecttowater Wouldyouexpectaxerophytetohaverelativelyfew orrelativelymanystomates comparedtoamesophyte andWhy DISCUSSION Whatwater savingepidermalfeaturesdoxerophyteshave Plantscanbebroadlyclassifiedintothreecategories 1 numeroustrichomes 毛状体 somewithsecretedresins 2 thickwaxycuticle 角质层 3 fewuppersurfacestomates4 stomatesrecessedintogroovesontheleafsurface leavesmodifiedforverydryenvironments LeafModificationsandSpecializationsLeavesshowthegreatestdiversityofmodificationofalltheplantorgans Anoverviewofsomeofthesefollows butyouwillencounterleavesthatwillamazeandastoundyoubeyondwhatyouseehere Leafstructureandshapeisintimatelyrelatedtotheenvironmentalconditionsunderwhchtheplantevolved butalsoinwhichithasdeveloped Thegeneticplasticityofplantorgansisclearlyreflectedinsuchthingsasvariableshapes pigmentationandsizesofleavesandstemsonthesameplantthatgrowinsunversusshade orothervariableenvironments 课堂提问 角质层上表皮栅栏叶肉细胞维管束鞘细胞木质部韧皮部下表皮海绵叶肉细胞保卫细胞气孔叶脉 Roots 直根系 须根系 支持根 Thefunctionsofroots 1 Generalfunctions anchorage 固定 nutrientandwaterabsorption 养分和水分的吸收 hormonesynthesis 激素的合成 2 Specializedfunctions storageofcarbohydrates 储存碳水化合物 aerialsupport 气生性支撑 propagation 繁殖 proprootsorbraceroots propagativeroots havemeristematicregionsfromwherenew geneticallyidenticalplantletscangrow Theseregionsarenotthesameasnodes theydonotcontainatrueapicalmeristem Someplantscanbepropagatedfromasectionofaroot Rootcuttingsofwoodyplantsareusuallytakenfromplantsduringthedormantseason whencarbohydratelevelsarehigh Rootcuttingsofsomespeciesproducenewshoots whichthenformtheirownrootsystem whereasrootcuttingsofotherplantsdeveloprootsystemsbeforeproducingnewshoots Examplesofplantsthatcanbepropagatedfromrootcuttingsincluderaspberry 树莓 blackberry 黑莓 rose 玫瑰 trumpetvine 凌霄花 phlox 夹竹桃 crabapple 海棠 fig 无花果 lilac 丁香花 adventitiousroots arerootsthatgrowanywheretheyarenot expected Examplesaretheadventitiousrootsthatgrowfromtherunnersofstrawberryplants Severaloftheroottypeslistedabove e g proproots aerialroots canalsobeconsideredadventitious Airlayering Softwoodcutting TheCortexJustinternaltotheepidermisliesthecortex composedprimarilyofparenchyma Comparisonofthecrosssectionsofdicotandmonocot 中柱鞘 内皮层 Cortexplastidsareprimarilyforstorage fats carbohydrates Onlyinsomespecieswithphotosyntheticrootsaretherechloroplastsinthesecells Inwoodyplants thecortexisshedoffoncewoodygrowthbegins suberization Inherbaceousplants thecortexismaintainedthroughoutthelifeoftheplant EpidermisDermaltissue 表皮组织 ProtectionoftherootCortexGroundtissue 基本组织 StorageofphotosyntheticproductsActiveintheuptakeofwaterandmineralsEndodermiscylinderoncecellthickthatformsaboundarybetweenthecortexandthestelecontainsthecasparianstrip whichwillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscusswateruptakePericycle 中柱鞘 foundjustinsideoftheendodermismaybecomemeristematicresponsiblefortheformationoflateralrootsVascularTissueXylemandPhloemFormsanX shapedpatterninverycenterofroot Dicot EpidermisDermaltissueProtectionoftherootCortexGroundtissueStorageofphotosyntheticproductsActiveintheuptakeofwaterandmineralsEndodermiscylinderoncecellthickthatformsaboundarybetweenthecortexandthesteleevenmoredistinctthandicotcounterpartcontainsthecasparianstrip whichwillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscusswateruptakePericyclefoundjustinsideoftheendodermismaybecomemeristematicresponsiblefortheformationoflateralrootsVascularTissueXylemandPhloemFormsaringnearcenterofplantPithCentermostregionofroot Monocot primaryroot 初生根 rootthatdevelopsdirectlyfromtheradicle 胚根 ofanembryoratherthanfromacrown 根颈 ornode beanseedling 原表皮层 原形成层 静止中心 苞叶 Flowers 雌蕊 心皮 雄蕊 花药 花丝 柱头 花柱 子房 花瓣 萼片 花柄 pedis l pi d kl 花萼 keiliks 花冠 Ifaflowerhasbothmale 雄性 andfemale 雌性 parts itissaidtobeperfect 两性花 Whenallofthefourpartsofaflowerarepresent acompleteflower 完全花 exists Ifoneormorepartsaremissing theflowerissaidtobeincomplete 不完全花 Certainflowersareeithermaleorfemaleand therefore imperfect 单性花 Inplantsdescribedasmonoecious 雌雄同株 bothmaleandfemaleflowersoccurinoneplantbutarephysicallylocatedondifferentparts 减数分裂 mai usis 二倍体 单倍体 花粉囊 Mitosis有丝分裂 mi t usis 生殖细胞 管细胞 花托 ri sept kl 胚珠 聚伞圆锥花序 穗状花序 总状花序 伞房花序 伞形花序 头状花序 圆锥花序 受精 Fertilized F G H I A 花药B 花丝C 柱头D 花柱E 子房F 花瓣G 萼片H 花托I 花柄 AntherFilamentStigmaStyleOvaryPetal corollaSepal calyxReceptaclePedicle 课堂提问 Seed 种皮 胚乳 单子叶 叶鞘 真叶 胚根 平行叶脉 须根系 主根 凋萎的子叶 网状叶脉 胚芽鞘 kolioptail 上胚轴 下胚轴 胚芽鞘 胚乳 HOMEWORK 2nd Chooseahorticulturalplanttodemonstratethefunctionsofstem leaforroots Amongseveralfunctions youcanchoos