笔译配套第七单元 农业.doc

第七单元 农业u 主题相关英汉词语high-yielding seed高产种子agricultural ecology农业生态学agricultural reclamation农垦acidification of land; 土地酸化desert encroachment土地沙化Chemical fertilizer化肥bring the land under irrigation水利化(使农田得到灌溉)environment-friendly agriculture;eco-agriculture生态农业drain flooded low-lying land(s) 给受淹的低洼地排水plough/sow/weed the field犁地/给大田播种/田间除草carrot/ radish/cucumber胡萝卜/萝卜/黄瓜tractor/horse cart/ox cart拖拉机/马车/牛车shoulder pole/spade/sickle/pitchfork/plough扁担/铲/镰刀/干草叉/犁high-yielding/ low-yielding crops 高产/低产作物disease-resistant crop 抗病作物early/late ripening crop早/晚熟作物grow wheat/ cotton/ peanuts/ sugar-cane种小麦/棉花/花生/甘蔗goat/ he-goat/she-goat/ kid 山羊/公山羊/母山羊/小山羊cabbage/ Chinese cabbage/ greens卷心菜/大白菜/青菜cauliflower/spinach/ eggplant菜花,花椰菜/菠菜/茄子onion/ pepper/ ginger洋葱/辣椒/生姜string bean/ soybean/ broad bean/ peamushroom 蘑菇fell/ cut trees砍树/ 伐树animal husbandry/livestock raising 牧业,饲养业herd/ the cattle/ beef cattle 牛群/牛的总称/肉用牛、菜牛ox/ cow/ milk a cow 公牛/母牛/给母牛挤奶fishery渔业a sheep/ many sheep 一头绵羊/许多绵羊vet/animal doctor 兽医agricultural sideline occupations/ farm sidelines农村副业fish pond鱼塘Fresh-water fish culture淡水养鱼Sea-fishing/marine fishing海洋捕鱼英译汉 （一）Modified Agricultural Practices (1)Since agriculture accounts for nearly 70 percent of the worlds fresh water withdrawn from rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers for human use, the greatest potential for conservation lies with increasing irrigation efficiency1. By reducing irrigation by 10 percent, we could double2 the amount available for domestic water worldwide. This can be done by converting to water- conserving irrigation systems; taking the poorest and steepest lands out of poduction3; switching to less-thirsty crops which may require changes to government subsidies for certain crop); implementing proper agricultural land drainage and so management practices and reducing fertilizer and pesticide uses4. Typically, governments provide water to large commercial farmers at greatly subsidized rates, decreasing the need for conservation and promoting wasteful practices5. This has led to widespread use of wasteful irrigation systems6. Studies show that just 35-50 percent of water withdrawn for irrigated agriculture actually reaches the crops. Most soaks into the ground through unlined canals, leaks out of pipes, or evaporates before reaching fields. Although some of the water lost in inefficient irrigation systems returns to streams or aquifers where it can be tapped again, water quality is invariably degraded by pesticides, fertilizers and salts. This is in fact another way that commercial agriculture uses water: by polluting it so that it is no longer safe to drink. In areas where commercial agriculture is prevalent, runoff8 from farms has poisoned water supply with dangerous levels of toxics9. 课文词汇aquifer 蓄水层 subsidy 津贴drainage 排水；放水 参考译文改良的农业耕作从全世界河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层汲取的供人类使用的淡水中,有近70是用于农业，因此节水的最大潜在于提高农业灌溉效率1。减少10的灌溉用水，我们就能够使世界各地的家庭用水量增加一倍2（翻一番）。我们可以改用节水的灌溉系统，停止耕种（停止使用）3最贫瘠、最陡峭的土地，再种植耗水量较低得植物（这可能会要求改变政府对某些农作物的津贴额）；采取适当得农业土地排水及土壤管理办法；减少化肥和杀虫剂的使用4。通常（一般而言），政府以很高的津贴优惠向大户的商业性农民供水，这5 就削弱了节水的必要性，鼓励了浪费行为。这种做法已导致农民广泛使用浪费水资源的灌溉设备（农民对浪费性的灌溉设备的广泛使用）6。研究表明，农业灌溉用水中只有3550真正用在农作物上。大部分的水通过没有铺衬里的灌溉渠道浸入土壤，或从水管泄漏出来，或在到达农田之前就蒸发掉了。尽管从低效的灌溉系统中损失的部分水，会重新返回可再次利用的（可再次抽取的）河流或地下蓄水层中，但其水质因杀虫剂、化肥和盐份的渗入却不可避免地下降了7。这实际上就是商业性农业“使用”水的另一种方式：对水造成污染，使水无法再安全饮用。在商业性农业盛行的地区，从农田中流出的水8已经污染生活供水，使得水中的有毒物质达到危险的程度（从农田中流出的水由于含有达到危险程度的有毒物质使得生活供水受到污染）9。 译文评析1 此句英文较长，若在语序上泽文也与原文对应，可译为“由于农业用水约占从全世界的河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层汲取的供人类使用的淡水中的70 % ，节水的最大潜力在于提高农业灌溉效率”。但这种译法显然很累赘。遇到类似的英语长句，若长句的叙述层次与汉语相同，可按原文顺序依次译出；但在很多情况下必须抓住原文的中心思想，区别主次，沿着时间顺序和逻辑顺序，按汉语习惯重新加以组合，打破原来的结构以确切表达原意。不应拘泥于原文的语言形式，以免译文生硬。试看下例：There are many wonderful stories to tell ahout the places I visited and the people I met. 我访问了一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。 I was on my way from tramping about the streets, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the Matthews Gallery. 我扶着画稿在街上兜了一番，回家的路上无意中发现自己逛到马太画廊的门口。2 注意倍数double 的几种译法：“增加一倍”、“翻一番”、“是原来的2倍”。其它常用表示倍数的词还有“treble （增加2倍、增加到3倍、是原来的3倍）, quadruple （增加3倍、增加到4倍、是原来的4倍）, quintuple （增加4倍、是原来的5倍）, sextuple （增加5倍，是原来的6倍）, octuple （增加7倍、是原来的8倍）。3 动词短语take sth. out of sth.可理解为remove sth. from sth. （把某物从另一物处移开）或“cause sth. to disappear from sth. （使某物消失或除掉某物）。此处若直译为“从生产中除掉最陡峭的土地”则表达不畅，应依据上下文意思译为“停止耕种使用”。take sth. out of sth还可有其他译法，如：How much do you need to take out of the bank? 你需要从银行取出多少钱？Monthly contributions to the pension scheme will be taken out of your salary. 养老金制度中每月的公积金要从薪金中扣除。Cold water should take the stain out of your skirt. 用凉水可洗去你裙子上的污迹。The performance 15 50 good that it has taken me right out of myself. 这场演出真精彩，把我带进了忘我的境界。4 此句英文很长，基本结构很简单，由被动语态和四个并列的方式状语组成。这里的被动语态只起到连接上文的作用，译成汉语时应变为主动语态。把后面几个状语进行分译，进行句子结构的转换，突出汉语的动态描写特征，层层铺开，给人以舒缓明快的感觉。5 此处的伴随状语decreasing the need promoting wasteful practices 转译为汉语的一句，工增补指示代词“这”，更符合汉语的表达习惯。6 这里名词短语widespread use，译为动词短语“广泛使用”。英译汉日寸词性转换现象极为普遍，尤其是名词转化为动词，可以使译文更加简洁生动。7 此英文长句为一主从复合句，让步状语从句在前，主句在后。在Although 引导的让步状语从句中有两个定语成分，lost in inefficient irrigation systems 和where it can be tapped again 分别修饰先行词water 及streams or aquifers。经过这种逐层的结构分析，就能很快地找到相应的汉译文。汉语的状语从句多用在主句前，因此这里不必改变原文基本顺序，只须将两个小的英文后置定语变为汉语的前置定语即可.8 名词runoff 来自动词词组run ( sth) off ，意为（cause liquid to ) drain or flow out of a container（使液体流尽、排出），因此这里可译为一“流出的水”。9 这里的介词短语with dangerous levels of toxics 既可表示原因又可表示结果，因此会有上文中两种译法。英译汉 （二） Modified Agricultural Practices (2)Poorly planned and poorly built irrigation systems not only harm water quality, but can also irreparably1 harm the crop-growing capability of the land through salinization. Especially in arid areas, salts that occur naturally accumulate in irrigated soils. Poorly drained irrigation water can pollute water supply, and raise the groundwater table until it2 reaches the root zone, waterlogging and drowning crops. Globally, some 80 million hectares of farmland have been degraded by a combination of salinization and waterlogging. Switching to conserving irrigation systems has the biggest potential - to save water used for agriculture3 (experts say drip irrigation could potentially4 save 40-60 percent of water now used for agriculture). The most common water-conserving irrigation systems are some form5 of drip irrigation (also called micro-irrigation). Conventional sprinklers spray water over crops, not only irrigating more land than is needed to grow the crop but also losing much6 to evaporation. Drip irrigation, however, supplies water directly to the crops root system in small doses7, where it can be used by the plants roots. Water is delivered through emitters8 that drip water at each plant, or perforated piping, installed on the surface or below ground. This keeps evaporation losses low, at an efficiency rate of 95 percent. Although by 1991 some 1.6 million hectares were using drip irrigation worldwide, this is still less than one percent of all irrigated land worldwide. Some countries have made drip irrigation a serious national priority9, such as Israel, which uses drip irrigation on 50 percent of its total irrigated area. But clearly it is the exception, and most dry countries have a long way to go. 课文词汇salinization（土壤）碱化 arid 雨量极少的；干燥的，干早的waterlog 浸满水，浸透水 perforate 穿过；穿孔 参考译文改良的农业耕作计划不周或建造不好的灌溉系统不仅会破坏水质，还会由于土壤碱化而损害土壤的作物生长能力，而且这是不可恢复的1。尤其是在干旱地区，天然生成的盐会在灌溉过的土壤中越积越多（累积）。排放不畅的灌溉用水会污染供水，提高地下水位，直到地下水位2达到作物的根区，浸透土壤，淹死农作物。全球约有8 千万公项农田因土壤碱化和浸透而退化。转而使用节水的灌溉系统可以最大限度的节省农业用水，（专家声称，水滴灌溉的潜力可以4节省4060现在所用的农业用水）。最常使用的节水灌溉系统是某种5水滴灌溉系统（也称作“微灌溉”）。传统的洒水装置在农作物上方喷水，不仅灌溉了农作物生长所需的土地范围以外的土地（不仅使得到灌溉的土地超出了农作物生长所需的土地范围），而且使得大量水分6蒸发（而且由于水分蒸发而损失了更多的水）。然而，水滴灌溉是直接向植物的根系提供少量的水7（一点一点地提供水分），植物的根部能够吸收到这些水。水通过滴水装置8传递到每株植物，或通过安装在地表或地下的穿洞管道进行传递。这将水分蒸发的损失拉制在较低量，从而用水效率提高到95。尽管到1991 年之前，世界各地已有约160 万公项农田采用水滴灌溉，但这仍不到全世界灌溉土地面积的l。一些国家已正式将水滴灌溉列为全国重点推广事项9（全国优先考虑的事项），例如以色列总灌溉面积的50都采用水滴灌溉。但是很明显，这只是个特例，大多数干早的国家还有很长的一段路要走。 译文评析1 此处副词irreparably 作状语既可分译为上文中的句子“这是不可恢复的”，也可置于所修饰的动词harm 之前译为“不可挽回地损害 ”。2 英文原句中使用it 是为了避免重复groundwater table，但译成汉语时若保留it 译为“它”则指代不详。译文将it 恢复译为“地下水位”以使读者一目了然。3 此句也可转换句子结构，译为“要最大限度地节约农业用水，就要转而使用节水的灌溉系统”。4 副词Potentially 译为名词“潜力”，仍然忠实于原文。但也可以译为“水滴灌溉完全有可能 ”，因为potentially 也可解释为“quite possibly ”。5 some 用于复数名词之前时表不确定的数时，译为“一些”、“有一些”; some 在单数可数名词之前表示不确定性可译为“某一”、“某种”、例如：She won a competition in some newspaper or other . 她参加某报纸举办的比赛获胜。She thought that the rain would have some curative and wonderful effect on her body. 她认为下雨时她的身体产生某种治愈性的神奇效果。6 原文中省去water 一词以避免重复，但译文应清楚说明损失的东西为“大量水分”。7 in small doses 这里相当于in small quantities ，表示少量的。由于这里讲的水滴灌溉，所以也可生动地译为“一点一点地”。 8 emitter 这里不应译为“发射者、发射体”，而应根据其后面的修饰成份that drip water 译为“滴水装置”。9 priority 意为something given special or prior attention（优先考虑的事；重点工程项目）, priority 常出现在以下短语中： top/ first Priority 最优先的项目问题；头等重要的事情 a priority project 重点工程 according to priority 根据优先程度，根据轻重缓急，孰先孰后 give priority to 给以优先权，优先于 have / take priority over 比 优先，优先于 place/ put priority on 优先考虑 n 英汉翻译技巧 （七） 句子结构的转换在翻译较复杂的长句时我们要运川到多种翻译技巧，有时通过词的引申、词性的转换或句子成分的转换还是不能确切表达原文的含义，这时就要突破原文的形式，改变句子的整个结构，使之既忠实于原文的意义又符合汉语的表达习惯。这是英译汉时不可缺少的一个手段，下面举例说明常用的句子结构的转换法。一、成分分译法既把原文中较长的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理，一般译为汉语短语或独立句。如：The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do. 超声波的波长极短，其功能与普通声波相比大不相同。（主语分译）It is common knowledge that weight is a pull exerted on an object by the earth . 众所周知，重量是地球作用在物体上的引力。（谓语分译）A little yellow , ragged , lame , unshaven beggar . 一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫槛楼，瘸腿，满脸短说。（定语分译）Illogically , she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 她期待着会有某些奇迹般的解决方法，这是不合情理的事。（状语分译）二、句子变换法主要包括几下几种方法：把原文中的两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句，如：His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea. 译他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。把原文中的主从复合句（complex sentence ）译成单句。如：One must study hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 一个人必须勤学苦练，才能精通一种外国语。把定语从句译成状语从句。如：The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to of to hear from. 大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（表原因）He insisted on building another house , which he had no use for . 他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。（表让步）There was something original , independent , and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them . 这方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有气势，所以他们都很喜欢。（表结果）主题相关汉英词语三农问题 issues concerning agriculture , rural areas and farmers 农副业产品agricultural ( farm ) and sideline products 发展畜牧业、养殖业、林业develop animal husbandry（livestock farming) , aquaculture ( aquiculture ) and forestry 取得一个好收成一个丰收get a good/bumper harvest 连续五年丰收bumper harvests for five consecutive years ( for five years in a row; for five years in succession : for five years on end : for the fifth consecutive year ) 粮食总产量大幅度上升。The total grain output rose by a big margin. 总耕地面积the total cultivated area/the total area under cultivation/under crops 小麦水稻耕种面积the area under wheat/rice 在农忙闲季节during the busy / slack farming season 商品粮基地commodity grain production base “菜篮子”工程the shopping basket ( vegetable basket ) project ( programme) 减轻农民负担lighten the burden on the peasants (farmers ) 不准打白条No illegitimate promissory notes ( IOUs ) 农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labor ( laborers ) 退耕还林还牧convert the land for forest and pasture ; grain for green 小农经济small-scale peasant economy ; autarkical small-scale fanning 土地使用权land-use right 土地承包期land contract period 粮食收购部门（government s ) grain procurement ( purchasing ) agencies 提高农产品收购价格the governments increase in its procurement prices （for farm products ) 按保护价敞开收购粮食的政策a policy of purchasing grain without limitations at protective prices 取消国家对农产品的统购统销cancel the states monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products 粮食仓库grain depot 粮食收储企业grain collection and storage enterprise 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行closed operation of grain purchase funds 粮食销售市场grain sales market 过度开垦excess reclamation 技术下乡spread technological knowledge to farmers 禁渔期closed fishing season 经济林cash tree 庄稼歉收crop failure 开拓农村消费市场develop consumer markets in rural areas汉译英 （一）“三农”问题“三农”（农业、农村、农民）问题1，关系我国改革开放和现代化建设全局，任何时候都不能忽视和放松2。近几年，农业综合生产能力3再创新高，有力地支持了国民经济发展和社会稳定。同时，也出现了农产品供过于求、价格下跌、农民收人增长缓慢等问题4。如果不改变这种状况，就会严重挫伤农民积极性， 动摇农业的基础地位，甚至危及国民经济全局5。我们坚持把加强农业、发展农村经济、增加农民收人，作为经济工作的重中之重，下了很大功夫6。我们推进了农业结构调整。通过政策支持、加强信息服务和技术服务下，引导农民按照市场需求8调整种植结构，发展畜牧业和水产养殖业，推进农业生产区域布局调整。 课文词汇创新高reach a new high畜牧业animal husbandry 水产养殖业aquatic farming 参考译文Agriculture, Rural Areas and FarmersProblems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers have a crucial bearing on the countrys reform, opening up and modernization drive, (Crucial to the nations reform, opening up and modernization thrust are the problems1 facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers,) and we should never overlook (ignore) them or slacken (relax) our efforts to address (solve) them2. The productive capacity3 of our agriculture has reached a new high in recent years (Agricultural production3 achieved an all-time high in the last few years), providing powerful support for our national economic development (advances) and social stability. Meanwhile, problems have arisen ( surfaced )4 , including oversupply of agricultural products (farm produce) coupled with (along with) price drops (falling prices) and slow increases in farmers income. Such a state of affairs (These circumstances), if allowed to remain unchanged (if not remedied), would seriously dampen farmers enthusiasm (adversely affect farmers willingness) to produce, undermine (disrupt) the very foundations of agriculture, and may even threaten the overall health of the national economy (and may even weaken the national economy)5. We have given top priority to agricultural development, rural economy and an increase in (increasing) farmers income in our economic work, and devoted a great deal of attention to them6. (We have given much attention and top priority to6 agricultural development, rural economy, and farm income increases.) We have advanced (pushed forward/moved forward) structural readjustment in agriculture. Through (By means of) policy support and improved information and technical services7, the government have guided farmers to grow crops according to market demand8, developed animal husbandry and aquatic farming and readjusted the location of agricultural producing areas. 译文评析1. 本句有两种译法。第一种译法先译“问题”，而第二种译法将“问题”几乎置于句尾。究竟哪种译法好，要看语篇的上下文。如果前面段落中己经提到“三农问题”, 它就是己知信息，应该置于句首；如果本段是文章的第一段，“三农问题”就是新信息，最好置于句尾。2. 汉语语义模糊，句子可以没有主语或宾语，要靠读者自己想象、意会。根据上下文，首光要找到“放松”的宾语，然后在slacken 后添加上。3. “农业综合生产能力”含意较虚，不妨在译文中作简洁处理：the productive capacity 或agricultural production 。4. 初学翻译的人往往会把“农产品供过于求、价格下跌、农民收人增长缓慢等问题”译为Such problems as oversupply of agricultural products coupled with price drops and slow increases in farmers income has arisen。这种译法的毛病在于主语such problems 和谓语动词have arisen 相隔太远。但英语很灵活，可以把谓语动词have arisen 往前提，这样就和主语靠的近了：problems has arisen such as oversupply of agricultural products coupled with price drops and slow increases in farmers income.5. 若把“国民经济全局”译成the overall health of the national economy ，则overall 和national 语义重叠，可省去overall。若译成the national economy as a whole ，则national 和as a whole 仍然语义重复，解决办法是省去其一，译为the national economy 或者the economy as a whole。6. 同样，将“作为经济工作的重中之重，下了很大功夫”译为We have given top priority to ，and devoted a great deal of attention to them，也存在语义重叠的问题。解决办法如括号中文字所示，将语义相近的两个短语放在一起，简化句型：We have given much attention and top priority to 7. 汉语中说“信息服务和技术服务”，感觉颇顺，但是英语不喜欢重复用词，我们可以用“提取公因式”的办法来处理：information and technical services，这样service 就不会重复出现了。8. 原文“按照市场需求调整种植结构，发展畜牧业和水产养殖业，推进农业生产区域布局调整”，看不清楚是“按照市场需求”修饰“调整种植结构”还是修饰“调整种植结构，发展畜牧业和水产养殖业，推进农业生产区域布局调整”。如果认为“按照市场需求”是修饰后者，我们就不应在grow crops 后插人according to market demand。较恰当的译法是： the government，according to market demand, guided farmers to grow crops，develop animal husbandry and aquatic farming and readjust he location of agricultural producing areas.汉译英 （二）中国农业发展现代农业，推进新农村建设，要靠政策、靠投入、靠科技、靠1改革。一要巩固、完善2和加强支农惠农政策。增加对种粮农民的直接补贴3、种植良种补贴3、农机具购置补贴3和农业生产资料综合补贴3。继续实行粮食最低收购价政策4。进一步加大对财政困难县乡和产粮大县5的支持力度。二要加大对农业农村投人力度。切实把国家基础设施建设和社会事业发展6的重点转向农村，今年财政支农投人的增量要继续高于上年7，国家固定资产投资用于农村的增量要继续高于上年7，土地出让收入用于农村建设的增量要继续高于上年7。中央财政安排用于“三农”的资金3917 亿元，比去年增加520 亿元。积极发展农业保险，扩大农业政策性保险试点范围。二要加快农业科技进步。加强农业科技创新能力建设，支持农业科技项目，加快农业科技成果转化，完善基层农业技术推广8体系，9鼓励农业科技进村入户10。 课文词汇惠农give favorable treatment to farmers良种superior / fine seed variety 农机具agricultural machine and tools 农业生产资料agricultural production supplies 县county 乡township 固定资产fixed asset 土地出让land transfer “三农”agriculture , rural areas and farmers 农业政策性保险policy-supported agricultural insurance 参考译文Chinese AgricultureTo develop modem agriculture and promote the building of a new countryside, we must rely on/strengthen1 government policy, funding, (application of) science and technology, and reform. One, we need to consolidate, improve2 and strengthen the policy of supporting agriculture and giving favorable treatment to farmers. We will increase direct subsidies3 to grain farmers (for producing grain ), subsidies3 for growing superior/fine seed varieties and purchasing agricultural machinery and tools, and general subsidies3 for agricultural means of production. We will continue to follow the minimum purchase price policy for grain (policy of minimum-price grain purchase/minimum grain- purchasing price )4. We will increase support for counties and townships with budgetary difficulties and major grain-producing (grain production)5 counties. Two, we need to increase allocations/appropriations/allotments/funding for agriculture and rural areas. We will effectively shift the focus of infrastructure development of the country and development of social programs (of the state infrastructure development and social program development)6 to the countryside. Budgetary support for agriculture and rural